That is lesson 2 done.
The mechanism, the escalator, and the finding that lets you stop blaming only yourself.
Anything you wrote in this lesson is in your notebook, on this device only.
Where this lesson comes from
- Wang MT, Kenny S (2014). Longitudinal links between fathers' and mothers' harsh verbal discipline and adolescents' conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Child Development, 85(3), 908 to 923. Sources differ on the sample size for this study, so no participant figure is printed in the lesson. The two findings used are that the relationship ran in both directions and that parental warmth did not buffer the effect.
- Gershoff ET, Grogan-Kaylor A (2016). Spanking and child outcomes: old controversies and new meta-analyses. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(4), 453 to 469. The authors' own stated limitations are published alongside the effect sizes in the lesson. Issue number taken from the Crossref record; the author hosted preprint is labelled differently.
- Heilmann A, Mehay A, Watt RG, Kelly Y, Durrant JE, van Turnhout J, Gershoff ET (2021). Physical punishment and child outcomes: a narrative review of prospective studies. The Lancet, 398(10297), 355 to 364. The authors' stated limitations, including that 60 of the 68 articles came from the United States, are published in the lesson.