Drive, reward sensitivity and the flattening of both.
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Classical works
كتب التراث6 shownArabic originals, reached through the subject’s Arabic senses. Interpretive sources, never proof of a ruling.
mukhtasar-minhaj §321mukhtasar-minhajArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
ومن آدابه: أن لا يمتلئ من الطعام فى الليل، بل يأكل بمقدار، فانه ما ملأ ابن آدم وعاء شرا من بطن. ومتى شبع أول الليل لم ينتفع بنفسه فى باقيه، وكذلك إذا شبع وقت السحر لم ينتفع بنفسه إلى قريب من الظهر، لأن كثرة الأكل تورث الكسل والفتور، ثم يفوت المقصود من الصيام بكثرة الأكل، لأن المراد منه أن يذوق طعم الجوع، ويكون تاركا للمشتهى.
madarij §3757madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
بين القبض والبسط أي ينقطع إلى صحبة الحال وهو الوارد الذي يرد على القلب من تأثيره بالمعاملة السالب لوصف الكسل والفتور الجالب له إلى مرافقة الرفيق الأعلى الذين أنعم الله عليهم فينتقل من مقام العلم إلى مقام الكشف ومن مقام رسوم الأعمال إلى مقام حقائقها وأذواقها ومواجيدها وأحوالها فيترقى من الإسلام إلى الإيمان ومن الإيمان إلى الإحسان
wabil-sayyib §43wabil-sayyibArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
فحقيقة التعظيم للامر والنهي ان لا يعارضا بترخص جاف ولا يعرضا لتشديد غال فان المقصود هو الصراط المستقيم الموصل إلى الله عز وجل بسالكه وما امر الله عز وجل بأمر الا وللشيطان فيه نزغتان اما تقصير وتفريط واما افراط وغلو فلا يبالي بما ظفر من العبد من الخطيئتين فانه ياتي إلى قلب العبد فيستامه فان وجد فيه فتورا وتوانيا وترخيصا اخذه من هذه الخطة فثبطه واقعده وضربه بالكسل والتواني والفتور وفتح له باب التاويلات والرجاء وغير ذلك حتى ربما ترك العبد المامور جملة
fawaid §490fawaidArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
العزيمة فيصدقه في عزمه وفي فعله قال تعالى فإذا عزم الأمر فلو صدقوا الله لكان خيرا لهم فسعادته في صدق العزيمة وصدق الفعل فصدق العزيمة جمعها وجزمها وعدم التردد فيها بل تكون عزيمة لا يشوبها تردد ولا تلوم فإذا صدقت عزيمته بقى عليه صدق الفعل وهو استفراغ الوسع وبذل الجهد فيه وأن لا يتخلف عنه بشيء من ظاهره وباطنه فعزيمة القصد تمنعه من ضعف الإرادة والهمة وصدق الفعل يمنعه من الكسل والفتور ومن صدق الله في جميع أموره صنع الله له فوق ما يصنع لغيره وهذا الصدق معنى يلتئم من صحة الإخلاص وصدق التوكل فأصدق الناس من صح إخلاصه وتوكله
madarij §6757madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
فالإيمان بالصفات ومعرفتها وإثبات حقائقها وتعلق القلب بها وشهوده لها هو مبدأ الطريق ووسطه وغايته وهو روح السالكين وحاديهم إلى الوصول ومحرك عزماتهم إذا فتروا ومثير هممهم إذا قصروا فإن سيرهم إنما هو على الشواهد فمن كان لا شاهد له فلا سير له ولا طلب ولا سلوك له وأعظم الشواهد صفات محبوبهم ونهاية مطلوبهم وذلك هو العلم الذي رفع لهم في السير فشمروا إليه كما قالت عائشة رضي الله عنها من رأى رسول الله فقد رآه غاديا رائحا لم يضع لبنة على لبنة ولكن رفع له علم فشمر إليه ولا يزال العبد في التواني والفتور والكسل حتى يرفع الله عز وجل له بفضله ومنه علما يشاهده بقلبه فيشمر إليه ويعمل عليه
madarij §1930madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
قال الله تعالى : ففروا إلى الله الذاريات : 50 ] وحقيقة الفرار : الهرب من شيء إلى شيء وهو نوعان : فرار السعداء وفرار الأشقياء ففرار السعداء : الفرار إلى الله عز وجل وفرار الأشقياء : الفرار منه لا إليه وأما الفرار منه إليه : ففرار أوليائه قال ابن عباس في قوله تعالى : ففروا إلى الله الذاريات : 50 ] : فروا منه إليه واعملوا بطاعته وقال سهل بن عبدالله : فروا مما سوى الله إلى الله وقال آخرون : اهربوا من عذاب الله إلى ثوابه بالإيمان والطاعة وقال صاحب المنازل : هو الهرب مما لم يكن إلى من لم يزل وهو على ثلاث درجات : فرار العامة من الجهل إلى العلم عقدا وسعيا ومن الكسل إلى التشمير جدا وعزما ومن الضيق إلى السعة ثقة ورجاء يريد بما لم يكن الخلق وبما لم يزل الحق وقوله : فرار العامة : من الجهل إلى العلم عقدا وسعيا الجهل نوعان : عدم العلم بالحق النافع وعدم العمل بموجبه ومقتضاه فكلاهما جهل لغة وعرفا وشرعا وحقيقة قال موسى : أعوذ بالله أن أكون من الجاهلين البقره : 67 ] لما قال له قومه : أتتخذنا هزوا البقره :
Research library, full list
1101 to 1125 of 1,483Main predictions of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior: empirical tests in two samples of young adults.
The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior (T. E. Joiner, 2005) makes 2 overarching predictions: (a) that perceptions of burdening others and of social alienation combine to instill the desire for death and (b) that individuals will not act on the desire for death unless they have developed the capability to do so. This capability develops through exposure and thus habituation to painful and/or fearsome experiences and is posited by the theory to be necessary for overcoming powerful self-preservation pressures. Two studies tested these predictions. In Study 1, the interaction of (low) family social support (cf. social alienation or low belonging) and feeling that one does not matter (cf. perceived burdensomeness) predicted current suicidal ideation, beyond depression indices. In Study 2, the 3-way interaction among a measure of low belonging, a measure of perceived burde…
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Dishonesty in the name of equity.
Under what conditions do people act dishonestly to help or hurt others? We addressed this question by examining the influence of a previously overlooked factor-the beneficiary or victim of dishonest acts. In two experiments, we randomly paired participants and manipulated their wealth levels through an initial lottery. We then observed how inequity between partners influenced the likelihood of one dishonestly helping or hurting the other, while varying the financial incentives for dishonest behavior. The results show that financial self-interest cannot fully explain people's tendency to dishonestly help or hurt others. Rather, such dishonesty is influenced by emotional reactions to wealth-based inequity, even when the dishonesty bears a personal financial cost. Envy evoked by negative inequity led to hurting behavior, whereas guilt induced by positive inequity motivated helping behavior.…
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Attitudes that determine willingness to seek psychiatric help for depression: a representative population survey applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour.
Background: Many people suffering from mental disorders do not seek appropriate help. We have examined attitudes that further or hinder help-seeking for depression with an established socio-psychological model, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), comparing models for respondents with and without depressive symptoms.
Method: A qualitative preparatory study (n=29) elicited salient behavioural (BB), normative (NB) and control beliefs (CB) that were later included in the TPB questionnaire. Telephone interviews with a representative population sample in Germany (n=2303) started with a labelled vignette describing symptoms of a major depression, followed by items covering the components of the TPB. Intention to see a psychiatrist for the problem described was elicited at the beginning and at the end of the interview. We screened participants for current depressive symptoms using the mood su…
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Pessoa L (2009)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usTrends in cognitive sciences794 citations How do emotion and motivation direct executive control?
Emotion and motivation have crucial roles in determining human behavior. Yet, how they interact with cognitive control functions is less understood. Here, the basic elements of a conceptual framework for understanding how they interact are introduced. More broadly, the 'dual competition' framework proposes that emotion and motivation affect both perceptual and executive competition. In particular, the anterior cingulate cortex is hypothesized to be engaged in attentional/effortful control mechanisms and to interact with several other brain structures, including the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, in integrating affectively significant signals with control signals in prefrontal cortex. An implication of the proposal is that emotion and motivation can either enhance or impair behavioral performance depending on how they interact with control functions.
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Modelling antecedents of blood donation motivation among non-donors of varying age and education.
Understanding blood donation motivation among non-donors is prerequisite to effective recruitment. Two studies explored the psychological antecedents of blood donation motivation and the generalisability of a model of donation motivation across groups differing in age and educational level. An older well-educated population and a younger less well-educated population were sampled. The studies assessed the role of altruism, fear of blood/needles and donation-specific cognitions including attitudes and normative beliefs derived from an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Across both samples, results showed that affective attitude, subjective norm, descriptive norm, and moral norm were the most important correlates of blood donation intentions. Self-efficacy was more important among the younger less well-educated group. Altruism was related to donation motivation but only indirectly…
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Medical versus spiritual orientations: Differential patient views toward recovery.
Background: Relapse among patients in substance abuse treatment has generated interest in identifying attitudinal factors that sustain recovery.
Objective: To assess the relationship of attitudes toward approaches to motivation for treatment and Twelve Step beliefs.
Methods: Dually diagnosed patients (N = 100) completed a survey assessing treatment attitudes, motivation, and Twelve Step beliefs.
Results: Endorsement of medical services was positively correlated with motivation but unrelated to Twelve Step beliefs. Endorsement of religious services was unrelated to motivation but was associated with Twelve Step beliefs.
Conclusions: Patients may have differing perceptions regarding routes to recovery based on preferences for professional services or spiritual resources.
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Dynamic association between negative affect and alcohol lapses following alcohol treatment.
Clinical research has found a strong association between negative affect and returning to alcohol use after a period of abstinence. Yet little is known about the probability of a lapse given a particular level of negative affect or whether there is a reciprocal relationship between negative affect and alcohol use across time. The goal of the current study was to examine the association between negative affect and drinking behavior in the 1st year following alcohol treatment. The authors applied an associative latent transition analysis to the Project MATCH outpatient data (n = 952) and then replicated the model in the Project MATCH aftercare data (n = 774). Changes in drinking following treatment were significantly associated with current and prior changes in negative affect, and changes in negative affect were related to prior changes in drinking (effect size range = 0.13-0.33). The res…
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Gharaibeh M, Oweis A (2009)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing36 citations Why do Jordanian women stay in an abusive relationship: implications for health and social well-being.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore why Jordanian women stay with an abusive husband.
Design: The study used a qualitative approach to collect data from 28 abused women who were recruited through their community during the summer and fall of 2007.
Methods: Data were collected using an open-ended question through one-on-one in-depth interviews.
Findings: Results from analysis of the qualitative data revealed that abused Jordanian women identified five main reasons for staying with an abusive husband: the inherited social background, financial dependency, lack of family support, sacrificing self for the sake of the children, and the adverse social consequences of divorce.
Conclusions: The results indicate that Jordanian women are strongly bound by traditions and cultural rules and lack all means of empowerment. Results of the study have implications for healthcare providers, …
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The synergistic relationship of perceived autonomy support and structure in the prediction of self-regulated learning.
Background: Self-determination theory defines two important dimensions of teaching style: autonomy support and structure.
Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the synergistic relationship of perceived teacher autonomy support and the provision of structure in the prediction of self-regulated learning.
Sample and method: Students (N=526) completed questionnaires assessing perceived autonomy support, structure, and self-regulated learning.
Results: First, autonomy support and structure were found to be positively correlated, suggesting that the support of student autonomy generally goes hand in hand with the provision of structure and order in the classroom. Second, moderated regression analyses indicated that structure but not autonomy support yielded a main effect on self-regulated learning, although this main effect was qualified by a structure by autonomy support i…
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Saleem T, Ishaque S, Habib N, Hussain SS, Jawed A, Khan AA, Ahmad MI, Iftikhar MO, Mughal HP, Jehan I (2009)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMC medical ethics90 citations Knowledge, attitudes and practices survey on organ donation among a selected adult population of Pakistan.
Background: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding organ donation in a selected adult population in Pakistan.
Methods: Convenience sampling was used to generate a sample of 440; 408 interviews were successfully completed and used for analysis. Data collection was carried out via a face to face interview based on a pre-tested questionnaire in selected public areas of Karachi, Pakistan. Data was analyzed using SPSS v.15 and associations were tested using the Pearson's Chi square test. Multiple logistic regression was used to find independent predictors of knowledge status and motivation of organ donation.
Results: Knowledge about organ donation was significantly associated with education (p = 0.000) and socioeconomic status (p = 0.038). 70/198 (35.3%) people expressed a high motivation to donate. Allowance of organ donation in religion was significantly associated wi…
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Kim J, LaRose R, Peng W (2009)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usCyberpsychology & behavior : the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society171 citations Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: the relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being.
The current research started from the assumption that one of the major motives driving individuals' Internet use is to relieve psychosocial problems (e.g., loneliness, depression). This study showed that individuals who were lonely or did not have good social skills could develop strong compulsive Internet use behaviors resulting in negative life outcomes (e.g., harming other significant activities such as work, school, or significant relationships) instead of relieving their original problems. Such augmented negative outcomes were expected to isolate individuals from healthy social activities and lead them into more loneliness. Even though previous research suggests that social use of the Internet (e.g., social networking sites, instant messaging) could be more problematic than entertainment use (e.g., downloading files), the current study showed that the former did not show stronger as…
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Older adults' attitudes toward enrollment of non-competent subjects participating in Alzheimer's research.
Objective: Research that seeks to enroll noncompetent patients with Alzheimer's disease without presenting any potential benefit to participants is the source of substantial ethical controversy. The authors used hypothetical Alzheimer's disease studies that included either a blood draw or a blood draw and lumbar puncture to explore older persons' attitudes on this question.
Method: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 538 persons age 65 and older. Questions explored participants' understanding of research concepts, their views on enrolling persons with Alzheimer's disease in research, and their preferences regarding having a proxy decision maker, granting advance consent, and granting their proxy leeway to override the participant's decision. Additional questions assessed altruism, trust, value for research, and perceptions of Alzheimer's disease.
Results: The majority (83%) were …
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Why doctors choose small towns: a developmental model of rural physician recruitment and retention.
Shortages of health care professionals have plagued rural areas of the USA for more than a century. Programs to alleviate them have met with limited success. These programs generally focus on factors that affect recruitment and retention, with the supposition that poor recruitment drives most shortages. The strongest known influence on rural physician recruitment is a "rural upbringing," but little is known about how this childhood experience promotes a return to rural areas, or how non-rural physicians choose rural practice without such an upbringing. Less is known about how rural upbringing affects retention. Through twenty-two in-depth, semi-structured interviews with both rural- and urban-raised physicians in northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, this study investigates practice location choice over the life course, describing a progression of events and experiences import…
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Does a psychoeducational approach reach targeted patients with bipolar disorder?
Objectives: The goal of this paper was to determine factors which are related to motivation of bipolar patients to attend a psychoeducation program.
Methods: Patients with bipolar disorder which had at least four years of prospective follow-ups were invited to a 6-week psychoeducation program. Patients who accepted and those who refused the participation were compared using several clinical characteristics.
Results: Of the 173 patients who were invited, 84 participated in the program. Participants had significantly more family history of bipolar disorder and suicide, good response to prophylactic treatment, full medication adherence, therapeutic blood levels of mood stabilizers, regular follow-up visits, mixed episodes, and significantly less total number of episodes. Presence of mixed episodes, full medication adherence and therapeutic blood level of mood stabilizers were found predicti…
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Kasser S (2009)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAdapted physical activity quarterly : APAQ20 citations Exercising with multiple sclerosis: insights into meaning and motivation.
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the meaning of exercise in the lives of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and describe the motivational basis that contributed to their exercise involvement. Twelve adults with MS (10 females, 2 males) between the ages of 32 and 56 years were interviewed. Analysis of transcribed interviews used an inductive approach. Three major themes emerged from thematic analysis of the qualitative data: exercising to maintain function and health, enhanced exercise self-efficacy, and feelings of hope and optimism. Findings were interpreted within the conceptual framework of self-efficacy and a disability-only social context.
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Leveling up and down: the experiences of benign and malicious envy.
Envy is the painful emotion caused by the good fortune of others. This research empirically supports the distinction between two qualitatively different types of envy, namely benign and malicious envy. It reveals that the experience of benign envy leads to a moving-up motivation aimed at improving one's own position, whereas the experience of malicious envy leads to a pulling-down motivation aimed at damaging the position of the superior other. Study 1 used guided recall of the two envy types in a culture (the Netherlands) that has separate words for benign and malicious envy. Analyses of the experiential content of these emotions found the predicted differences. Study 2 and 3 used one sample from the United States and one from Spain, respectively, where a single word exists for both envy types. A latent class analysis based on the experiential content of envy confirmed the existence of …
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Perfectionism and achievement goals in young Finnish ice-hockey players aspiring to make the Under-16 national team.
Research on perfectionism suggests that is it useful to differentiate between perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. Regarding the 2x2 achievement goal framework, the usefulness of this differentiation was recently demonstrated in a study with university student athletes (Stoeber, Stoll, Pescheck, & Otto, 2008, Study 2), in which it was found that perfectionistic strivings were associated with mastery-approach and performance-approach goals and perfectionistic concerns with mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals. Because the study was largely exploratory and only used non-elite athletes, the aim of the present research was to replicate and extend these findings by investigating a sample of 138 young, elite ice-hockey players, while adding further measures of perfectionism and using structural equation modelling (SEM) to confirm the relat…
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Avci IA (2008)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usEuropean journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society52 citations Factors associated with breast self-examination practices and beliefs in female workers at a Muslim community.
The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to identify knowledge levels and performance frequency of breast self-examination (BSE) and to examine variables related to breast cancer screening behaviors in a sample of Turkish women. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 103 Muslim female workers at a hazelnut factory in Ordu city, Turkey, using an adapted version of Champion's revised Health Belief Model Scale. Results showed that 26.2% of the women reported knowledge of BSE and 4.3% reported that they perform BSE. Higher health motivation, higher perceived self-efficacy of BSE, marital status, and familial breast cancer history were significantly associated with BSE performance. Higher levels of health motivation and higher perceived self-efficacy of BSE were also significantly associated with knowledge of BSE.
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Creating social connection through inferential reproduction: loneliness and perceived agency in gadgets, gods, and greyhounds.
People are motivated to maintain social connection with others, and those who lack social connection with other humans may try to compensate by creating a sense of human connection with nonhuman agents. This may occur in at least two ways-by anthropomorphizing nonhuman agents such as nonhuman animals and gadgets to make them appear more humanlike and by increasing belief in commonly anthropomorphized religious agents (such as God). Three studies support these hypotheses both among individuals who are chronically lonely (Study 1) and among those who are induced to feel lonely (Studies 2 and 3). Additional findings suggest that such results are not simply produced by any negative affective state (Study 3). These results have important implications not only for understanding when people are likely to treat nonhuman agents as humanlike (anthropomorphism), but also for understanding when peop…
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Not so innocent: does seeing one's own capacity for wrongdoing predict forgiveness?
People are more forgiving toward transgressors if they see themselves as capable of committing similar offenses, as demonstrated in 7 studies. Methods included hypothetical scenarios, actual recalled offenses, individual and group processes, and correlational and experimental designs. Three factors mediated the link between personal capability and forgiveness: seeing the other's offense as less severe, greater empathic understanding, and perceiving oneself as similar to the transgressor. In terms of predicting forgiveness, it was important that people's own offenses were similar to the target offense in terms of both severity and type. The personal capability effect was independent of other established predictors of forgiveness and was more pronounced among men than women.
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Toward a physiology of dual-process reasoning and judgment: lemonade, willpower, and expensive rule-based analysis.
This experiment used the attraction effect to test the hypothesis that ingestion of sugar can reduce reliance on intuitive, heuristic-based decision making. In the attraction effect, a difficult choice between two options is swayed by the presence of a seemingly irrelevant "decoy" option. We replicated this effect and the finding that the effect increases when people have depleted their mental resources performing a previous self-control task. Our hypothesis was based on the assumption that effortful processes require and consume relatively large amounts of glucose (brain fuel), and that this use of glucose is why people use heuristic strategies after exerting self-control. Before performing any tasks, some participants drank lemonade sweetened with sugar, which restores blood glucose, whereas others drank lemonade containing a sugar substitute. Only lemonade with sugar reduced the attra…
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Understanding the search for meaning in life: personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning.
Although several theories assert that understanding the search for meaning in life is important, empirical research on this construct is sparse. Three studies provide the first extensive effort to understand the correlates of the search for meaning in a multistudy research program. Assessed were relations between search for meaning and well-being, cognitive style, and the Big Five, Big Three, Approach/Avoidance, and Interest models of personality, with a particular emphasis on understanding the correlates of search for meaning that are independent of presence of meaning. Conceptual models of the relation between search and presence were tested. Findings suggest that people lacking meaning search for it; the search for meaning did not appear to lead to its presence. Study 3 found that basic motive dispositions moderated relations between search for meaning and its presence. Results highli…
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A social cognitive approach to burnout in elite athletes.
The purpose of this study was to investigate athlete burnout from a social-cognitive perspective by examining the relationship between social cognitive motivational variables at the start of a season and signs of burnout in elite athletes at the end of the season. Participants were 141 (F=60, M=81) elite winter sport athletes competing in Alpine skiing, Biathlon, Nordic Combined, Nordic skiing, and Speed skating. Participants completed a comprehensive motivation assessment package at the start of the season and a further burnout inventory at season's end. Results indicated that motivational dispositions, measures of the achievement climate, perceived ability and dimensions of perfectionism were associated with burnout in a conceptually consistent manner. Furthermore, the elite athletes could be grouped into two motivational profiles based on variables measured at the start of the season,…
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The effect of gender on medical students' aspirations: a qualitative study.
Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of gender on medical students' aspirations.
Methods: The study design included purposive sampling and interim data interpretation to guide recruitment of medical students with a wide spectrum of opinions. Data were collected through audio-recorded, semi-structured, in-depth exploratory interviews, which were transcribed verbatim. Qualitative analysis was carried out by a female medical student researcher. Her evolving interpretation was constantly compared against the original data by male (doctor) and female (pharmacist) staff researchers in a systematic search for internal corroboration or disconfirmation. Causal associations consistently present in the data are reported.
Results: Six male and six female medical students in Years 3 and 4 shared a wish to achieve a work-life balance that allowed them to devote time to bringing up childre…
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Individual differences in incompetence avoidance.
This study compared the fear of failure and perfectionism constructs by analyzing their latent structure as well as their motivational antecedents and consequences. College students (N = 372) enrolled in physical activity classes completed a battery of questionnaires assessing fear of failure, perfectionism, approach and avoidance motivational temperaments, and 2 x 2 achievement goals. Structural equation modeling revealed that responses were best summarized by two correlated factors representing perfectionistic strivings and concerns. Avoidance temperament was positively associated with both forms of incompetence avoidance; however, approach temperament was positively related only to perfectionist strivings. Perfectionistic concerns were positively related to the adoption of mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals and negatively related to the adoption of mastery-approach goal…
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