Drive, reward sensitivity and the flattening of both.
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كتب التراث6 shownArabic originals, reached through the subject’s Arabic senses. Interpretive sources, never proof of a ruling.
mukhtasar-minhaj §321mukhtasar-minhajArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
ومن آدابه: أن لا يمتلئ من الطعام فى الليل، بل يأكل بمقدار، فانه ما ملأ ابن آدم وعاء شرا من بطن. ومتى شبع أول الليل لم ينتفع بنفسه فى باقيه، وكذلك إذا شبع وقت السحر لم ينتفع بنفسه إلى قريب من الظهر، لأن كثرة الأكل تورث الكسل والفتور، ثم يفوت المقصود من الصيام بكثرة الأكل، لأن المراد منه أن يذوق طعم الجوع، ويكون تاركا للمشتهى.
madarij §3757madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
بين القبض والبسط أي ينقطع إلى صحبة الحال وهو الوارد الذي يرد على القلب من تأثيره بالمعاملة السالب لوصف الكسل والفتور الجالب له إلى مرافقة الرفيق الأعلى الذين أنعم الله عليهم فينتقل من مقام العلم إلى مقام الكشف ومن مقام رسوم الأعمال إلى مقام حقائقها وأذواقها ومواجيدها وأحوالها فيترقى من الإسلام إلى الإيمان ومن الإيمان إلى الإحسان
wabil-sayyib §43wabil-sayyibArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
فحقيقة التعظيم للامر والنهي ان لا يعارضا بترخص جاف ولا يعرضا لتشديد غال فان المقصود هو الصراط المستقيم الموصل إلى الله عز وجل بسالكه وما امر الله عز وجل بأمر الا وللشيطان فيه نزغتان اما تقصير وتفريط واما افراط وغلو فلا يبالي بما ظفر من العبد من الخطيئتين فانه ياتي إلى قلب العبد فيستامه فان وجد فيه فتورا وتوانيا وترخيصا اخذه من هذه الخطة فثبطه واقعده وضربه بالكسل والتواني والفتور وفتح له باب التاويلات والرجاء وغير ذلك حتى ربما ترك العبد المامور جملة
fawaid §490fawaidArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
العزيمة فيصدقه في عزمه وفي فعله قال تعالى فإذا عزم الأمر فلو صدقوا الله لكان خيرا لهم فسعادته في صدق العزيمة وصدق الفعل فصدق العزيمة جمعها وجزمها وعدم التردد فيها بل تكون عزيمة لا يشوبها تردد ولا تلوم فإذا صدقت عزيمته بقى عليه صدق الفعل وهو استفراغ الوسع وبذل الجهد فيه وأن لا يتخلف عنه بشيء من ظاهره وباطنه فعزيمة القصد تمنعه من ضعف الإرادة والهمة وصدق الفعل يمنعه من الكسل والفتور ومن صدق الله في جميع أموره صنع الله له فوق ما يصنع لغيره وهذا الصدق معنى يلتئم من صحة الإخلاص وصدق التوكل فأصدق الناس من صح إخلاصه وتوكله
madarij §6757madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
فالإيمان بالصفات ومعرفتها وإثبات حقائقها وتعلق القلب بها وشهوده لها هو مبدأ الطريق ووسطه وغايته وهو روح السالكين وحاديهم إلى الوصول ومحرك عزماتهم إذا فتروا ومثير هممهم إذا قصروا فإن سيرهم إنما هو على الشواهد فمن كان لا شاهد له فلا سير له ولا طلب ولا سلوك له وأعظم الشواهد صفات محبوبهم ونهاية مطلوبهم وذلك هو العلم الذي رفع لهم في السير فشمروا إليه كما قالت عائشة رضي الله عنها من رأى رسول الله فقد رآه غاديا رائحا لم يضع لبنة على لبنة ولكن رفع له علم فشمر إليه ولا يزال العبد في التواني والفتور والكسل حتى يرفع الله عز وجل له بفضله ومنه علما يشاهده بقلبه فيشمر إليه ويعمل عليه
madarij §1930madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
قال الله تعالى : ففروا إلى الله الذاريات : 50 ] وحقيقة الفرار : الهرب من شيء إلى شيء وهو نوعان : فرار السعداء وفرار الأشقياء ففرار السعداء : الفرار إلى الله عز وجل وفرار الأشقياء : الفرار منه لا إليه وأما الفرار منه إليه : ففرار أوليائه قال ابن عباس في قوله تعالى : ففروا إلى الله الذاريات : 50 ] : فروا منه إليه واعملوا بطاعته وقال سهل بن عبدالله : فروا مما سوى الله إلى الله وقال آخرون : اهربوا من عذاب الله إلى ثوابه بالإيمان والطاعة وقال صاحب المنازل : هو الهرب مما لم يكن إلى من لم يزل وهو على ثلاث درجات : فرار العامة من الجهل إلى العلم عقدا وسعيا ومن الكسل إلى التشمير جدا وعزما ومن الضيق إلى السعة ثقة ورجاء يريد بما لم يكن الخلق وبما لم يزل الحق وقوله : فرار العامة : من الجهل إلى العلم عقدا وسعيا الجهل نوعان : عدم العلم بالحق النافع وعدم العمل بموجبه ومقتضاه فكلاهما جهل لغة وعرفا وشرعا وحقيقة قال موسى : أعوذ بالله أن أكون من الجاهلين البقره : 67 ] لما قال له قومه : أتتخذنا هزوا البقره :
Research library, full list
226 to 250 of 1,483Neural and behavioral mechanisms of impulsive choice in alcohol use disorder.
Background: Alcohol dependence has repeatedly been associated with impulsive choice, or the inability to choose large delayed rewards over smaller, but more immediate rewards. However, the neural basis of impulsive choice in alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is not well understood.
Methods: One hundred fifty-one individuals with a range of alcohol use from social drinking to severe alcohol dependence completed a delay discounting task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants received customized trials designed to ensure an approximately equivalent number of immediate responses.
Results: Delaying gratification recruited regions involved in cognitive control, conflict monitoring, and the interpretation of somatic states. Individuals with more severe alcohol use problems showed increased discounting of delayed rewards and greater activation in several regions includin…
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Stress management interventions in the workplace improve stress reactivity: a randomised controlled trial.
Objective: To examine the long-term effects of a stress management intervention (SMI) based on the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model, on psychological and biological reactions to work stress.
Methods: 174 lower or middle management employees (99% male) were randomly assigned to an intervention or a waiting control group. The programme comprised 24 × 45 min group sessions (2 full days followed by two 4 × 45 min sessions within the next 8 months) on individual work stress situations. The primary endpoint was perceived stress reactivity (Stress Reactivity Scale, SRS), while secondary endpoints were salivary cortisol and α-amylase, anxiety and depression, and ERI. Assessments were repeated in 154 participants 1 year later.
Results: SRS score decreased in both groups. A two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures showed a significant time × group effect (F=5.932; p=0.016) with the greater reduc…
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Zaki J, Mitchell JP (2011)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America111 citations Equitable decision making is associated with neural markers of intrinsic value.
Standard economic and evolutionary models assume that humans are fundamentally selfish. On this view, any acts of prosociality--such as cooperation, giving, and other forms of altruism--result from covert attempts to avoid social injunctions against selfishness. However, even in the absence of social pressure, individuals routinely forego personal gain to share resources with others. Such anomalous giving cannot be accounted for by standard models of social behavior. Recent observations have suggested that, instead, prosocial behavior may reflect an intrinsic value placed on social ideals such as equity and charity. Here, we show that, consistent with this alternative account, making equitable interpersonal decisions engaged neural structures involved in computing subjective value, even when doing so required foregoing material resources. By contrast, making inequitable decisions produce…
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Striatal dopamine predicts outcome-specific reversal learning and its sensitivity to dopaminergic drug administration.
Individual variability in reward-based learning has been ascribed to quantitative variation in baseline levels of striatal dopamine. However, direct evidence for this pervasive hypothesis has hitherto been unavailable. We demonstrate that individual differences in reward-based reversal learning reflect variation in baseline striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, as measured with neurochemical positron emission tomography. Subjects with high baseline dopamine synthesis in the striatum showed relatively better reversal learning from unexpected rewards than from unexpected punishments, whereas subjects with low baseline dopamine synthesis in the striatum showed the reverse pattern. In addition, baseline dopamine synthesis predicted the direction of dopaminergic drug effects. The D(2) receptor agonist bromocriptine improved reward-based relative to punishment-based reversal learning in subjec…
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Single dose of a dopamine agonist impairs reinforcement learning in humans: evidence from event-related potentials and computational modeling of striatal-cortical function.
Animal findings have highlighted the modulatory role of phasic dopamine (DA) signaling in incentive learning, particularly in the acquisition of reward-related behavior. In humans, these processes remain largely unknown. In a recent study, we demonstrated that a single low dose of a D2/D3 agonist (pramipexole)-assumed to activate DA autoreceptors and thus reduce phasic DA bursts-impaired reward learning in healthy subjects performing a probabilistic reward task. The purpose of this study was to extend these behavioral findings using event-related potentials and computational modeling. Compared with the placebo group, participants receiving pramipexole showed increased feedback-related negativity to probabilistic rewards and decreased activation in dorsal anterior cingulate regions previously implicated in integrating reinforcement history over time. Additionally, findings of blunted rewa…
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Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating).
Background: Humans have a strong social tendency to compare themselves with others. We tend to feel envious when we receive less valuable rewards and may rejoice when our payoffs are more advantageous. Envy and schadenfreude (gloating over the other's misfortune) are social emotions widely agreed to be a symptom of the human social tendency to compare one's payoffs with those of others. Given the important social components of envy and gloating, we speculated that oxytocin may have a modulating effect on the intensity of these emotions.
Methods: Fifty-six participants participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject study. Following the administration of oxytocin or a placebo, participants played a game of chance with another (fake) participant who either won more money (envy manipulation), lost more money (schadenfreude manipulation), or won/lost equal amounts of mo…
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Effects of MDMA on sociability and neural response to social threat and social reward.
Rationale: +/-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") reportedly produces unique subjective effects, including increased sociability, feelings of closeness with others, and reduced interpersonal defensiveness. Despite their apparent importance in recreational and potential psychotherapeutic use of MDMA, the defining characteristics and neurobiological mechanisms of these interpersonal effects are poorly understood.
Materials and methods: We investigated acute effects of MDMA on self-reported sociability and neuronal activation in response to socially threatening (angry and fearful faces) and socially rewarding (happy faces) stimuli. Assessment of social threat response focused on amygdala activation, whereas assessment of social reward focused on ventral striatum activation. Healthy volunteers (N = 9) reporting past ecstasy use completed three experimental sessions, receiving…
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Single dose of a dopamine agonist impairs reinforcement learning in humans: behavioral evidence from a laboratory-based measure of reward responsiveness.
Rationale: The dopaminergic system, particularly D2-like dopamine receptors, has been strongly implicated in reward processing. Animal studies have emphasized the role of phasic dopamine (DA) signaling in reward-related learning, but these processes remain largely unexplored in humans.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of a single, low dose of a D2/D3 agonist--pramipexole--on reinforcement learning in healthy adults. Based on prior evidence indicating that low doses of DA agonists decrease phasic DA release through autoreceptor stimulation, we hypothesized that 0.5 mg of pramipexole would impair reward learning due to presynaptic mechanisms.
Materials and methods: Using a double-blind design, a single 0.5-mg dose of pramipexole or placebo was administered to 32 healthy volunteers, who performed a probabilistic reward task involving a differential reinforcement schedule as well as variou…
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Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans.
Theories of instrumental learning are centred on understanding how success and failure are used to improve future decisions. These theories highlight a central role for reward prediction errors in updating the values associated with available actions. In animals, substantial evidence indicates that the neurotransmitter dopamine might have a key function in this type of learning, through its ability to modulate cortico-striatal synaptic efficacy. However, no direct evidence links dopamine, striatal activity and behavioural choice in humans. Here we show that, during instrumental learning, the magnitude of reward prediction error expressed in the striatum is modulated by the administration of drugs enhancing (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine; L-DOPA) or reducing (haloperidol) dopaminergic function. Accordingly, subjects treated with L-DOPA have a greater propensity to choose the most rewardin…
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Mechanisms Underlying Motivational Deficits in Psychopathology: Similarities and Differences in Depression and Schizophrenia.
Motivational and hedonic impairments are core aspects of a variety of types of psychopathology. These impairments cut across diagnostic categories and may be critical to understanding major aspects of the functional impairments accompanying psychopathology. Given the centrality of motivational and hedonic systems to psychopathology, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative includes a "positive valence" systems domain that outlines a number of constructs that may be key to understanding the nature and mechanisms of motivational and hedonic impairments in psychopathology. These component constructs include initial responsiveness to reward, reward anticipation or expectancy, incentive or reinforcement learning, effort valuation, and action selection. Here, we review behavioral and neuroimaging studies providing evidence for impairments in these constructs in individuals with psychosis…
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Baskin-Sommers AR, Foti D (2015)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology112 citations Abnormal reward functioning across substance use disorders and major depressive disorder: Considering reward as a transdiagnostic mechanism.
A common criticism of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) is that its criteria are based more on behavioral descriptions than on underlying biological mechanisms. Increasingly, calls have intensified for a more biologically-based approach to conceptualizing, studying, and treating psychological disorders, as exemplified by the Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC). Among the most well-studied neurobiological mechanisms is reward processing. Moreover, individual differences in reward sensitivity are related to risk for substance abuse and depression. The current review synthesizes the available preclinical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging literature on reward processing from a transdiagnostic, multidimensional perspective. Findings are organized with respect to key reward constructs within the Positive Valence Systems…
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Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience.
Anhedonia is a core symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD), the neurobiological mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. Despite decades of speculation regarding the role of dopamine (DA) in anhedonic symptoms, empirical evidence has remained elusive, with frequent reports of contradictory findings. In the present review, we argue that this has resulted from an underspecified definition of anhedonia, which has failed to dissociate between consummatory and motivational aspects of reward behavior. Given substantial preclinical evidence that DA is involved primarily in motivational aspects of reward, we suggest that a refined definition of anhedonia that distinguishes between deficits in pleasure and motivation is essential for the purposes of identifying its neurobiological substrates. Moreover, bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical models of anhedonia may require movi…
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Wise RA (2008)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNeurotoxicity research371 citations Dopamine and reward: the anhedonia hypothesis 30 years on.
The anhedonia hypothesis--that brain dopamine plays a critical role in the subjective pleasure associated with positive rewards--was intended to draw the attention of psychiatrists to the growing evidence that dopamine plays a critical role in the objective reinforcement and incentive motivation associated with food and water, brain stimulation reward, and psychomotor stimulant and opiate reward. The hypothesis called to attention the apparent paradox that neuroleptics, drugs used to treat a condition involving anhedonia (schizophrenia), attenuated in laboratory animals the positive reinforcement that we normally associate with pleasure. The hypothesis held only brief interest for psychiatrists, who pointed out that the animal studies reflected acute actions of neuroleptics whereas the treatment of schizophrenia appears to result from neuroadaptations to chronic neuroleptic administratio…
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Carr KD (2007)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPhysiology & behavior129 citations Chronic food restriction: enhancing effects on drug reward and striatal cell signaling.
Chronic food restriction (FR) increases behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse in animal models and is associated with binge eating, which shares comorbidity with drug abuse, in clinical populations. Behavioral, biochemical and molecular studies conducted in this laboratory to elucidate the functional and mechanistic bases of these phenomena are briefly reviewed. Results obtained to date indicate that FR increases the reward magnitude and locomotor-activating effects of abused drugs, and direct dopamine (DA) receptor agonists, as a result of neuroadaptations rather than changes in drug disposition. Changes in striatal DA dynamics, and postsynaptic cell signaling and gene expression in response to D-1 DA receptor stimulation have been observed. Of particular interest is an upregulation of NMDA receptor-dependent MAP kinase and CaM Kinase II signaling, CREB phosphorylation, and immediate…
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Effects of inflammation on social processes and implications for health.
Although at first glance inflammation and social behavior may appear unrelated, research points to an important role for inflammation in shaping social processes. This review summarizes findings in this field, specifically highlighting work that provides support for the idea that inflammation can lead to (1) increases in sensitivity to negative, threatening social experiences and (2) increases in sensitivity to positive, socially rewarding experiences. These diverging sensitivities in response to inflammation may depend on context and be adaptive for recuperation and recovery from illness. This review also discusses the implications of these findings for health and future research, including implications for depression, loneliness, and inflammatory disorders.
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Inflammation is associated with decreased functional connectivity within corticostriatal reward circuitry in depression.
Depression is associated with alterations in corticostriatal reward circuitry. One pathophysiological pathway that may drive these changes is inflammation. Biomarkers of inflammation (for example, cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP)) are reliably elevated in depressed patients. Moreover, administration of inflammatory stimuli reduces neural activity and dopamine release in reward-related brain regions in association with reduced motivation and anhedonia. Accordingly, we examined whether increased inflammation in depression affects corticostriatal reward circuitry to lead to deficits in motivation and goal-directed motor behavior. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on 48 medically stable, unmedicated outpatients with major depression. Whole-brain, voxel-wise functional connectivity was examined as a function of CRP using seeds for subdivisions of the vent…
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Facilitators of peer leader retention within a Type 2 diabetes intervention trial for US Latinos/Hispanics of Mexican origin.
Peer support is effective in improving self-management behaviors and health outcomes among individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Volunteer peer support programs offer a cost-effective resource for diabetes self-management support; however, factors affecting the retention of volunteer peer leaders remain understudied. Herein, we examined factors associated with volunteer retention and satisfaction among 34 predominantly Mexican-origin peer leaders who assisted patients from a Federally Qualified Health Center located on the US/Mexico border with their diabetes management. Peer leaders completed surveys with open- and close-ended questions at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Quantitative and qualitative data analyses were guided by the Volunteer Process Model. Using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests, self-efficacy as a peer leader at 6 months was most associated with interest to continue vol…
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Nielsen KK, Dahl-Petersen IK, Jensen DM, Ovesen P, Damm P, Jensen NH, Thøgersen M, Timm A, Hillersdal L, Kampmann U, Vinter CA, Mathiesen ER, Maindal HT, Face-it Study Group (2020)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usTrials25 citations Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a co-produced, complex, health promotion intervention for women with prior gestational diabetes and their families: the Face-it study.
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of future diabetes in both mother, father and offspring. More knowledge is needed about how to effectively reduce the risk of diabetes through sustained behavioural interventions in these families. The Face-it intervention is a complex health promotion intervention embedded in multi-level supportive environments. The aim of the intervention is to reduce type 2 diabetes risk and increase quality of life among families in the first year following a GDM-affected pregnancy by promoting physical activity, healthy dietary behaviours and breastfeeding through a focus on social support, motivation, self-efficacy, risk perception and health literacy.
Methods: This national multicentre study is a two-arm randomised controlled trial including 460 women with GDM in a ratio of 2 (intervention):1 (usual care). The Fac…
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Redfern J, Hyun K, Singleton A, Hafiz N, Raeside R, Spencer L, Carr B, Caterson I, Cullen J, Ferry C, Santo K, Hayes A, Leung RWM, Raadsma S, Swinbourne J, Cho JG, King M, Roberts M, Kok C, Jenkins C, Chow C (2019)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMJ open10 citations ITM support for patients with chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Introduction: Simple and scalable strategies are needed to improve 'out-of-hospital' support and management for people living with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory disease. Text messaging via mobile phones has been shown to be effective in helping promote lifestyle change and is supported by quantitative and qualitative evidence. The aim of this study is to test the effectiveness and implementation of a 6-month text messaging support programme for people with CVD and respiratory disease as an addition to cardiac and pulmonary outpatient rehabilitation.
Methods and analysis: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial (n=310) to test the effectiveness of a 6-month text message support programme on clinical outcomes in people with CVD and chronic respiratory disease who are attending outpatient cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. The study includes a nested process evaluation to in…
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Scott SE, Duarte C, Encantado J, Evans EH, Harjumaa M, Heitmann BL, Horgan GW, Larsen SC, Marques MM, Mattila E, Matos M, Mikkelsen ML, Palmeira AL, Pearson B, Ramsey L, Sainsbury K, Santos I, Sniehotta F, Stalker C, Teixeira PJ, Stubbs RJ (2019)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMJ open28 citations The NoHoW protocol: a multicentre 2×2 factorial randomised controlled trial investigating an evidence-based digital toolkit for weight loss maintenance in European adults.
Introduction: Obesity and associated diseases place a severe burden on healthcare systems. Behavioural interventions for weight loss (WL) are successful in the short term but often result in weight regain over time. Self-regulation of eating and activity behaviours may significantly enhance weight loss maintenance (WLM) and may be effectively augmented by contextual behavioural approaches to emotion regulation. The NoHoW trial tests the efficacy of a theoretically informed, evidence-based digital toolkit using a mobile-enabled website, activity trackers and Wi-Fi scales for WLM aiming to target (1) self-regulation and motivation, and (2) emotion regulation in adults who achieved clinically significant (≥5%) WL in the previous 12 months (initial body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2).
Methods and analysis: The study is an 18-month, 3-centre, 2×2 factorial single-blind, randomised controlled tri…
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A comparative effectiveness trial of two family-based childhood obesity treatment programs in a medically underserved region: Rationale, design & methods.
While there is a large body of literature documenting the efficacy of family-based childhood obesity (FBCO) treatment interventions, there is little evidence that these interventions have been systematically translated into regular practice - particularly in health disparate regions. To address this research-practice gap, this project was guided by a community advisory board (CAB) and the RE-AIM planning and evaluation framework within a systems-based and community-based participatory research approach. Families with overweight or obese children between 5 and 12 years old, in the medically-underserved Dan River Region, were randomly assigned to one of two FBCO treatment programs (iChoose vs. Family Connections) delivered by local Parks & Recreation staff. Both programs have previously demonstrated clinically meaningful child BMI z-score reductions, but vary in intensity, structure, and i…
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Benzo RP (2013)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usChronic respiratory disease33 citations Mindfulness and motivational interviewing: two candidate methods for promoting self-management.
There is no conclusive evidence about the way to a promote behavior change in self-management programs for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The latter is a significant knowledge gap as there is a need to promote a sustained effect in interventions like Pulmonary Rehabilitation or Supporting Programs. Embracing patient's values seems to be a key ingredient to ignite genuine motivation for behavior change. This manuscript describes two pilot qualitative studies carried out in patients with severe COPD aimed to engage the patient inner experience and promote self-management: a trial testing motivational interviewing (MI) as one style of helping patients with severe COPD make changes in their behavior and second a trial testing a mindfulness-based intervention. The MI study consisted of a 3-month program of weekly coaching phone calls after one face-to-face visit. …
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Moderators and mediators of two brief interventions for alcohol in the emergency department.
Objective: To evaluate moderators and mediators of brief alcohol interventions conducted in the emergency department.
Methods: Patients (18-24 years; n = 172) in an emergency department received a motivational interview with personalized feedback (MI) or feedback only (FO), with 1- and 3-month booster sessions and 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Gender, alcohol status/severity group [ALC+ only, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT+) only, ALC+/AUDIT+], attribution of alcohol in the medical event, aversiveness of the event, perceived seriousness of the event and baseline readiness to change alcohol use were evaluated as moderators of intervention efficacy. Readiness to change also was evaluated as a mediator of intervention efficacy, as were perceived risks/benefits of alcohol use, self-efficacy and alcohol treatment seeking.
Results: Alcohol status, attribution and readiness mode…
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The role of self-reported impulsivity and reward sensitivity versus neurocognitive measures of disinhibition and decision-making in the prediction of relapse in pathological gamblers.
Background: Disinhibition and decision-making skills play an important role in theories on the cause and outcome of addictive behaviors such as substance use disorders and pathological gambling. In recent studies, both disinhibition and disadvantageous decision-making strategies, as measured by neurocognitive tests, have been found to influence the course of substance use disorders. Research on factors affecting relapse in pathological gambling is scarce.
Method: This study investigated the effect of both self-reported impulsivity and reward sensitivity, and neurocognitively assessed disinhibition and decision-making under conflicting contingencies, on relapse in a group of 46 pathological gamblers.
Results: Logistic regression analysis indicated that longer duration of the disorder and neurocognitive indicators of disinhibition (Stop Signal Reaction Time) and decision-making (Card Playi…
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Engagement in Socially and Interpersonally Rewarding Activities as a Predictor of Outcome in "Engage" Behavioral Activation Therapy for Late-Life Depression.
Objective: Loneliness and social isolation are associated with depressive symptoms, cognitive and physical disabilities, and increased risk of mortality among older adults. Socially rewarding activities reduce loneliness, and neurobiological evidence suggests that these activities may activate neural reward systems in older adults to a greater extent than other rewarding experiences. The current study was designed to investigate whether engagement in social and interpersonal activities (i.e., exposure to social rewards) predicts subsequent increase in behavioral activation and reduction in depressive symptoms in reward exposure treatment for late-life depression.
Methods: Forty-eight older adults without cognitive impairment and with major depression received nine sessions of "Engage" psychotherapy. Behavioral activation and depression severity were assessed by trained raters at baseline…
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