Anticipatory fear, worry and generalised anxiety.
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Qurʾān
القرآن6 shownVerses named for this subject by hand come first. The rest are found by the subject’s own Arabic and English senses and are shown as lexical matches, not as anchors anyone has confirmed.
Qur'ān 16:112English sense: fear | Arabic sense: الخوف, خوف
وَضَرَبَ ٱللَّهُ مَثَلࣰ ا قَرۡيَةࣰ كَانَتۡ ءَامِنَةࣰ مُّطۡمَئِنَّةࣰ يَأۡتِيهَا رِزۡقُهَا رَغَدࣰ ا مِّن كُلِّ مَكَانࣲ فَكَفَرَتۡ بِأَنۡعُمِ ٱللَّهِ فَأَذَٰقَهَا ٱللَّهُ لِبَاسَ ٱلۡجُوعِ وَٱلۡخَوۡفِ بِمَا كَانُواْ يَصۡنَعُونَ
God presents the example of a town that was secure and at ease, with provisions coming to it abundantly from all places. Then it became ungrateful for God’s blessings, so God afflicted it with the garment of famine and fear, for what its people had done
Qur'ān 2:155English sense: fear | Arabic sense: الخوف, خوف
وَلَنَبۡلُوَنَّكُم بِشَيۡءࣲ مِّنَ ٱلۡخَوۡفِ وَٱلۡجُوعِ وَنَقۡصࣲ مِّنَ ٱلۡأَمۡوَٰلِ وَٱلۡأَنفُسِ وَٱلثَّمَرَٰتِۗ وَبَشِّرِ ٱلصَّٰبِرِينَ
We shall certainly test you with fear and hunger, and loss of property, lives, and crops. But [Prophet], give good news to those who are steadfast
Qur'ān 21:103English sense: fear | Arabic sense: الفزع, فزع
لَا يَحۡزُنُهُمُ ٱلۡفَزَعُ ٱلۡأَكۡبَرُ وَتَتَلَقَّىٰهُمُ ٱلۡمَلَٰٓئِكَةُ هَٰذَا يَوۡمُكُمُ ٱلَّذِي كُنتُمۡ تُوعَدُونَ
They will have no fear of the great Terror: the angels will receive them with the words, ‘This is the Day you were promised!’
Qur'ān 33:19English sense: fear | Arabic sense: الخوف, خوف
أَشِحَّةً عَلَيۡكُمۡۖ فَإِذَا جَآءَ ٱلۡخَوۡفُ رَأَيۡتَهُمۡ يَنظُرُونَ إِلَيۡكَ تَدُورُ أَعۡيُنُهُمۡ كَٱلَّذِي يُغۡشَىٰ عَلَيۡهِ مِنَ ٱلۡمَوۡتِۖ فَإِذَا ذَهَبَ ٱلۡخَوۡفُ سَلَقُوكُم بِأَلۡسِنَةٍ حِدَادٍ أَشِحَّةً عَلَى ٱلۡخَيۡرِۚ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ لَمۡ يُؤۡمِنُواْ فَأَحۡبَطَ ٱللَّهُ أَعۡمَٰلَهُمۡۚ وَكَانَ ذَٰلِكَ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ يَسِيرࣰ ا
who begrudge you [believers] any help. When fear comes, you [Prophet] see them looking at you with eyes rolling like someone in their death throes; when fear has passed, they attack you with sharp tongues and begrudge you any good. Such men do not believe, and God brings their deeds to nothing- that is all too easy for God
Qur'ān 4:83Arabic sense: الخوف, خوف
وَإِذَا جَآءَهُمۡ أَمۡرࣱ مِّنَ ٱلۡأَمۡنِ أَوِ ٱلۡخَوۡفِ أَذَاعُواْ بِهِۦۖ وَلَوۡ رَدُّوهُ إِلَى ٱلرَّسُولِ وَإِلَىٰٓ أُوْلِي ٱلۡأَمۡرِ مِنۡهُمۡ لَعَلِمَهُ ٱلَّذِينَ يَسۡتَنۢبِطُونَهُۥ مِنۡهُمۡۗ وَلَوۡلَا فَضۡلُ ٱللَّهِ عَلَيۡكُمۡ وَرَحۡمَتُهُۥ لَٱتَّبَعۡتُمُ ٱلشَّيۡطَٰنَ إِلَّا قَلِيلࣰ ا
Whenever news of any matter comes to them, whether concerning peace or war, they spread it about; if they referred it to the Messenger and those in authority among them, those seeking its meaning would have found it out from them. If it were not for God’s bounty and mercy towards you, you would almost all have followed Satan
Qur'ān 41:30English sense: fear | Arabic sense: تحزنوا
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ قَالُواْ رَبُّنَا ٱللَّهُ ثُمَّ ٱسۡتَقَٰمُواْ تَتَنَزَّلُ عَلَيۡهِمُ ٱلۡمَلَٰٓئِكَةُ أَلَّا تَخَافُواْ وَلَا تَحۡزَنُواْ وَأَبۡشِرُواْ بِٱلۡجَنَّةِ ٱلَّتِي كُنتُمۡ تُوعَدُونَ
As for those who say, ‘Our Lord is God,’ and take the straight path towards Him, the angels come down to them and say, ‘Have no fear or grief, but rejoice in the good news of Paradise, which you have been promised
Tafsīr
التفسير6 shownCommentary on the verses above, at most two editions per verse.
en-asbab-al-nuzul-by-al-wahidi on 2:155en-asbab-al-nuzul-by-al-wahidicommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
And We will indeed try you with something of fear and hunger, and decrease of wealth, souls, and fruits; and give good news to the patient. The custom of the Lord is that whenever He threatens the servant and shows harshness in a verse, then, right after that or before it, He caresses the servant and gives him hope. Thus in this verse He breaks the servant by mentioning those harsh things and varieties of trial. Then He gives good news, He caresses, and He says, “and give good news to the patient.” And, at the beginning of these verses He says, “Surely God is with the patient” [2:153]. Glory be to Him! How gentle and how merciful He is to His servants! And We will indeed try you. He says, “We will test you, sometimes with fear, sometimes with dread, sometimes with poverty, sometimes with hunger, sometimes with outward affliction, sometimes with inward sorrow.” The outward trial and evide
en-asbab-al-nuzul-by-al-wahidi on 21:103en-asbab-al-nuzul-by-al-wahidicommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
The greatest terror shall not make them sorrow, and the angels will receive them: “This is the day that you were promised.” On the Day of Resurrection in the greatest gathering place and most tremendous courtyard, they will not hear from the angels the call “no good news” [25:22], nor the address, “Stand apart today, O offenders!” [36:59], nor the harsh call, “Slink into it, and do not talk to Me!” [23:108]. They will not hear the call of separation's pain, nor will they despair of mercy. Rather the angels will keep on coming, company after company, and they will give the good news: “This is the day that you were promised,” that is, “This is the day in which you have the promised reward.” Among them are those who will be received by the angels, and among them are those who will be addressed and made known by the King. God will say, “My servants, have you been yearning for Me?” He will sa
en-al-jalalayn on 16:112en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
And God strikes a similitude mathalan is substituted by the following qaryatan a town Mecca — meaning its inhabitants — secure from any raids never becoming agitated and peaceful without anyone ever needing to emigrate from it on account of anxiety or fear its provision coming to it plenteously abundantly from every place. But it rejected God’s graces by denying the Prophet s so God made it taste the garb of hunger and so they suffered seven years of drought and fear as a result of the raiding parties of the Prophet s all because of what they used to do.
en-al-jalalayn on 2:155en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
Surely We will try you with something of fear of an enemy and hunger by way of drought and diminution of goods as a result of destruction and lives as a result of slaughter death and disease and fruits by way of crop damage that is to say We will try you to see if you practise patience or not; yet give good tidings of Paradise to the patient during calamities;
en-al-jalalayn on 21:103en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
The Supreme Terror — which is that a servant be ordered off to the Fire shall not grieve them and the angels shall receive them upon their exiting from their graves saying to them ‘This is your day the one which you were promised’ during the life of the world.
en-tafisr-ibn-kathir on 16:112en-tafisr-ibn-kathircommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
And Allah gives the example of a township (Makkah), it was secure and peaceful: its provision coming to it in abundance from every place, but it (its people) denied the favors of Allah. So Allah made it taste extreme hunger (famine) and fear, because of what they did (112)There has come to them a Messenger from among themselves, but they denied him, so the torment seized them while they were wrongdoers (113)
The Example of Makkah
This example refers to the people of Makkah, which had been secure, peaceful and stable, a secure sanctuary while men were being snatched away from everywhere outside of it. Whoever entered Makkah, he was safe, and he had no need to fear, as Allah said:
وَقَالُوا إِن نَّتَّبِعِ الْهُدَىٰ مَعَكَ نُتَخَطَّفْ مِنْ أَرْضِنَا ۚ أَوَلَمْ نُمَكِّن لَّهُمْ حَرَمًا آمِنًا يُجْبَىٰ إِلَيْهِ ثَمَرَاتُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ رِّزْقًا مِّن لَّدُنَّا
(And they say: "If we follow th
Classical works
كتب التراث6 shownArabic originals, reached through the subject’s Arabic senses. Interpretive sources, never proof of a ruling.
ruh §1508ruhArabic sense: الجزع, الهلع, جزع, هلع
حبس النفس عن الجزع والهلع والتشكي فيحبس النفس عن التسخط واللسان عن الشكوى والجوراح عما لا ينبغي فعله وهو ثبات القلب على الأحكام القدرية والشرعية
ruh §1492ruhArabic sense: الجزع, الهلع, جزع, هلع
وأما الشح فهو خلق ذميم يتولد من سوء الظن وضعف النفس ويمده وعد الشيطان حتى يصير هلعا والهلع شدة الحرص على الشيء والشره به فتولد عنه المنع لبذله والجزع لفقده كما قال تعالى @QB@ إن الإنسان خلق هلوعا إذا مسه الشر جزوعا وإذا مسه الخير منوعا @QE@
uddat-sabirin §930uddat-sabirinArabic sense: الجزع, الهلع, جزع, هلع
ويضاد الصبر الهلع وهو الجزع عند ورود المصيبة والمنع عند ورود النعمة قال تعالى @QB@ إن الإنسان خلق هلوعا إذا مسه الشر جزوعا وإذا مسه الخير منوعا @QE@ وهذا تفسير الهلوع قال الجوهرى الهلع أفحش الجزع وقد هلع بالكسر فهو هلع وهلوع وفى الحديث شر ما فى العبد شح هالع وجبن خالع
riyad-salihin §648riyad-salihinArabic sense: الجزع, الهلع, جزع, هلع
526 وعن عمرو بن تغلب بفتح التاء المثناة فوق وإسكان الغين المعجمة وكسر اللام رضي الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أتي بمال أو سبي فقسمه فأعطى رجالا وترك رجالا فبلغه أن الذين ترك عتبوا فحمد الله ثم أثنى عليه ثم قال أما بعد فوالله إني لأعطي الرجل وأدع الرجل والذي أدع أحب إلي من الذي أعطي ولكني إنما أعطي أقواما لما أرى في قلوبهم من الجزع والهلع وأكل أقواما إلى ما جعل الله في قلوبهم من الغني والخير منهم عمرو بن تغلب قال عمرو بن تغلب فوالله ما أحب أن لي بكلمة رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم حمر النعم رواه البخاري الهلع هو أشد الجزع وقيل الضجر
jawab-kafi §134jawab-kafiArabic sense: الجزع, الهلع, جزع, هلع
وأما السبعية فذنوب العدوان والغضب وسفك الدماء والتوثب على الضعفاء والعاجزين ويتولد منها أنواع أذي النوع الإنساني والجرأة على الظلم والعدوان وأما الذنوب البهيمية فمثل الشرة والحرص علي قضاء شهوة البطن والفرج ومنها يتولد الزنا والسرقة وأكل أموال اليتامى والبخل والشح والجبن والهلع والجزع وغير ذلك وهذا القسم أكثر ذنوب الخلق لعجزهم عن الذنوب السبعية والملكية ومنه يدخلون إلى سائر الأقسام فهو يجرهم إليها بزمام فيدخلون منه إلى الذنوب السبعية ثم إلي الشيطانية ثم منازعة الربوبية والشرك فى الوحدانية ومن تأمل هذا حق التأمل تبين له ان الذنوب دهليز الشرك والكفر ومنازعة الله ربوبية فصل
uddat-sabirin §56uddat-sabirinArabic sense: الجزع, الهلع, جزع, هلع
وفعل هذا الباب صبرت أصبر بالفتح في الماضي والكسر في المستقبل وأما صبرت أصبر بالضم في المستقبل فهو بمعنى الكفالة والصبير الكفيل كأنه حبس نفسه للغرم ومنه قولهم أصبرنى أي جعلني كفيلا وقيل أصل الكلمة من الشدة والقوة ومنه الصبر للدواء المعروف لشدة مرارته وكراهته قال الأصمعى إذا لقي الرجل الشدة بكمالها قيل لقيها بأصبارها ومنه الصبر بضم الصاد للأرض ذات الحصب لشدتها وصلابتها ومنه سميت الحرة أم صبار ومنه قولهم وقع القوم في أمر صبور بتشديد الباء أي أمر شديد ومنه صبارة الشتاء بتخفيف الباء وتشديد الراء لشدة برده وقيل مأخوذ من الجمع والضم فالصابر يجمع نفسه ويضمها عن الهلع والجزع ومنه صبرة الطعام وصبارة الحجارة
Research library, full list
4276 to 4300 of 4,916Divergent effects of genetic variation in endocannabinoid signaling on human threat- and reward-related brain function.
Background: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a key enzyme in regulating endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling. A common single nucleotide polymorphism (C385A) in the human FAAH gene has been associated with increased risk for addiction and obesity.
Methods: Using imaging genetics in 82 healthy adult volunteers, we examined the effects of FAAH C385A on threat- and reward-related human brain function.
Results: Carriers of FAAH 385A, associated with reduced enzyme and possibly increased eCB signaling, had decreased threat-related amygdala reactivity but increased reward-related ventral striatal reactivity in comparison with C385 homozygotes. Similarly divergent effects of FAAH C385A genotype were manifest at the level of brain-behavior relationships. The 385A carriers showed decreased correlation between amygdala reactivity and trait anxiety but increased correlation between ventral striatal …
matched on Anxiety (mesh)
Impact of social anxiety disorder on employment among women receiving welfare benefits.
Objective: Studies in clinical and community samples have documented that social anxiety disorder is common, disabling, and costly. It reduces educational attainment and job success, and thus it may undermine economic self-sufficiency. The authors examined whether social anxiety disorder was an obstacle to successful employment in a longitudinal epidemiological study of women receiving welfare in an urban Michigan county. The hypothesis that social anxiety disorder would predict reduced work attainment was examined.
Methods: Psychiatric diagnoses were established with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form. The authors conducted a linear fixed-effects regression analysis for survey data with 609 respondents who completed at least the third wave of the Women's Employment Study in order to explore obstacles to employment among mothers on welfare.
Results: Analyses demo…
matched on Anxiety Disorders (mesh)
Stimulus-dependent changes of extracellular glucose in the rat hippocampus determined by in vivo microdialysis.
Neuronal activity is tightly coupled with brain energy metabolism; and glucose is an important energy substrate for neurons. The present in vivo microdialysis study was aimed at investigating changes in extracellular glucose concentrations in the rat ventral hippocampus due to exposure to the elevated plus maze. Determination of basal hippocampal glucose and lactate/pyruvate ratio in male Wistar rats was conducted in the home cage using in vivo microdialysis. Rats were exposed to the elevated plus maze, a rodent model of anxiety-related behaviour, or to unspecific stress induced by white noise (95dB) as a control condition. Basal hippocampal levels of glucose, as determined by zero-net-flux, and the basal lactate/pyruvate ratio were 1.49+/-0.05mmol/l and 13.8+/-1.1, respectively. In rats without manipulation, glucose levels remained constant throughout the experiment (120min). By contras…
matched on Anxiety (mesh)
Fakra E, Hyde LW, Gorka A, Fisher PM, Muñoz KE, Kimak M, Halder I, Ferrell RE, Manuck SB, Hariri AR (2009)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usArchives of general psychiatry116 citations Effects of HTR1A C(-1019)G on amygdala reactivity and trait anxiety.
Context: Serotonin 1A (5-hydroxytryptamine 1A [5-HT(1A)]) autoreceptors mediate negative feedback inhibition of serotonergic neurons and play a critical role in regulating serotonin signaling involved in shaping the functional response of major forebrain targets, such as the amygdala, supporting complex behavioral processes. A common functional variation (C[-1019]G) in the human 5-HT(1A) gene (HTR1A) represents 1 potential source of such interindividual variability. Both in vitro and in vivo, -1019G blocks transcriptional repression, leading to increased autoreceptor expression. Thus, -1019G may contribute to relatively decreased serotonin signaling at postsynaptic forebrain target sites via increased negative feedback.
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of HTR1A C(-1019)G on amygdala reactivity and to use path analyses to explore the impact of HTR1A-mediated variability in amygdala rea…
matched on Anxiety Disorders (mesh)
Differential effects of anxiety and depression on interoceptive accuracy.
Background: Feedback from the body is assumed to be altered in depression. Nevertheless, empirical studies investigating this assumed relationship remain sparse. This study aimed to examine interrelations between the ability to perceive heartbeats accurately (interoceptive awareness), depressive symptoms, and anxiety in healthy participants.
Methods: A well-validated heartbeat perception task to measure interoceptive awareness together with two questionnaires indexing anxiety and depression were administered to 119 participants.
Results: As main results we observed a negative correlation between heartbeat perception and depression. Only when focussing on high anxiety levels this negative correlation coefficient between depression and interoception remained significant.
Conclusions: Our results highlight the possible relationship between depressive symptoms and interoceptive awareness and…
matched on Anxiety (mesh)
Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: the mediating role of maladaptive schemas.
Objective: Theoretically, exposure to experiences of emotional abuse (EA) and emotional neglect (EN) in childhood may threaten the security of attachment relationships and result in maladaptive models of self and self-in-relation to others. The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which EA and EN treatment by parents contributed uniquely to young adult maladaptive long-term outcome with respect to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and dissociation. The extent to which the relationships between EA and EN and later symptoms were mediated by specific internalized maladaptive interpersonal schemas was also explored.
Methods: Questionnaires completed by 301 college men and women (52% female) assessed perceptions of experiences of childhood abuse and neglect, exposure to parental alcoholism, current symptoms of psychological distress, and endorsement of maladaptive interpersonal s…
matched on Anxiety (mesh)
Chronic stress increases pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST): roles for PACAP in anxiety-like behavior.
Exposure to chronic stress has been argued to produce maladaptive anxiety-like behavioral states, and many of the brain regions associated with stressor responding also mediate anxiety-like behavior. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its specific G protein-coupled PAC(1) receptor have been associated with many of these stress- and anxiety-associated brain regions, and signaling via this peptidergic system may facilitate the neuroplasticity associated with pathological affective states. Here we investigated whether chronic stress increased transcript expression for PACAP, PAC(1) receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) in several nuclei. In rats exposed to a 7 days chronic variate stress paradigm, chronic stress enhanced baseline startle responding induced by handling and exposure to bright lights. Following chr…
matched on Anxiety (mesh)
Enhancing forgiveness: a group intervention for the elderly.
This article describes a therapeutic model of forgiveness (Enright, 2001) and discusses its applicability to social work intervention with older adults. A total of 20 men and women, aged 57-82, participated in 2 different forgiveness groups, each of which met weekly for 8 sessions with a 4-month follow-up session. Measures of forgiveness, as well as biopsychosocial functioning, were collected before and after the group intervention. Results indicated that participants experienced long-term improvement with respect to forgiveness and depression, short-term improvement of physical health, and no change in relation to anxiety or social support. Clinical issues that emerged during the forgiveness group are discussed, and suggestions for gerontological social workers are offered.
matched on Anxiety (mesh)
Risk of depression and other mental health disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal study.
Objective: To determine the conversion risk and predictors for depression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Design: Prospective longitudinal study.
Setting: University practice.
Patient(s): Subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome who had participated in a previous study.
Intervention(s): None.
Main outcome measure(s): The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire was used to diagnose major depressive disorder and other depressive syndromes, anxiety syndromes, and binge eating disorder. Subjects completed a questionnaire on knowledge about polycystic ovary syndrome and treatment satisfaction.
Result(s): A total of 60 of 103 subjects responded to the second survey. Mean time between the two surveys was 22 months (range 12-26 months). The overall prevalence of depression was 40% (24/60). Of these, 10 women screened positive for major depressive disorder…
matched on Anxiety (mesh)
Emotional reactions of Arab lay persons to a person with Alzheimer's disease.
Aims: To assess emotional reactions of Israeli Arab people to persons with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and assess the associations of perceptions of threat of AD, personal experience with AD and socio-demographic characteristics with emotional reactions to persons with AD.
Method: A total of 170 Israeli Arab adults, aged 40-85, were interviewed in person by the vignette methodology for their emotional reactions to people with AD, an issue not yet studied in this population. Their perceptions of dangerousness of persons with AD to themselves and to others, familiarity with the disease and perceptions of personal threat were also probed.
Results: Four dimensions of emotional reactions to a person with AD emerged: anxiety, aggressiveness, prosocial reactions and rejection. More positive than negative emotions were expressed. Levels of education and religiosity, and perceived dangerousness of t…
matched on Anxiety (mesh)
Post-traumatic growth in parents after a child's admission to intensive care: maybe Nietzsche was right?
Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to establish the degree to which parents report post-traumatic growth after the intensive care treatment of their child.
Design: Prospective cross-sectional cohort study.
Setting: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU).
Subjects: A total of 50 parents of children, admitted to PICU for >12 h.
Measurements and results: Parents provided stress ratings as their child was discharged from PICU and, 4 months later, completed postal questionnaires rating their anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth. As much as 44 parents (88%) indicated on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) [1] that they had experienced a positive change to a great degree as a result of their experiences in PICU. Parents of children who were ventilated (P = 0.024) reported statistically higher post-traumatic growth as did parents of older childr…
matched on Anxiety Disorders (mesh)
Work and family roles and the association with depressive and anxiety disorders: differences between men and women.
Background: This study examined the associations of (combinations of) social roles (employee, partner and parent) with the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders and whether social roles contribute to the explanation of the female preponderance in these disorders.
Method: This was a cross-sectional study using data from 3857 respondents aged 25-55 of NEMESIS (Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study). Depression and anxiety disorders were measured using the CIDI 1.1.
Results: The OR of depressive disorders and anxiety disorders among women compared to men was 1.71 (95% CI: 1.40-2.10). Among both genders, the partner role was associated with decreased risks of depression and anxiety and the parent role was not. The work role was a significant protective factor of depression and anxiety for men (OR=0.40; 95% CI: 0.24-0.69) but not for women (OR=0.86; 95% CI: 0.66-1.12).…
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George MS, Ward HE, Ninan PT, Pollack M, Nahas Z, Anderson B, Kose S, Howland RH, Goodman WK, Ballenger JC (2008)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBrain stimulation157 citations A pilot study of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant anxiety disorders.
Background: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an effective anticonvulsant device and has shown antidepressant effects in chronic treatment resistant depression. Because the vagus nerve sends information to brain regions important in anxiety regulation (locus coeruleus, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, hippocampus and amygdala), this pathway might be involved in perceiving or manifesting various somatic and cognitive symptoms that characterize anxiety disorders. On the basis of this reasoning and reports of anxiolytic effects of VNS in patients treated for epilepsy and depression, we organized an open-label pilot acute trial of adjunctive VNS on top of stable medications, followed by long-term follow-up, to assess the safety and potential efficacy of VNS for patients with treatment resistant anxiety disorders.
Methods: Eleven adult outpatients with treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive dis…
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Borri C, Mauri M, Oppo A, Banti S, Rambelli C, Ramacciotti D, Montagnani MS, Camilleri V, Cortopassi S, Bettini A, Ricciardulli S, Rucci P, Montaresi S, Cassano GB (2008)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe Journal of clinical psychiatry70 citations Axis I psychopathology and functional impairment at the third month of pregnancy: Results from the Perinatal Depression-Research and Screening Unit (PND-ReScU) study.
Objective: Recent studies indicate that the prevalence and 12-month incidence of mental disorders during pregnancy are similar to those of age-matched nonpregnant women. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and functional impairment associated with Axis I disorders in women at the third month of pregnancy.
Method: 1066 women presenting at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (Pisa, Italy) for the first ultrasound examination between the 12th and the 15th gestational weeks were recruited for participation in the Program "Perinatal Depression-Research and Screening Unit (PND-ReScU)" and were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Study recruitment began in February 2004 and ended in March 2007.
Results: The prevalenc…
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Academic buoyancy: Towards an understanding of students' everyday academic resilience.
Academic buoyancy is developed as a construct reflecting everyday academic resilience within a positive psychology context and is defined as students' ability to successfully deal with academic setbacks and challenges that are typical of the ordinary course of school life (e.g., poor grades, competing deadlines, exam pressure, difficult schoolwork). Data were collected from 598 students in Years 8 and 10 at five Australian high schools. Half-way through the school year and then again at the end of the year, students were asked to rate their academic buoyancy as well as a set of hypothesized predictors (self-efficacy, control, academic engagement, anxiety, teacher-student relationship) in the area of mathematics. Multilevel modeling found that the bulk of variance in academic buoyancy was explained at the student level. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling showed …
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Ziedonis D, Hitsman B, Beckham JC, Zvolensky M, Adler LE, Audrain-McGovern J, Breslau N, Brown RA, George TP, Williams J, Calhoun PS, Riley WT (2008)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco503 citations Tobacco use and cessation in psychiatric disorders: National Institute of Mental Health report.
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) convened a meeting in September 2005 to review tobacco use and dependence and smoking cessation among those with mental disorders, especially individuals with anxiety disorders, depression, or schizophrenia. Smoking rates are exceptionally high among these individuals and contribute to the high rates of medical morbidity and mortality in these individuals. Numerous biological, psychological, and social factors may explain these high smoking rates, including the lack of smoking cessation treatment in mental health settings. Historically, "self-medication" and "individual rights" have been concerns used to rationalize allowing ongoing tobacco use and limited smoking cessation efforts in many mental health treatment settings. Although research has shown that tobacco use can reduce or ameliorate certain psychiatric symptoms, overreliance on the …
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Your pain or mine? Common and distinct neural systems supporting the perception of pain in self and other.
Humans possess a remarkable capacity to understand the suffering of others. Cognitive neuroscience theories of empathy suggest that this capacity is supported by 'shared representations' of self and other. Consistent with this notion, a number of studies have found that perceiving others in pain and experiencing pain oneself recruit overlapping neural systems. Perception of pain in each of these conditions, however, may also cause unique patterns of activation, that may reveal more about the processing steps involved in each type of pain. To address this issue, we examined neural activity while participants experienced heat pain and watched videos of other individuals experiencing injuries. Results demonstrated (i) that both tasks activated anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula, consistent with prior work; (ii) whereas self-pain activated anterior and mid insula regions implicate…
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Hankin BL (2008)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 5374 citations Rumination and depression in adolescence: investigating symptom specificity in a multiwave prospective study.
A ruminative response style has been shown to predict depressive symptoms among youth and adults, but it is unclear whether rumination is associated specifically with depression compared with co-occurring symptoms of anxiety and externalizing behaviors. This prospective, multiwave study investigated whether baseline rumination predicted prospective elevations in depressive symptoms specifically. Rumination was assessed at baseline in a sample of early and middle adolescents (N = 350, 6-10th graders). Symptom measures of depression, anxious arousal, general internalizing, and conduct/externalizing problems with good discriminant validity were assessed at four time points over a 5-month period. Results using hierarchical linear modeling show that rumination predicted prospective fluctuations in symptoms of depression and general internalizing problems specifically but not anxious arousal o…
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Religiousness/spirituality and mental health among older male inmates.
Purpose: With the rapid growth in the older inmate population, emerging issues regarding physical and mental health require greater research and clinical attention. We examined the relation of religiousness/spirituality; demographic characteristics such as age, race, and type of crime; and physical and mental health among 73 older male inmates in the state of Alabama.
Design and methods: Inmates older than age 50 who passed a cognitive screening completed face-to-face interviews lasting between 30 and 60 min. Due to the low literacy rates of the participants, we administered all measures orally with response cards to facilitate understanding.
Results: Nearly 70% of the inmates were incarcerated for murder or sexual crimes. There were no racial/ethnic differences in reported religiousness/spirituality, demographic characteristics, or mental health. We found an association between self-rep…
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Temperament, substance use and psychopathology in a prisoner population: implications for treatment.
Objective: The association between temperament and drug use or temperament and psychopathology has previously been restricted to community clinical or non-clinical samples. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine these associations in a large cohort of Australian offenders using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).
Methods: A total of 1322 prisoners from New South Wales (NSW) who completed all dimensions of the TCI and were screened for mental illness using the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing were included in the study.
Results: A total of 15% of the sample fulfilled the criteria for a diagnosis for depression, 36% for anxiety disorders and 54% for a substance abuse disorder. Using logistic regression analysis, the TCI dimensions of harm-avoidance and low self-direction predicted depression. Being female, a poly-substance user and…
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Food insecurity, stressful life events and symptoms of anxiety and depression in east Africa: evidence from the Gilgel Gibe growth and development study.
Objectives: Common mental disorders are a major contributor to the burden of disease in developing countries. An assessment was carried out of whether food insecurity and exposure to stressful life events, two common features of life in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are associated with symptoms of mental disorders among adults.
Methods: The Gilgel Gibe Growth and Development Study (GGGDS) is an ongoing cohort study in rural Ethiopia. Participants of the GGGDS were randomly selected from households from a complete census of persons living in the area. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire were used to assess anxiety and depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms.
Results: Among 902 adult participants, food insecurity, stressful life events and symptoms of common mental disorders were highly prevalent. In separate multivariate models adjusting for potential conf…
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Influence of chronic mild stress on the behavioural effects of acute tryptophan depletion induced by a gelatin-based mixture.
Several types of stress can increase vulnerability to developing depression. This depression may be caused by the effects of stress on the serotonergic system, which may make the system more vulnerable. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate whether chronic mild stress (CMS) resulted in long-lasting vulnerability of the serotonergic system, reflected by stronger behavioural responses to a serotonergic challenge with acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) several weeks after the CMS had ended. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 3 weeks of CMS followed by a 2-week resting period. CMS resulted in blunted weight gain and lower sucrose consumption. After the resting period, rats were repeatedly treated with a gelatin-based protein-carbohydrate mixture, either with or without L-tryptophan, to acutely challenge the serotonergic system and the rats were tested in several tests of anxiety-related and…
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[Anthropometric, dietetic and psychological changes after application of the "Niñ@s en movimiento" program in childhood obesity].
Background and objective: "Niñ@s en movimiento" is an interventional programme (11 weekly sessions of 90 minutes' duration) designed to modify psychological aspects and nutritional and life style habits in obese children aged 6-12 and in their families.
Patients and method: Eighty-one obese children (46 girls, 35 boys), 6-12 years of age were included. Body mass index (BMI), Mediterranean diet (KIDMED), anxiety (CMAS-R) and depression tests (CDS) were evaluated in at the start and end of the programme.
Results: In 72 patients (88.9%) BMI decreased from a mean (standard deviation) 27.8 (3.8) to 26.5 (3.6) kg/m(2) (p < 0.001) and from 3.3 (1,4) to 2.6 (1.2) kg/m(2) (p < 0.001). Diary fruit intake increased from 63.3% to 82.7% of patients (p < 0.001) and greens from 45.6% to 88,2% of patients (p < 0.001). Breakfast intake of industrial cakes decreased from 17.7% to 1.3% of patients (p < 0.0…
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Alonso J, Buron A, Bruffaerts R, He Y, Posada-Villa J, Lepine JP, Angermeyer MC, Levinson D, de Girolamo G, Tachimori H, Mneimneh ZN, Medina-Mora ME, Ormel J, Scott KM, Gureje O, Haro JM, Gluzman S, Lee S, Vilagut G, Kessler RC, Von Korff M, World Mental Health Consortium (2008)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usActa psychiatrica Scandinavica140 citations Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the World Mental Health Surveys.
Objective: We assessed the prevalence of perceived stigma among persons with mental disorders and chronic physical conditions in an international study.
Method: Perceived stigma (reporting health-related embarrassment and discrimination) was assessed among adults reporting significant disability. Mental disorders were assessed with Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 3.0. Chronic conditions were ascertained by self-report. Household-residing adults (80,737) participated in 17 population surveys in 16 countries.
Results: Perceived stigma was present in 13.5% (22.1% in developing and 11.7% in developed countries). Suffering from a depressive or an anxiety disorder (vs. no mental disorder) was associated with about a twofold increase in the likelihood of stigma, while comorbid depression and anxiety was even more strongly associated (OR 3.4, 95%CI 2.7-4.2). Chronic physical …
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Searching for and finding meaning in collective trauma: results from a national longitudinal study of the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
The ability to make sense of events in one's life has held a central role in theories of adaptation to adversity. However, there are few rigorous studies on the role of meaning in adjustment, and those that have been conducted have focused predominantly on direct personal trauma. The authors examined the predictors and long-term consequences of Americans' searching for and finding meaning in a widespread cultural upheaval--the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001--among a national probability sample of U.S. adults (N=931). Searching for meaning at 2 months post-9/11 was predicted by demographics and high acute stress response. In contrast, finding meaning was predicted primarily by demographics and specific early coping strategies. Whereas searching for meaning predicted greater posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms across the following 2 years, finding meaning predicted lower PTS sympt…
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