Divorce and separation الطلاق

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلنَّبِيُّ إِذَا طَلَّقۡتُمُ ٱلنِّسَآءَ فَطَلِّقُوهُنَّ لِعِدَّتِهِنَّ وَأَحۡصُواْ ٱلۡعِدَّةَۖ وَٱتَّقُواْ ٱللَّهَ رَبَّكُمۡۖ لَا تُخۡرِجُوهُنَّ مِنۢ بُيُوتِهِنَّ وَلَا يَخۡرُجۡنَ إِلَّآ أَن يَأۡتِينَ بِفَٰحِشَةࣲ مُّبَيِّنَةࣲۚ وَتِلۡكَ حُدُودُ ٱللَّهِۚ وَمَن يَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَ ٱللَّهِ فَقَدۡ ظَلَمَ نَفۡسَهُۥۚ لَا تَدۡرِي لَعَلَّ ٱللَّهَ يُحۡدِثُ بَعۡدَ ذَٰلِكَ أَمۡرࣰ ا

Prophet, when any of you intend to divorce women, do so at a time when their prescribed waiting period can properly start, and calculate the period carefully: be mindful of God, your Lord. Do not drive them out of their homes––nor should they themselves leave––unless they commit a flagrant indecency. These are the limits set by God–– whoever oversteps God’s limits wrongs his own soul––for you cannot know what new situation God may perhaps bring about

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓاْ إِذَا نَكَحۡتُمُ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنَٰتِ ثُمَّ طَلَّقۡتُمُوهُنَّ مِن قَبۡلِ أَن تَمَسُّوهُنَّ فَمَا لَكُمۡ عَلَيۡهِنَّ مِنۡ عِدَّةࣲ تَعۡتَدُّونَهَاۖ فَمَتِّعُوهُنَّ وَسَرِّحُوهُنَّ سَرَاحࣰ ا جَمِيلࣰ ا

Believers, you have no right to expect a waiting period when you marry believing women and then divorce them before you have touched them: make provision for them and release them in an honourable way

وَإِذَا طَلَّقۡتُمُ ٱلنِّسَآءَ فَبَلَغۡنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ فَأَمۡسِكُوهُنَّ بِمَعۡرُوفٍ أَوۡ سَرِّحُوهُنَّ بِمَعۡرُوفࣲۚ وَلَا تُمۡسِكُوهُنَّ ضِرَارࣰ ا لِّتَعۡتَدُواْۚ وَمَن يَفۡعَلۡ ذَٰلِكَ فَقَدۡ ظَلَمَ نَفۡسَهُۥۚ وَلَا تَتَّخِذُوٓاْ ءَايَٰتِ ٱللَّهِ هُزُوࣰ اۚ وَٱذۡكُرُواْ نِعۡمَتَ ٱللَّهِ عَلَيۡكُمۡ وَمَآ أَنزَلَ عَلَيۡكُم مِّنَ ٱلۡكِتَٰبِ وَٱلۡحِكۡمَةِ يَعِظُكُم بِهِۦۚ وَٱتَّقُواْ ٱللَّهَ وَٱعۡلَمُوٓاْ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيۡءٍ عَلِيمࣱ‏

When you divorce women and they have reached their set time, then either keep or release them in a fair manner. Do not hold on to them with intent to harm them and commit aggression: anyone who does this wrongs himself. Do not make a mockery of God’s revelations; remember the favour He blessed you with, and the Scripture and wisdom He sent to teach you. Be mindful of God and know that He has full knowledge of everything

وَإِذَا طَلَّقۡتُمُ ٱلنِّسَآءَ فَبَلَغۡنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ فَلَا تَعۡضُلُوهُنَّ أَن يَنكِحۡنَ أَزۡوَٰجَهُنَّ إِذَا تَرَٰضَوۡاْ بَيۡنَهُم بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِۗ ذَٰلِكَ يُوعَظُ بِهِۦ مَن كَانَ مِنكُمۡ يُؤۡمِنُ بِٱللَّهِ وَٱلۡيَوۡمِ ٱلۡأٓخِرِۗ ذَٰلِكُمۡ أَزۡكَىٰ لَكُمۡ وَأَطۡهَرُۚ وَٱللَّهُ يَعۡلَمُ وَأَنتُمۡ لَا تَعۡلَمُونَ

When you divorce women and they have reached their set time, do not prevent them from remarrying their husbands if they both agree to do so in a fair manner. Let those of you who believe in God and the Last Day take this to heart: that is more wholesome and purer for you. God knows and you do not

لَّا جُنَاحَ عَلَيۡكُمۡ إِن طَلَّقۡتُمُ ٱلنِّسَآءَ مَا لَمۡ تَمَسُّوهُنَّ أَوۡ تَفۡرِضُواْ لَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةࣰۚ وَمَتِّعُوهُنَّ عَلَى ٱلۡمُوسِعِ قَدَرُهُۥ وَعَلَى ٱلۡمُقۡتِرِ قَدَرُهُۥ مَتَٰعَۢا بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِۖ حَقًّا عَلَى ٱلۡمُحۡسِنِينَ

You will not be blamed if you divorce women when you have not yet consummated the marriage or fixed a bride-gift for them, but make fair provision for them, the rich according to his means and the poor according to his- this is a duty for those who do good

وَإِن طَلَّقۡتُمُوهُنَّ مِن قَبۡلِ أَن تَمَسُّوهُنَّ وَقَدۡ فَرَضۡتُمۡ لَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةࣰ فَنِصۡفُ مَا فَرَضۡتُمۡ إِلَّآ أَن يَعۡفُونَ أَوۡ يَعۡفُوَاْ ٱلَّذِي بِيَدِهِۦ عُقۡدَةُ ٱلنِّكَاحِۚ وَأَن تَعۡفُوٓاْ أَقۡرَبُ لِلتَّقۡوَىٰۚ وَلَا تَنسَوُاْ ٱلۡفَضۡلَ بَيۡنَكُمۡۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ

If you divorce wives before consummating the marriage but after fixing a bride-gift for them, then give them half of what you had previously fixed, unless they waive [their right], or unless the one who holds the marriage tie waives [his right]. Waiving [your right] is nearer to godliness, so do not forget to be generous towards one another: God sees what you do

O Prophet, when you divorce women, divorce them for the set period. This explains the ruling on divorce. Although the Shariah permits divorce, God hates it, for it is the cause of separation. MuṣṬafā said, “Among the permitted things most hateful to God is divorce.” He also said, “Take spouses and do not divorce, for the Throne shudders at divorce. Whenever a woman asks her husband for divorce, the ease of the Garden is forbidden to her.” He is saying, “Get married and do not seek divorce, for the Tremendous Throne trembles at divorce and separa- tion. Any woman who seeks divorce from her husband without his having harmed her or made her suffer will never smell the scent of the eight paradises.” Marriage is the cause of joining, and God loves union. Divorce is the cause of parting, and God hates separation. The wall of separation's world is affliction, and the water of separation's ocean

O Prophet meaning to address his community on account of what follows; or it means say to them when you men divorce women when you intend to effect a divorce divorce them by their prescribed period at the beginning of it such that the divorce is effected while she is pure and has not been touched sexually based on the Prophet’s s explaining it in this way as reported by the two Shaykhs al-Bukhārī and Muslim. And count the prescribed period keep record of it so that you may repeal your decision before it is concluded; and fear God your Lord obey Him in His commands and prohibitions. Do not expel them from their houses nor let them go forth from them until their prescribed period is concluded unless they commit a blatant act of indecency such as adultery read mubayyana or mubayyina corresponding respectively to buyyinat ‘one that has been proven’ and bayyina ‘blatant’ in which case they ar

O you who believe if you marry believing women and then divorce them before you have touched them read tamassūhunna or tumāsūhunna that is before you have copulated with them there shall be no waiting period for you to reckon against them no waiting period needed to preclude pregnancy or otherwise. But provide for them give them what they can use for securing comforts in cases where no dowry has been fixed for them; otherwise theirs is to retain half of what was fixed but no more — this is what Ibn ‘Abbās said and it is the opinion followed by al-Shāfi‘ī’; and release them in a gracious manner leave them be without the intention to cause them any harm.

O you who believe! When you marry believing women, and then divorce them before you have sexual intercourse with them, no 'Iddah have you to count in respect of them. So, give them a present, and set them free in a handsome manner (49) A Gift and no (Iddah) for Women Who are divorced before Consummation of the Marriage This Ayah contains many rulings, including the use of the word Nikah for the marriage contract alone. There is no other Ayah in the Qur'an that is clearer than this on this point. It also indicates that it is permissible to divorce a woman before consummating the marriage with her. الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ (believing women) this refers to what is usually the case, although there is no difference between a believing (Muslim) woman and a woman of the People of the Book in this regard, according to scholarly consensus. Ibn 'Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, Sa'id bin Al-Musayyi

(And when ye have divorced women and they reach their term, place not difficulties in the way�) [2:232]. Abu Sa�id ibn Abi Bakr ibn al-Ghazi informed us> Abu Ahmad Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Hafiz> Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn> Ahmad ibn Hafs ibn �Abd Allah> his father> Ibrahim ibn Tahman> Yunus ibn �Ubayd> al-Hasan that he said regarding the saying of Allah, Glorious and Majestic is He (And when ye have divorced women and they reach their term, place not difficulties in the way of their marrying their husbands if it is agreed between them in kindness�): �Ma�qil ibn Yasar informed me that this verse was revealed about him. He said: �I had given one of my sisters to a certain man who went on to divorce her. When my sister�s waiting period was over, the same man came back asking for my sister�s hand. I said to him: �I had given my sister to you as a bride; I married her to you

When you divorce women and they have very nearly reached the end of their term then retain them by returning to them honourably not harming them or set them free honourably or leave them until their term is completed; do not retain them when reverting in harm dirāran is an object denoting reason to transgress that is so as to force them to redemption or to repudiate them or confine them indoors for a long time; whoever does that has wronged his soul by exposing it to God’s chastisement; take not God’s verses in mockery in jest by contravening them and remember God’s grace upon you that is Islam and the Book the Qur’ān and the wisdom the rulings contained therein He has revealed to you to exhort you therewith so that you should give thanks by acting in accordance with it; and fear God and know that God has knowledge of all things and nothing can be hidden from Him.

حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا حَمَّادُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ أَيُّوبَ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِيرِينَ، عَنْ يُونُسَ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، قَالَ سَأَلْتُ ابْنَ عُمَرَ عَنْ رَجُلٍ، طَلَّقَ امْرَأَتَهُ وَهِيَ حَائِضٌ فَقَالَ هَلْ تَعْرِفُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ فَإِنَّهُ طَلَّقَ امْرَأَتَهُ وَهِيَ حَائِضٌ فَسَأَلَ عُمَرُ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يُرَاجِعَهَا ‏.‏ قَالَ قُلْتُ فَيُعْتَدُّ بِتِلْكَ التَّطْلِيقَةِ قَالَ فَمَهْ أَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ عَجَزَ وَاسْتَحْمَقَ

Yunus bin Jubair said:"I asked Ibn Umar about a man who divorced his wife while she was menstruating. So he said: 'Don't you know Abdullah bin Umar?' Indeed he divorced his wife while she was menstruating, so Umar asked the Prophet about that, and he ordered him to take her back.'" He said: "I said: And that divorce is counted? He said: And that divorce is counted? He said: 'What else would you think if he was helpless and foolish?

حَدَّثَنَا هَنَّادٌ، حَدَّثَنَا وَكِيعٌ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، مَوْلَى آلِ طَلْحَةَ عَنْ سَالِمٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّهُ طَلَّقَ امْرَأَتَهُ فِي الْحَيْضِ فَسَأَلَ عُمَرُ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَقَالَ ‏ "‏ مُرْهُ فَلْيُرَاجِعْهَا ثُمَّ لْيُطَلِّقْهَا طَاهِرًا أَوْ حَامِلاً ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى حَدِيثُ يُونُسَ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ وَكَذَلِكَ حَدِيثُ سَالِمٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ وَقَدْ رُوِيَ هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ مِنْ غَيْرِ وَجْهٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏.‏ وَالْعَمَلُ عَلَى هَذَا عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم وَغَيْرِهِمْ أَنَّ طَلاَقَ السُّنَّةِ أَنْ يُطَلِّقَهَا طَاهِرًا مِنْ غَيْرِ جِمَاعٍ ‏.‏ وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ إِنْ طَلَّقَهَا ثَلاَثًا وَهِيَ طَاهِرٌ فَإِنَّهُ يَكُونُ لِلسُّنَّةِ أَيْضًا ‏.‏ وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الشَّافِعِيِّ وَأَحْمَدَ بْنِ حَنْبَلٍ ‏.‏ وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ لاَ تَكُونُ ثَلاَثًا لِلسُّنَّةِ إِلاَّ أَنْ يُطَلِّقَهَا وَاحِدَةً وَاحِدَةً ‏.‏ وَهُوَ قَوْلُ سُفْيَانَ الثَّوْرِيِّ وَإِسْحَاقَ ‏.‏ وَقَالُوا فِي طَلاَقِ الْحَامِلِ يُطَلِّقُهَا مَتَى شَاءَ ‏.‏ وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الشَّافِعِيِّ وَأَحْمَدَ وَإِسْحَاقَ ‏.‏ وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ يُطَلِّقُهَا عِنْدَ كُلِّ شَهْرٍ تَطْلِيقَةً ‏.‏

Salim narrated that:His father divorced his wife during her menses, so Umar asked the Prophet about that and he said: "Tell him to take her back, then let him divorce her while she is pure or pregnant

وَحَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ رَافِعٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ، أَخْبَرَنَا ابْنُ جُرَيْجٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي ابْنُ شِهَابٍ، عَنِ الْمُتَلاَعِنَيْنِ، وَعَنِ السُّنَّةِ، فِيهِمَا عَنْ حَدِيثِ، سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ أَخِي بَنِي سَاعِدَةَ أَنَّ رَجُلاً، مِنَ الأَنْصَارِ جَاءَ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَقَالَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَرَأَيْتَ رَجُلاً وَجَدَ مَعَ امْرَأَتِهِ رَجُلاً وَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ بِقِصَّتِهِ ‏.‏ وَزَادَ فِيهِ فَتَلاَعَنَا فِي الْمَسْجِدِ وَأَنَا شَاهِدٌ ‏.‏ وَقَالَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ فَطَلَّقَهَا ثَلاَثًا قَبْلَ أَنْ يَأْمُرَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏.‏ فَفَارَقَهَا عِنْدَ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ ذَاكُمُ التَّفْرِيقُ بَيْنَ كُلِّ مُتَلاَعِنَيْنِ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Ibn Shihab narrated about the invokers of curses and the practice of (li'an) based on the authority of Sahl b. Sa'd, of the tribe of Sa'ida. that a person from the Ansar came to Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) and said:Allah's Messenger, tell me about the person who found a man with his wife. The remaining part of the hadith is the same (but) with this addition: They invoked curses in the mosque and I was present there. And he narrated in the hadith: He divorced her with three pronouncements before Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) commanded him (to get separation). He separated from her in the presence of Allah's Apostle (ﷺ), whereupon he said: There is a separation between the invokers of curses

وَحَدَّثَنِيهِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ حُجْرٍ السَّعْدِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا عِيسَى بْنُ يُونُسَ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ، أَبِي سُلَيْمَانَ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ سَعِيدَ بْنَ جُبَيْرٍ، قَالَ سُئِلْتُ عَنِ الْمُتَلاَعِنَيْنِ، زَمَنَ مُصْعَبِ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ فَلَمْ أَدْرِ مَا أَقُولُ فَأَتَيْتُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ فَقُلْتُ أَرَأَيْتَ الْمُتَلاَعِنَيْنِ أَيُفَرَّقُ بَيْنَهُمَا ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ بِمِثْلِ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ نُمَيْرٍ ‏.‏

A hadith like this is narrated by Ibn Numair with a slight variation of words

حَدَّثَنَا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ، حَدَّثَنَا زَيْدُ بْنُ الْحُبَابِ، حَدَّثَنَا عَمَّارُ بْنُ رُزَيْقٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عِيسَى، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ يَعْمُرَ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ لَيْسَ مِنَّا مَنْ خَبَّبَ امْرَأَةً عَلَى زَوْجِهَا أَوْ عَبْدًا عَلَى سَيِّدِهِ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Narrated AbuHurayrah: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: Anyone who incites a woman against her husband or a slave against his master is not one of us

حَدَّثَنَا الْقَعْنَبِيُّ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، عَنِ الأَعْرَجِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ لاَ تَسْأَلِ الْمَرْأَةُ طَلاَقَ أُخْتِهَا لِتَسْتَفْرِغَ صَحْفَتَهَا وَلْتَنْكِحْ فَإِنَّمَا لَهَا مَا قُدِّرَ لَهَا ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Abu Hurairah reported the Apostle of Allaah(ﷺ) as saying “A woman should not ask for the divorce of her sister to make her bowl vacant for her and to marry him. She will have what is decreed for her.”

ومن تأمل القرآن وجده لا يحتمل غير ذلك فما شرع الله سبحانه الطلاق إلا وشرع فيه الرجعة إلا الطلاق قبل الدخول وطلاق الخلع والطلقة الثالثة فبيننا وبينكم كتاب الله فإن كان فيه شيء غير هذا فأوجدونا إياه

ومن جعله مشروعا قال هو الطلاق لتمام العدة والطلاق لتمامها كالطلاق لاستقبالها وكلاهما طلاق للعدة

قيل : بل يصح تعليق الإقرار بالشرط في الجملة كقوله : إذا جاء رأس الشهر فله علي ألف فهذا إقرار صحيح ولا يلزمه قبل مجيء الشهر وكذا لو قال : إن شهد فلان علي بما ادعاه صدقته صح التعليق فإذا شهد به عليه فلان كان مقرا به ولا فرق بين تقديم الشرط وتأخيره كما في تعليق الطلاق والعتاق والخلع

قالوا : فقوله تعالى الطلاق مرتان إما أن يكون خبرا في معنى الأمر أي إذا طلقتم فطلقوا مرتين وإما أن يكون خبرا عن حكمه الشرعي الديني أي الطلاق الذي شرعته لكم وشرعت فيه الرجعة مرتان

الوجه الثاني : أن هذا مذهب طاوس قال عبدالرزاق : أخبرنا ابن جريج عن ابن طاوس عن أبيه أنه كان لا يرى طلاقا ما خالف وجه الطلاق ووجه العدة وأنه كان يقول : يطلقها واحدة ثم يدعها حتى تنقضي عدتها

الثاني : الاحتيال على حل ما انعقد سبب تحريمه فهو صائر إلى التحريم ولا بد كما إذا علق طلاقها بشرط محقق تعليقا يقع به ثم أراد منع وقوع الطلاق عند الشرط فخالعها خلع الحيلة حتى بانت ثم تزوجها بعد ذلك

Marital dissolution and blood pressure reactivity: evidence for the specificity of emotional intrusion-hyperarousal and task-rated emotional difficulty.: Objective: To assess blood pressure (BP) reactivity as recently separated adults completed a laboratory task asking to mentally reflect on their relationship experiences. Marital separations and the experience of divorce are associated with increased risk for early mortality and poor health outcomes. Few studies, however, have investigated the potential psychophysiological mechanisms that may account for these broad-based associations. Method: Seventy recently separated or divorced community-dwe

Coparenting after marital dissolution and children's mental health: a systematic review.: Objective: Research has shown that coparenting is a vital family mechanism in predicting mental health in children and adolescents. Considering the increasing prevalence of marital dissolution in Western societies, the objective of this systematic review was to summarize the key results of empirical studies that tested the association between mental health of children and coparenting after marital dissolution. Data source: The studies were obtained from three databases (PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web

Meta-analysis of marital dissolution and mortality: reevaluating the intersection of gender and age.: The study of marital dissolution (i.e. divorce and separation) and mortality has long been a major topic of interest for social scientists. We conducted meta-analyses and meta-regressions on 625 mortality risk estimates from 104 studies, published between 1955 and 2011, covering 24 countries, and providing data on more than 600 million persons. The mean hazard ratio (HR) for mortality in our meta-analysis was 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.37) among HRs adjusted for age and additiona

Subjective well-being and adaptation to life events: a meta-analysis.: Previous research has shown that major life events can have short- and long-term effects on subjective well-being (SWB). The present meta-analysis examines (a) whether life events have different effects on affective and cognitive well-being and (b) how the rate of adaptation varies across different life events. Longitudinal data from 188 publications (313 samples, N = 65,911) were integrated to describe the reaction and adaptation to 4 family events (marriage, divorce, bereavement, childbirth) a

Latent profiles of nonresidential father engagement six years after divorce predict long-term offspring outcomes.: This study examined profiles of nonresidential father engagement (i.e., support to the adolescent, contact frequency, remarriage, relocation, and interparental conflict) with their adolescent children (N = 156) 6 to 8 years following divorce and the prospective relation between these profiles and the psychosocial functioning of their offspring, 9 years later. Parental divorce occurred during late childhood to early adolescence; indicators of nonresidential father engagement were assessed during

The efficacy of postdivorce intervention programs for children: A meta-analytical review.: Preventive postdivorce interventions aim to help children cope with divorce and promote their adjustment. Nevertheless, questions remain regarding the concrete outcomes of these interventions and the intervention characteristics that influence them. This meta-analysis of 30 studies analyzes the efficacy of postdivorce interventions on children's symptomatology, personal resources, and adaptation to divorce. Likewise, it explores whether the intervention impacts the putative mediators from the fa

Fertility Outcomes of Adult Children With Divorced Parents: Evidence From Population Data.

Each year, a substantial proportion of children experience the divorce of their parents. Despite numerous studies examining the consequences of parental divorce across various aspects of children's well-being in childhood, evidence of their family prospects in adulthood is scarce. Using administrative data from the Netherlands that spans three generations, we provide the first evidence based on population data of completed fertility and childlessness of children whose parents divorced. Our results suggest that adult children from divorced families have lower completed fertility and more frequently remain childless than adult children from continuously married families. Our findings support the hypothesis that adult children from divorced families exit marital or cohabiting relationships earlier than adult children from continuously married families, and the shorter duration of these unio…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Reproductive agency and the acceptability of divorce, abortion, and homosexuality among migrants from the Middle East and Africa living in Sweden-a cross-sectional analysis.

Background: Sweden has a longstanding history of promoting sexual reproductive health and rights. Reproductive decision-making is a fundamental right, but an individual's decision-making power differs across contexts. We examined self-reported reproductive agency and the acceptability of divorce, abortion and homosexuality among migrants in Sweden originating from the Middle East or North Africa (MENA) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods: This cross-sectional study used face-to-face interview data from the 2018-2019 Migrant World Values Survey (MWVS) and included individuals 18-49 years old who migrated to Sweden from MENA or SSA. Partial proportional odds models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and corresponding confidence intervals (CI) of associations between sociodemographic factors and two outcomes: 1) reproductive agency (decision-making power on when, with whom, …

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Parents' divorce and early child development: a population-based study in China.

Background: The divorce rate has increased globally and in China. Literature from developed countries and few developing countries has shown the negative impact of parental divorce on children's health and development. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between parental divorce and early childhood development (ECD) in China. Method: This study used data collected from four provinces in China and reported by parents or other caregivers of 62 899 children, aged 3-5 years old, in 2017 and 2018. We constructed three types of ECD outcomes: (1) overall score of the early Human Capability Index (eHCI), (2) score of each domain of the eHCI, and (3) a dichotomous variable indicating a child developmentally on track, defined by ranking above the 20th percentile of overall eHCI scores in the corresponding age group in the pooled dataset. To understand the link between paren…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Profiles of Psychological Adjustment to Divorce and Separation: Associations With Attachment Insecurity, Forgiveness of the Former Partner, and Emotion Regulation Difficulties.

Divorce and separation represent the dissolution of one of the most significant attachment bonds during adulthood. Previous research has shown that divorced individuals often face heightened mental health challenges. However, this overarching view, focusing on average effects, fails to capture the diverse responses to this life transition, and the identification of profiles of psychological adaptation to divorce-separation remains limited. The present cross-sectional study aimed to identify latent profiles of psychological adaptation to divorce and separation using a person-centered approach. A sample of 938 Chilean adult participants completed specific measures of psychological adaptation and mental health indicators. Latent profile analysis revealed five distinct profiles: two with positive outcomes and three experiencing persistent difficulties. Factors such as attachment insecurity, …

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Parental divorce's long shadow: Elevated stroke risk among older Americans.

Although studies have investigated the association between adverse childhood experiences and chronic health outcomes including stroke, few studies have investigated the association between parental divorce and stroke among adults with no history of childhood abuse. The objectives of this study were to investigate the association between parental divorce in childhood and stroke in older adulthood among those who did not experience child abuse and to examine whether this association differs between men and women. This study utilized population-based data from the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. An analytic sample of 13,205 adults aged 65 and above (56.6% female) who have never experienced childhood physical nor sexual abuse were analyzed using binary logistic regression. The outcome variable investigated was self-report of a physician-diagnosis of stroke, and the main expo…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Associations of parental divorce with student mental health and academic outcomes: A quantitative study in rural China.

Background: This paper examines the prevalence, correlates, and developmental consequences of divorce among junior high school students in rural China. Specifically, we investigate the connections between parental divorce and student mental health and academic performance, while also examining whether a student's living arrangement after divorce influences these outcomes. Methods: Data were collected from 17,955 students across 122 rural junior high schools in China on their mental health, characteristics, and academic performance. Mental health was measured using the self-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results: About 8.35 % of the students had divorced parents, with increased risk observed for students who were only children, had migrant mothers, or had higher educated mothers (ORs = 4.35, 29.94, and 1.78, respectively; Bonferroni-adjusted p < 0.05). Students with di…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Association of parental divorce, discord, and polygenic risk with children's alcohol initiation and lifetime risk for alcohol use disorder.

Background: Parental divorce and discord are associated with poorer alcohol-related outcomes for offspring. However, not all children exposed to these stressors develop alcohol problems. Our objective was to test gene-by-environment interaction effects whereby children's genetic risk for alcohol problems modifies the effects of parental divorce and discord to predict alcohol outcomes. Methods: The sample included European (EA; N = 5608, 47% male, Mage  ~ 36 years) and African (AA; N = 1714, 46% female, Mage  ~ 33 years) ancestry participants from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Outcomes included age at initiation of regular drinking and lifetime DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD). Predictors included parental divorce, parental relationship discord, and offspring alcohol problems polygenic risk scores (PRSALC ). Mixed effects Cox proportional hazard models were used t…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Household income differentiates quantity and quality of shared spousal time.

Shared time is a centrally important component of relationship maintenance, and over the past few decades, couples have reported spending increasingly more time together. However, over this same time period divorce rates have risen much higher for lower income couples compared to higher income couples. One theorized explanation for the disparity in divorce rates between lower and higher income couples is a difference across the socioeconomic strata in the quantity and quality of time couples spend together. This theory argues that lower income couples may experience a time deficit because they face a greater number of stressors that take up time, diminishing the quantity of time they have available to spend together. They may also need to use the time they do have available to deal with stressors rather than engaging in more enjoyable activities together, diminishing the quality of time …

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Subjective emotion trajectories in couple therapy and associations with improvement in relationship satisfaction.

Existing couple therapies are generally effective for reducing romantic relationship distress and divorce, but therapy outcomes remain poor for many. Outcomes can be improved through greater understanding of session-by-session therapeutic processes, particularly in real-world treatment settings. Modern couple therapy models commonly emphasize the importance of emotional experiences as key change processes, yet few empirical studies have tested the merits of this focus. The present study addresses this limitation by examining trajectories of subjective emotions and their association with change in a key relationship outcome, relationship satisfaction, among military veterans and their partners at a VA Medical Center. Partners rated their relationship satisfaction prior to couple therapy sessions and subjective emotions immediately after sessions. Consistent with hypotheses, both hard (e.g…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Associations between low parental education, childhood adversities and sickness absence in midlife public sector employees.

Aims: Parental education and childhood adversities are associated with long-term work disability but their contribution to sickness absence is largely unknown. We aimed to examine the associations between parental education, childhood adversities and self-certified and medically-certified sickness absence among midlife employees. Methods: The Helsinki Health Study baseline survey data (2000-2002) of 40-to-60-year-old municipal employees were linked with sickness absence data from the employer's register. Self-certified (1-3 days) and medically-certified (>3 days) sickness absence spells were followed from 2003 until the end of 2008. The study included 5728 employees. The analyses were made by Poisson regression and the results are presented as rate ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Low maternal education was associated with self-certified sickness absence (R…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Gender-based adjustment problems of divorcees in Hazara Division, Pakistan.

Introduction: Divorce is one of the harshest realities in Eastern societies worldwide because it is an intact component of the elementary social institution of the family. Grievously, divorce rates are escalating with profound ramifications for divorcees in Asia, including Pakistan. Therefore, exploring the challenges after divorce with gender-based dimensions in the Pakistani context was necessary, particularly in Hazara Division. Research methodology: The study followed a pragmatic approach through snowball sampling and recruited 75 respondents. The data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using IBM SPSS 25. For descriptive statistics, frequencies of quantitative responses were determined using percentages, means, and standard deviations. Then Chi-Square Test of Independence, Principal Component Analysis, and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance were perf…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Parents' experiences of their child's participation in divorce groups in Norway: A phenomenological study.

Background: Children and youth who experience divorce are found to have increased risk of emotional and behavioural adjustment problems. Different prevention programmes have been developed to help and support children. Previous studies have focused on the child or the group leader's experience with divorce groups, but studies describing parent's experience are missing. The aim of this study was to explore parents' experiences of their child's participation in divorce groups. Methods: An inductive, qualitative and descriptive design was applied with philosophical orientation in naturalistic inquiry based on the outlines of a phenomenological perspective. Two fathers and three mothers from two different counties in Norway participated whereof four of them were interviewed twice. Systematic text condensation was used for the analysis. Results: Three themes emerged from the analysis: encoura…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Do changes in personality predict life outcomes?

The Big Five personality traits predict many important life outcomes. These traits, although relatively stable, are also open to change across time. However, whether these changes likewise predict a wide range of life outcomes has yet to be rigorously tested. This has implications for the types of processes linking trait levels and changes with future outcomes: distal, cumulative processes versus more immediate, proximal processes, respectively. The present study used seven longitudinal data sets (N = 81,980) to comprehensively examine the unique relationship that changes in the Big Five traits have with static levels and changes in numerous outcomes in the domains of health, education, career, finance, relationships, and civic engagement. Meta-analytic estimates were calculated and study-level variables were examined as potential moderators of these pooled effects. Results indicated tha…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Examining gender effects in postdivorce adjustment trajectories over the first year after divorce in Denmark.

Research into gender and postdivorce mental and physical health has been highly inconsistent. The Gender Similarities Hypothesis suggests there are more similarities than differences and the Divorce Stress Adjustment Perspective suggests that structural inequalities may contribute to adverse postdivorce outcomes. We conducted secondary analyses from an RCT study to investigate if there were gender-specific trajectories and whether gender was associated with outcomes (self-perceived stress, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatization, general hostility, and overall mental and physical health) after controlling for effects of the intervention, income, and number of children using linear mixed-effect regression modeling, and whether number of children and income influenced these outcomes. Participants were 1,239 women and 617 men from the Cooperation after Divorce (CAD) study, conduct…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

The Clustering of Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: Are Gender and Poverty Important?

Previous research has demonstrated a graded relationship between the number of Adverse Childhood Experiences reported (an ACE score) and child outcomes. However, ACE scores lack specificity and ignore the patterning of adversities, which are informative for interventions. The aim of the present study was to explore the clustering of ACEs and whether this clustering differs by gender or is predicted by poverty. Data on 8,572 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were used. ALSPAC is a regionally representative prenatal cohort of children born between 1991 and 1992 in the Avon region of South-West England. ACEs included parental divorce, death of a close family member, interparental violence, parental mental health problems, parental alcohol misuse, parental drug use, parental convictions, and sexual, emotional, and physical abuse, between birth and 1…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Assessing parental marital quality and divorce related to youth sexual experiences and adverse reproductive health outcomes among 50,000 Chinese college students.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the associations between parental marital quality, divorce, and sexual and reproductive health outcomes among Chinese young people. Methods: The study included 51,124 students from a large-scale cross-sectional study in China from 2019 to 2020. The exposures were parental marital quality and legal marital status reported by students. The dichotomous outcomes included sexual experiences, high-risk sexual behaviors, unintended health outcomes, and sexual abuse. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusting for socio-demographic factors were used to assess the relationship between parental marital quality, divorce, and sexual and reproductive health outcomes, stratified by sex. Results: A total of 10.72% of the surveyed students' parents had divorced. Participants from divorced family rated perceived parental marital quality less than half of …

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

The effects of parental divorce on children.

Family is very important for development of children. Divorce is a life event with a high level of stress for the entire family. Children are dependent on parents and disadvantaged during divorce because it is out of their control.1 Herein, we present our observations about children whose parents separated or divorced to increase the awareness of physicians about the negative effects of divorce. Individuals affected by parental divorce have a higher risk of developing a variety of mental health conditions including emotional and behavioral disorders, poor school performance, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, distress, smoking and substance abuse.2,3 Externalizing problems in girls precede and predict later parental divorce. Post-divorce problems in children vary by raters, and may depend on the time lapse since divorce.4 Lansford et al 5 noted that early parental d…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Oral Health Outcomes in U.S. Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study of the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health.

This study investigated the cross-sectional associations between exposure to nine Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and U.S. children's and adolescent's oral health outcomes. Data from 41,294 participants of the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) were analyzed. Past year exposure to ACE, oral health outcomes (decayed teeth, bleeding gums, and condition of the teeth), and child and caregiver sociodemographic factors were self-reported. Using SAS v. 9.4, propensity score weighted, multilevel survey-logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of the proposed associations. The overall mean (SE) age was 8.9 (0.1) years with 51% being male. Fifty-four percent (54%) identified as non-Hispanic white, and 12% as non-Hispanic black. The prevalence of the nine ACE measures ranged from 3% for caregiver death to 25% for financial hards…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Importance of living arrangements and coparenting quality for young children's mental health after parental divorce: a cross-sectional parental survey.

Background: Parental separation has been associated with adverse child mental health outcomes in the literature. For school-aged children, joint physical custody (JPC), that is, spending equal time in both parents' homes after a divorce, has been associated with better health and well-being than single care arrangements. Preschool children's well-being in JPC is less studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of living arrangements and coparenting quality with mental health in preschool children after parental separation. Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study includes 12 845 three-year-old children in Sweden. Mental health was measured by parental reports of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and coparenting quality with a four-item scale. The living arrangements of the 642 children in non-intact families were categorised into JPC, living mo…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Adverse childhood experiences and future self-rated health: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Negative life events (re) occurring during childhood is often described as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and may have long-lasting negative effects on health. Previous studies on the association between ACEs and self-rated health (SRH) have primarily been focusing on chronic diseases in elderly, non-Scandinavian populations using a cross-sectional design. The aim of the study was to examine the associations between ACEs and SRH in early adulthood and to investigate if disadvantageous health-behavioral strategies explain the association between ACEs and SRH. Methods: A prospective cohort study using data from The West Jutland Cohort Study (N = 2.255). Baseline data on exposure to ACEs were collected from surveys at the age of 15 and 18 and respondents were categorized into having experienced 0, 1-2, 3 or > 4 ACEs. The outcome SRH stems from surveys at the age of 21 and …

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Association of Youth Age at Exposure to Household Dysfunction With Outcomes in Early Adulthood.

Importance: The current focus on the association of negative experiences in early childhood with adverse outcomes later in life is based on limited empirical evidence. Objective: To evaluate whether age at exposure to negative experiences in childhood and adolescence is associated with outcomes in early adulthood. Design, setting, and participants: This cohort study used population data from administrative sources for all Danish individuals born between 1987 and 1995 who were living in Denmark at 19 years of age. Data were analyzed in July 2020. Exposures: Exposure to 6 household dysfunction items (HDIs) from birth to 17 years of age by age group. Age groups were as follows: 0 to 2 years (early childhood), 3 to 5 years (preschool), 6 to 12 years (mid-childhood), and 13 to 17 years (early adolescence). The 6 items were parents' unemployment, incarceration, mental disorders, death, and div…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Clusters of adverse childhood experiences and unmet need for care coordination.

Background: The lack of consensus on how to measure ACEs limits our estimation of their impact on health outcomes and understanding of which ACE clusters drive unmet care coordination (CC) needs. Objectives: 1) Identify latent classes of ACEs among a representative group of U.S. children; 2) Examine the association between these classes and unmet needs for CC. Participant and setting: Using the 2016-2017 National Survey of Children's Health, we sampled children ages 0-17 the who had seen >1 healthcare provider within 12 months (n = 38,758). Methods: We conducted latent class analyses and weighted logistic regression analyses to examine associations between latent classes and unmet need for CC. Results: We identified seven distinct classes: household poverty and parental divorce, household poverty and parental death, household poverty only, household substance abuse and witnessing violenc…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Associations between Obesity and Adverse Childhood Experiences in the United States.

Background: Obesity leads to serious health consequences in children and is potentially associated with increased adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Nationally representative studies examining associations between obesity and ACEs are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to determine the relationship between ACEs and childhood obesity. Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of children 10-17 years of age, who participated in the 2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), a national population-based survey. Obesity was determined by CDC definitions using BMI calculated by the NSCH from self-reported height/weight. Logistic regression, adjusted for key sociodemographic factors, determined differences in rates of ACEs between children with obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile) and those without (BMI <95th percentile). Results: Weighted NSCH data included 29,696,808 children …

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Association between parental divorce and mental health outcomes among Lebanese adolescents: results of a national study.

Background: In Lebanon, divorce rates have jumped from nearly 7000 in recent years to 8580 in 2017, an increase of 22.5%, with North Lebanon recording the highest number, followed by Beirut, likely resulting in increased behavioral problems in the offspring of divorced parents. Furthermore, one out of two Lebanese adolescents whose biological parents were divorced, separated, or deceased has a psychiatric disorder. More information regarding the impact of divorce on the mental health of Lebanese adolescents is still missing. The objective of this study was to explore the association between divorce and mental health outcomes, particularly depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among Lebanese adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted between January and May 2019 enrolled 1810 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years, using a simple randomization method to choose schools. A propor…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)

Divorce and conversational difficulties with parents: Impact on adolescent health and self-esteem.

Background: Divorce experience (DE) may cause health and self-conceptual problems, but these consequences might also be caused by conflicts and lack of conversational confidence (CC) with one or both parents. We investigated how DE impacted CC and how DE and CC impacted health complaints and self-esteem in a two-year longitudinal cohort study. Methods: The study was performed between 2011 and 2013 among 1225 students in junior high school (aged 11 and 13 years in 2011). We used binary logistic analyses to account for how DE impacted CC, and linear regression analyses to examine how DE and CC impacted on subjective health and self-esteem in 2013. Results: The study revealed that former and recent DEs impacted CC with fathers only. The impact was most evident for the more severe forms of conversational difficulties. DE in itself predicted only self-esteem, and CC with parents mediated this…

matched on Divorce (mesh), divorce (text)