What this is called, and what is known about it

Abramowitz JS, Jacoby RJ (2014). Scrupulosity: A cognitive-behavioral analysis and implications for treatment. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(2), 140 to 149 doi

Scrupulosity is the term for obsessive compulsive presentations with religious or moral content. It is not a separate illness, it is a content area, which is why the mechanism is the same one that runs on locks and contamination. What defines an obsession is not what it is about. It is that the thought is intrusive, unwanted, felt as unlike you, and distressing, and that it drives an act meant to reduce the distress. In religious presentations that act is usually mental, such as reviewing, checking whether you still believe, replaying the moment, or arguing internally.