Drive, reward sensitivity and the flattening of both.
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Classical works
كتب التراث6 shownArabic originals, reached through the subject’s Arabic senses. Interpretive sources, never proof of a ruling.
mukhtasar-minhaj §321mukhtasar-minhajArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
ومن آدابه: أن لا يمتلئ من الطعام فى الليل، بل يأكل بمقدار، فانه ما ملأ ابن آدم وعاء شرا من بطن. ومتى شبع أول الليل لم ينتفع بنفسه فى باقيه، وكذلك إذا شبع وقت السحر لم ينتفع بنفسه إلى قريب من الظهر، لأن كثرة الأكل تورث الكسل والفتور، ثم يفوت المقصود من الصيام بكثرة الأكل، لأن المراد منه أن يذوق طعم الجوع، ويكون تاركا للمشتهى.
madarij §3757madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
بين القبض والبسط أي ينقطع إلى صحبة الحال وهو الوارد الذي يرد على القلب من تأثيره بالمعاملة السالب لوصف الكسل والفتور الجالب له إلى مرافقة الرفيق الأعلى الذين أنعم الله عليهم فينتقل من مقام العلم إلى مقام الكشف ومن مقام رسوم الأعمال إلى مقام حقائقها وأذواقها ومواجيدها وأحوالها فيترقى من الإسلام إلى الإيمان ومن الإيمان إلى الإحسان
wabil-sayyib §43wabil-sayyibArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
فحقيقة التعظيم للامر والنهي ان لا يعارضا بترخص جاف ولا يعرضا لتشديد غال فان المقصود هو الصراط المستقيم الموصل إلى الله عز وجل بسالكه وما امر الله عز وجل بأمر الا وللشيطان فيه نزغتان اما تقصير وتفريط واما افراط وغلو فلا يبالي بما ظفر من العبد من الخطيئتين فانه ياتي إلى قلب العبد فيستامه فان وجد فيه فتورا وتوانيا وترخيصا اخذه من هذه الخطة فثبطه واقعده وضربه بالكسل والتواني والفتور وفتح له باب التاويلات والرجاء وغير ذلك حتى ربما ترك العبد المامور جملة
fawaid §490fawaidArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
العزيمة فيصدقه في عزمه وفي فعله قال تعالى فإذا عزم الأمر فلو صدقوا الله لكان خيرا لهم فسعادته في صدق العزيمة وصدق الفعل فصدق العزيمة جمعها وجزمها وعدم التردد فيها بل تكون عزيمة لا يشوبها تردد ولا تلوم فإذا صدقت عزيمته بقى عليه صدق الفعل وهو استفراغ الوسع وبذل الجهد فيه وأن لا يتخلف عنه بشيء من ظاهره وباطنه فعزيمة القصد تمنعه من ضعف الإرادة والهمة وصدق الفعل يمنعه من الكسل والفتور ومن صدق الله في جميع أموره صنع الله له فوق ما يصنع لغيره وهذا الصدق معنى يلتئم من صحة الإخلاص وصدق التوكل فأصدق الناس من صح إخلاصه وتوكله
madarij §6757madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
فالإيمان بالصفات ومعرفتها وإثبات حقائقها وتعلق القلب بها وشهوده لها هو مبدأ الطريق ووسطه وغايته وهو روح السالكين وحاديهم إلى الوصول ومحرك عزماتهم إذا فتروا ومثير هممهم إذا قصروا فإن سيرهم إنما هو على الشواهد فمن كان لا شاهد له فلا سير له ولا طلب ولا سلوك له وأعظم الشواهد صفات محبوبهم ونهاية مطلوبهم وذلك هو العلم الذي رفع لهم في السير فشمروا إليه كما قالت عائشة رضي الله عنها من رأى رسول الله فقد رآه غاديا رائحا لم يضع لبنة على لبنة ولكن رفع له علم فشمر إليه ولا يزال العبد في التواني والفتور والكسل حتى يرفع الله عز وجل له بفضله ومنه علما يشاهده بقلبه فيشمر إليه ويعمل عليه
madarij §1930madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
قال الله تعالى : ففروا إلى الله الذاريات : 50 ] وحقيقة الفرار : الهرب من شيء إلى شيء وهو نوعان : فرار السعداء وفرار الأشقياء ففرار السعداء : الفرار إلى الله عز وجل وفرار الأشقياء : الفرار منه لا إليه وأما الفرار منه إليه : ففرار أوليائه قال ابن عباس في قوله تعالى : ففروا إلى الله الذاريات : 50 ] : فروا منه إليه واعملوا بطاعته وقال سهل بن عبدالله : فروا مما سوى الله إلى الله وقال آخرون : اهربوا من عذاب الله إلى ثوابه بالإيمان والطاعة وقال صاحب المنازل : هو الهرب مما لم يكن إلى من لم يزل وهو على ثلاث درجات : فرار العامة من الجهل إلى العلم عقدا وسعيا ومن الكسل إلى التشمير جدا وعزما ومن الضيق إلى السعة ثقة ورجاء يريد بما لم يكن الخلق وبما لم يزل الحق وقوله : فرار العامة : من الجهل إلى العلم عقدا وسعيا الجهل نوعان : عدم العلم بالحق النافع وعدم العمل بموجبه ومقتضاه فكلاهما جهل لغة وعرفا وشرعا وحقيقة قال موسى : أعوذ بالله أن أكون من الجاهلين البقره : 67 ] لما قال له قومه : أتتخذنا هزوا البقره :
Research library, full list
176 to 200 of 1,483Why envy outperforms admiration.
Four studies tested the hypothesis that the emotion of benign envy, but not the emotions of admiration or malicious envy, motivates people to improve themselves. Studies 1 to 3 found that only benign envy was related to the motivation to study more (Study 1) and to actual performance on the Remote Associates Task (which measures intelligence and creativity; Studies 2 and 3). Study 4 found that an upward social comparison triggered benign envy and subsequent better performance only when people thought self-improvement was attainable. When participants thought self-improvement was hard, an upward social comparison led to more admiration and no motivation to do better. Implications of these findings for theories of social emotions such as envy, social comparisons, and for understanding the influence of role models are discussed.
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Does computerized working memory training with game elements enhance motivation and training efficacy in children with ADHD?
This study examined the benefits of adding game elements to standard computerized working memory (WM) training. Specifically, it examined whether game elements would enhance motivation and training performance of children with ADHD, and whether it would improve training efficacy. A total of 51 children with ADHD aged between 7 and 12 years were randomly assigned to WM training in a gaming format or to regular WM training that was not in a gaming format. Both groups completed three weekly sessions of WM training. Children using the game version of the WM training showed greater motivation (i.e., more time training), better training performance (i.e., more sequences reproduced and fewer errors), and better WM (i.e., higher scores on a WM task) at post-training than children using the regular WM training. Results are discussed in terms of executive functions and reinforcement models of ADHD…
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Kahler CW, Spillane NS, Metrik J (2010)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco100 citations Alcohol use and initial smoking lapses among heavy drinkers in smoking cessation treatment.
Introduction: This study examined alcohol use and its association with initial smoking lapses among heavy nondependent drinkers in smoking cessation treatment.
Methods: Participants were 236 heavy drinking smokers in a randomized clinical trial testing the efficacy of incorporating brief alcohol intervention into smoking cessation treatment.
Results: Of the 178 participants who reported a smoking lapse, 41.5% lapsed when drinking alcohol. Those who had alcohol-involved lapses had significantly lower tobacco dependence severity and drank more drinks per week than those who had non-alcohol-involved lapses. The majority of alcohol-involved lapses were in a bar/restaurant, with other people, and when they were in a happy/good mood. In survival analyses with alcohol consumption as a time-varying covariate, moderate drinking days were associated with almost four times greater risk of smoking l…
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Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Wykes T, Beardmore R, Conrod P, Craig T, Davies L, Dunn G, Eisner E, Lewis S, Moring J, Steel C, Tarrier N (2010)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMJ (Clinical research ed.)124 citations Integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis and comorbid substance misuse: randomised controlled trial.
Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy in addition to standard care for patients with psychosis and a comorbid substance use problem.
Design: Two centre, open, rater blind randomised controlled trial.
Setting: Secondary care in the United Kingdom.
Participants: 327 patients with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, or schizoaffective disorder and a diagnosis of dependence on or misuse of drugs, alcohol, or both according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition.
Intervention: The intervention was integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care, which was compared with standard care alone. Phase one of therapy-"motivation building"-concerns engaging the patient, then exploring and resolving ambivalence for c…
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Indirect effect of social support for drinking on drinking outcomes: the role of motivation.
Objective: This study tested an integrated relapse model drawing hypotheses from both interpersonal and intra-individual relapse models. It was hypothesized that the relationships between alcohol-specific social support (support for drinking and support for not drinking) and drinking outcomes would be partially mediated by motivation.
Method: Participants were 158 women with alcohol use disorders participating in two linked randomized controlled trials. One trial compared standard individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for alcohol use disorders with female-specific CBT for alcohol use disorders; the other compared alcohol behavioral couple therapy with blended individual CBT and alcohol behavioral couple therapy. Measures included the Important People Interview to measure social-support variables, the Timeline Followback to measure drinking variables, and the Stages of Change Read…
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Schwabe L, Wolf OT (2010)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsychoneuroendocrinology140 citations Socially evaluated cold pressor stress after instrumental learning favors habits over goal-directed action.
Instrumental action can be controlled by two anatomically and functionally distinct systems: a goal-directed system that learns action-outcome associations and a habit system that learns stimulus-response associations without any link to the incentive value of the outcome. Recent evidence indicates that stress before learning modulates these two systems in favor of habitual control. Here, we examined the impact of a stress exposure after learning on instrumental performance. Participants learned to choose two instrumental actions that were associated with the delivery of different food rewards. After learning, one of these food rewards was devalued as participants were saturated with that food. Before being re-exposed to the instrumental actions in extinction, participants were subjected to the socially evaluated cold pressor test or a control procedure. Controls but not stressed partici…
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Lung cancer screening and smoking abstinence: 2 year follow-up data from the Dutch-Belgian randomised controlled lung cancer screening trial.
Unlabelled: BACKGROUND Lung cancer screening may provide a new opportunity for attempts to quit among smokers or might delay smoking cessation, but studies to date failed to provide evidence for this. This study investigated the effect of lung cancer screening on smoking abstinence in male smokers participating in the Dutch-Belgian randomised controlled lung cancer screening trial (NELSON trial).
Methods: In the NELSON trial, 50- to 75-year-old participants at high risk for developing lung cancer were randomised to either lung cancer screening or no screening. Smoking behaviour was evaluated in two random samples of male smokers in the screen (n=641) and control arm (n=643) before (T0) and 2 years after randomisation (T1). In addition, the data were also analysed by intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, as recommended in smoking cessation intervention trials, although non-response in screen…
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Lloyd-Richardson EE, Stanton CA, Papandonatos GD, Shadel WG, Stein M, Tashima K, Flanigan T, Morrow K, Neighbors C, Niaura R (2009)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAddiction (Abingdon, England)106 citations Motivation and patch treatment for HIV+ smokers: a randomized controlled trial.
Aims: To test the efficacy of two smoking cessation interventions in a HIV positive (HIV+) sample: standard care (SC) treatment plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus more intensive motivationally enhanced (ME) treatment plus NRT.
Design: Randomized controlled trial.
Setting: HIV+ smoker referrals from eight immunology clinics in the northeastern United States.
Participants: A total of 444 participants enrolled in the study (mean age = 42.07 years; 63.28% male; 51.80% European American; mean cigarettes/day = 18.27).
Interventions: SC participants received two brief sessions with a health educator. Those setting a quit date received self-help quitting materials and NRT. ME participants received four sessions of motivational counseling and a quit-day counseling call. All ME intervention materials were tailored to the needs of HIV+ individuals.
Measurements: Biochemically verified 7…
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Adding a motivational interviewing pretreatment to cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary randomized controlled trial.
Seventy-six individuals with a principal diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were randomly assigned to receive either an MI pretreatment or no pretreatment (NPT), prior to receiving CBT. Significant group differences favoring the MI-CBT group were observed on the hallmark GAD symptom of worry and on therapist-rated homework compliance, which mediated the impact of treatment group on worry reduction. Adding MI pretreatment to CBT was specifically and substantively beneficial for individuals with high worry severity at baseline. There was evidence of relapse at 6-month follow-up for high severity individuals who received MI-CBT, but significant moderator effects favoring the high severity MI-CBT group were again apparent at 12-months post-treatment. Pending replication in a more controlled test, these findings suggest that MI may be a promising adjunct to CBT for GAD for those …
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The cost-effectiveness of prize-based and voucher-based contingency management in a population of cocaine- or opioid-dependent outpatients.
Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using prize-based and voucher-based contingency management (CM) as additions to standard treatment for cocaine- or heroin-dependent outpatients in community treatment centers.
Methods: This cost-effectiveness analysis is based on a randomized clinical trial conducted at three community-based outpatient psychosocial substance abuse treatment clinics. A total of 142 cocaine- or heroin-dependent outpatients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: standard treatment (ST), ST with prizes (prize CM), or ST with vouchers (voucher CM) for 12 weeks. The primary patient outcome was the longest duration of confirmed abstinence (LDA) from cocaine, opioids and alcohol during treatment. Unit costs were collected from the three participating clinics. Resource utilizations and patient outcomes were obtained from the clinical trial. In…
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Planning to break unwanted habits: habit strength moderates implementation intention effects on behaviour change.
Implementation intention formation promotes effective goal striving and goal attainment. However, little research has investigated whether implementation intentions promote behaviour change when people possess strong antagonistic habits. Experiment 1 developed relatively habitual responses that, after a task switch, had a detrimental impact on task performance. Forming an if-then plan reduced the negative impact of habit on performance. However, the effect of forming implementation intentions was smaller among participants who possessed strong habits as compared to participants who had weaker habits. Experiment 2 provided a field test of the role of habit strength in moderating the relationship between implementation intentions and behaviour in the context of smoking. Implementation intentions reduced smoking among participants with weak or moderate smoking habits, but not among particip…
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Things will get better: the anxiety-buffering qualities of progressive hope.
Terror management theory argues that people can cope with the psychological threat of their own death by bolstering faith in their cultural worldviews. Based on the notion that-since the Age of Enlightenment-belief or faith in progress has become one of the defining qualities of modern Western thinking, we expected that this belief serves as a buffer against mortality concerns. Three experiments were conducted to test the relationship between existential anxiety and belief in progress. Results of Experiment 1 show that mortality salience increased participants' disagreement with an essay on the illusory notion of human progress. The same essay increased death-thought accessibility in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, belief in progress and mortality salience were manipulated. Results show that bolstering belief in progress buffered the effects of mortality salience on death-thought accessib…
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The long and the short of treatments for alcohol or cannabis misuse among people with severe mental disorders.
Substance misuse among people with severe mental disorders is very common and has been associated with a number of adverse outcomes. Most trials among people with severe mental disorders have reported general substance misuse outcomes and have argued that longer treatments are likely to be more effective. Such studies have not specifically compared intervention effectiveness for alcohol vs. cannabis misuse. The present paper reports findings from a synthesis of datasets from three randomized controlled trials (N=248) comparing brief (1-session advice or motivational interviewing, MI) and extended (10 sessions MI/cognitive-behaviour therapy; CBT) interventions for substance misuse among people with psychosis or major depression and outcomes are reported separately for alcohol and cannabis use. Whilst there were comparable rates of reduction in alcohol consumption for the BI and intensive …
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Adolescent change language within a brief motivational intervention and substance use outcomes.
Homeless adolescents who used alcohol or illicit substances but were not seeking treatment (n = 54) were recorded during brief motivational interventions. Adolescent language during sessions was coded on the basis of motivational interviewing concepts (global ratings of engagement and affect, counts of commitment to change, statements about reasons for change, and statements about desire or ability to change), and ratings were tested as predictors of rates of substance use over time. Results indicate that statements about desire or ability against change, although infrequent (M = 0.61 per 5 min), were strongly and negatively predictive of changes in substance use rates (days of abstinence over the prior month) at both 1- and 3-month postbaseline assessment (ps < .001). Statements about reasons for change were associated with greater reductions in days of substance use at 1-month assessme…
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Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: a limited-resource account of decision making, self-regulation, and active initiative.
The current research tested the hypothesis that making many choices impairs subsequent self-control. Drawing from a limited-resource model of self-regulation and executive function, the authors hypothesized that decision making depletes the same resource used for self-control and active responding. In 4 laboratory studies, some participants made choices among consumer goods or college course options, whereas others thought about the same options without making choices. Making choices led to reduced self-control (i.e., less physical stamina, reduced persistence in the face of failure, more procrastination, and less quality and quantity of arithmetic calculations). A field study then found that reduced self-control was predicted by shoppers' self-reported degree of previous active decision making. Further studies suggested that choosing is more depleting than merely deliberating and formin…
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Silvers JA, Haidt J (2008)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usEmotion (Washington, D.C.)38 citations Moral elevation can induce nursing.
There is little extant research on the psychological or physiological response to witnessing good deeds. The authors call the emotional reaction to virtue "moral elevation" and the authors examined its effects on mother-infant dyads. Breastfeeding women who watched a morally elevating video were more likely to nurse their infants and were marginally more likely to hug them, compared to women who watched an equally enjoyable comedy video. Both of these effects suggest that moral elevation may involve the release of oxytocin, a hormone associated with lactation and affiliation.
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Heart rate variability reflects self-regulatory strength, effort, and fatigue.
Experimental research reliably demonstrates that self-regulatory deficits are a consequence of prior self-regulatory effort. However, in naturalistic settings, although people know that they are sometimes vulnerable to saying, eating, or doing the wrong thing, they cannot accurately gauge their capacity to self-regulate at any given time. Because self-regulation and autonomic regulation colocalize in the brain, an autonomic measure, heart rate variability (HRV), could provide an index of self-regulatory strength and activity. During an experimental manipulation of self-regulation (eating carrots or cookies), HRV was elevated during high self-regulatory effort (eat carrots, resist cookies) compared with low self-regulatory effort (eat cookies, resist carrots). The experimental manipulation and higher HRV at baseline independently predicted persistence at a subsequent anagram task. HRV app…
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Do brief measures of readiness to change predict alcohol consumption and consequences in primary care patients with unhealthy alcohol use?
Background: Assessing readiness to change is recommended as part of brief interventions for patients with unhealthy alcohol use. However, the utility and predictive validity of readiness measures have not been well established.
Methods: In a prospective cohort study, we assessed primary care patients with unhealthy alcohol use (past-month drinking of risky amounts, or any amount and an affirmative response to CAGE alcohol screening questionnaire) and reassessed them 6 months later. At study entry, we assessed readiness to change using 1 multi-item measure of stage of change, and 5 single-item measures (readiness per se, importance of changing, confidence in ability to change, intention to cut down, intention to abstain). Outcomes included alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences. Multivariable regression models were fit for each measure of readiness and each outcome.
Results:…
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Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the "porcupine problem".
Evidence from 6 experiments supports the social reconnection hypothesis, which posits that the experience of social exclusion increases the motivation to forge social bonds with new sources of potential affiliation. Threat of social exclusion led participants to express greater interest in making new friends, to increase their desire to work with others, to form more positive impressions of novel social targets, and to assign greater rewards to new interaction partners. Findings also suggest potential boundary conditions to the social reconnection hypothesis. Excluded individuals did not seem to seek reconnection with the specific perpetrators of exclusion or with novel partners with whom no face-to-face interaction was anticipated. Furthermore, fear of negative evaluation moderated responses to exclusion such that participants low in fear of negative evaluation responded to new interact…
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Motivational interviewing to increase physical activity in long-term cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial.
Background: Physical activity can confer many benefits on cancer survivors, including relief of persistent symptoms related to cancer treatment.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention on increasing physical activity (Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors questionnaire) and improving aerobic fitness (6-minute walk), health (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36), and fatigue (Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale) in cancer survivors. A secondary purpose was to evaluate whether the effect of MI on physical activities depended on self-efficacy.
Methods: Fifty-six physically inactive adult cancer survivors (mean=42 months since completion of treatment) were assigned randomly to intervention and control groups. The MI intervention consisted of one in-person counseling session followed by two MI telephone calls over 6 months. Control group …
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Dunn EC, Neighbors C, Larimer ME (2006)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors48 citations Motivational enhancement therapy and self-help treatment for binge eaters.
Objective: The aims of this study were to evaluate whether a single session of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) would increase participant readiness to change, improve the efficacy of self-help treatment for binge eaters, and improve participant compliance with the self-help manual.
Method: Participants with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder were randomly assigned either to attend a 1-hr MET session prior to receiving the self-help manual (n = 45) or to receive the self-help manual only (n = 45). Participants were followed for 4 months for assessment of self-reported eating disorder outcome and compliance.
Results: The MET intervention resulted in increased readiness to change for binge eating compared with the self-help-only (SH) condition. Few differences were found between the MET condition and the SH condition for changes in eating attitudes and frequency of binge eating…
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Peirce JM, Petry NM, Stitzer ML, Blaine J, Kellogg S, Satterfield F, Schwartz M, Krasnansky J, Pencer E, Silva-Vazquez L, Kirby KC, Royer-Malvestuto C, Roll JM, Cohen A, Copersino ML, Kolodner K, Li R (2006)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usArchives of general psychiatry252 citations Effects of lower-cost incentives on stimulant abstinence in methadone maintenance treatment: a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study.
Background: Contingency management interventions that provide tangible incentives based on objective indicators of drug abstinence have improved treatment outcomes of substance abusers, but have not been widely implemented in community drug abuse treatment settings.
Objective: To compare outcomes achieved when a lower-cost prize-based contingency management treatment is added to usual care in community methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment settings.
Design: Random assignment to usual care with (n = 198) or without (n = 190) abstinence incentives during a 12-week trial.
Setting: Six community-based methadone maintenance drug abuse treatment clinics in locations across the United States.
Participants: Three hundred eighty-eight stimulant-abusing patients enrolled in methadone maintenance programs for at least 1 month and no more than 3 years.
Intervention: Participants submitting s…
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An evaluation of a brief motivational intervention among young ecstasy and cocaine users: no effect on substance and alcohol use outcomes.
Aims: To investigate whether a stimulant- and alcohol-focused brief motivational intervention induces positive behaviour change among young, regular users of MDMA ('ecstasy'), cocaine powder and crack cocaine.
Design and measurements: A randomized trial of the intervention versus a control group who received written health risk information materials only. All participants completed a baseline self-assessment questionnaire before randomization. Outcome measures were self-reported period prevalence abstinence from ecstasy, cocaine powder and crack cocaine and the frequency and amount of stimulant and alcohol use in the previous 90 days, recorded at 6-month follow-up via self-completion questionnaire and personal interview.
Participants and setting: A total of 342 adolescent and young adult stimulant users (aged 16-22 years) were recruited and 87% were followed-up. The intervention was deli…
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A randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention among people with a psychotic disorder.
Objective: Despite extremely high rates of smoking among individuals with psychotic disorders and the associated financial and health costs, few studies have investigated the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions among this group. The purpose of this study was to compare an integrated psychological and nicotine replacement therapy intervention for people with a psychotic disorder with routine care alone.
Method: The authors recruited 298 regular smokers with a psychotic disorder residing in the community and randomly assigned them to a routine care comparison condition (N=151) or an eight-session, individually administered smoking cessation intervention (N=147), which consisted of nicotine replacement therapy, motivational interviewing, and cognitive behavior therapy. Outcome variables included continuous and point-prevalence abstinence rates, smoking reduction status, and changes …
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A randomised control study of a fully automated internet based smoking cessation programme.
Objective: The objective of this project was to test the short term (90 days) efficacy of an automated behavioural intervention for smoking cessation, the "1-2-3 Smokefree" programme, delivered via an internet website.
Design: Randomised control trial. Subjects surveyed at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 90 days later.
Settings: The study and the intervention occurred entirely via the internet site. Subjects were recruited primarily via worksites, which referred potential subjects to the website.
Subjects: The 351 qualifying subjects were notified of the study via their worksite and required to have internet access. Additionally, subjects were required to be over 18 years of age, smoke cigarettes, and be interested in quitting smoking in the next 30 days. Eligible subjects were randomly assigned individually to treatment or control condition by computer algorithm.
Interventi…
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