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1976 to 2000 of 3,214The role of implicit theories in mental health symptoms, emotion regulation, and hypothetical treatment choices in college students.
Beliefs about how much people can change their attributes - implicit theories - influence affective and cognitive responses to performance and subsequent motivation. Those who believe their attributes are fixed view setbacks as threatening and avoid challenging situations. In contrast, those who believe these attributes are malleable embrace challenges as opportunities to grow. Although implicit theories would seem to have important mental health implications, the research linking them with clinical applications is limited. To address this gap, we assessed how implicit theories of anxiety, emotion, intelligence, and personality related to various symptoms of anxiety and depression, emotion-regulation strategies, and hypothetical treatment choices (e.g., medication versus therapy) in two undergraduate samples. Across both samples, individuals who believed their attributes could change rep…
matched on cognitive reappraisal (text), emotion regulation (text)
State Mindfulness During Meditation Predicts Enhanced Cognitive Reappraisal.
Putatively, mindfulness meditation involves generation of a state of "nonappraisal", yet, little is known about how mindfulness may influence appraisal processes. We investigated whether the state and practice of mindfulness could enhance cognitive reappraisal. Participants (N = 44; M age = 24.44, SD = 4.00, range 19 - 38, 82.2% female) were randomized to either 1) mindfulness, 2) suppression, or 3) mind-wandering induction training conditions. Cognitive reappraisal was assessed with the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) prior to experimental induction, and state mindfulness was assessed immediately following induction using the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS). Participants practiced their assigned strategy for one week and then were reassessed with the ERQ reappraisal subscale. Participants receiving mindfulness training reported significantly higher levels of state mindfulness tha…
matched on cognitive reappraisal (text), emotion regulation (text)
Predicting rapid response to cognitive-behavioural treatment for panic disorder: the role of hippocampus, insula, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Although cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective first-line intervention for anxiety disorders, treatments remain long and cost-intensive, difficult to access, and a subgroup of patients fails to show any benefits at all. This study aimed to identify functional and structural brain markers that predict a rapid response to CBT. Such knowledge will be important to establish the mechanisms underlying successful treatment and to develop more effective, shorter interventions. Fourteen unmedicated patients with panic disorder underwent 3 T functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before receiving four sessions of exposure-based CBT. Symptom severity was measured before and after treatment. During functional MRI, patients performed an emotion regulation task, either viewing negative images naturally, or intentionally down-regulating negative affect by using previou…
matched on cognitive reappraisal (text), emotion regulation (text)
Fluid cognitive ability is a resource for successful emotion regulation in older and younger adults.
The Selection, Optimization, and Compensation with Emotion Regulation (SOC-ER) framework suggests that (1) emotion regulation (ER) strategies require resources and that (2) higher levels of relevant resources may increase ER success. In the current experiment, we tested the specific hypothesis that individual differences in one internal class of resources, namely cognitive ability, would contribute to greater success using cognitive reappraisal (CR), a form of ER in which one reinterprets the meaning of emotion-eliciting situations. To test this hypothesis, 60 participants (30 younger and 30 older adults) completed standardized neuropsychological tests that assess fluid and crystallized cognitive ability, as well as a CR task in which participants reinterpreted the meaning of sad pictures in order to alter (increase or decrease) their emotions. In a control condition, they viewed the pic…
matched on cognitive reappraisal (text), emotion regulation (text)
Emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: behavioral and neural responses to three socio-emotional tasks.
Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is thought to involve deficits in emotion regulation, and more specifically, deficits in cognitive reappraisal. However, evidence for such deficits is mixed.
Methods: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal, we examined reappraisal-related behavioral and neural responses in 27 participants with generalized SAD and 27 healthy controls (HC) during three socio-emotional tasks: (1) looming harsh faces (Faces); (2) videotaped actors delivering social criticism (Criticism); and (3) written autobiographical negative self-beliefs (Beliefs).
Results: Behaviorally, compared to HC, participants with SAD had lesser reappraisal-related reduction in negative emotion in the Beliefs task. Neurally, compared to HC, participants with SAD had lesser BOLD responses in reappraisal-related brain regions when rea…
matched on cognitive reappraisal (text), emotion regulation (text)
Sleep quality and neural circuit function supporting emotion regulation.
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Background: Recent laboratory studies employing an extended sleep deprivation model have mapped sleep-related changes in behavior onto functional alterations in specific brain regions supporting emotion, suggesting possible biological mechanisms for an association between sleep difficulties and deficits in emotion regulation. However, it is not yet known if similar behavioral and neural changes are associated with the more modest variability in sleep observed in daily life.
Methods: We examined relationships between sleep and neural circuitry of emotion using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and fMRI data from a widely used emotion regulation task focusing on cognitive reappraisal of negative emotional stimuli in an unselected sample of 97 adult volunteers (48 women; mean age 42.78±7.37 years, range 30-54 years old).
Results: Emotion regulation was associated with greater a…
matched on cognitive reappraisal (text), emotion regulation (text)
Emotion regulation deficits in eating disorders: a marker of eating pathology or general psychopathology?
Preliminary evidence indicates that individuals with eating disorders (ED) show emotion regulation (ER) difficulties. However, it is yet unclear whether different types of ED differ in their ER profile and whether certain ER difficulties are specific for ED or rather a transdiagnostic factor. Twenty women with anorexia nervosa (AN), 18 with bulimia nervosa (BN), 25 with binge eating disorder (BED), 15 with borderline personality disorder (BPD), 16 with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 42 female healthy controls (HC) were administered the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Inventory of Cognitive Affect Regulation Strategies, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and the Affect Intensity Measure. The ED groups reported significantly higher levels of emotion intensity, lower acceptance of emotions, less emotional awareness and clarity, more self-reported ER problems as well as …
matched on affect regulation (text), emotion regulation (text)
Mario Mikulincer; Philip R. Shaver (2012)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usWorld Psychiatry939 citations
An attachment perspective on psychopathology
Attachment theory 1,2,3 has proven to be a very fruitful framework for studying emotion regulation and mental health. In particular, research on adult attachment processes and individual differences in attachment orientations has provided strong evidence for the anxiety-buffering function of what Bowlby 2 called the attachment behavioral system and for the relevance of attachment-related individual differences to coping with stress, managing distress, and retaining psychological resilience 4. In this paper, we offer a brief overview of the attachment perspective on psychopathology. Following a brief account of attachment theory's basic concepts, we review research findings showing that attachment insecurities — called attachment anxiety and avoidance in the theory — are associated with mental disorders, and that increases in attachment security are an important part of successfully treat…
matched on affect regulation (text), emotion regulation (text)
Schulze L, Domes G, Krüger A, Berger C, Fleischer M, Prehn K, Schmahl C, Grossmann A, Hauenstein K, Herpertz SC (2011)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBiological psychiatry177 citations Neuronal correlates of cognitive reappraisal in borderline patients with affective instability.
Background: Borderline personality disorder has been characterized by enhanced emotional reactivity and deficient emotion regulation in behavioral and functional imaging studies. We aimed to validate patients' difficulties in the cognitive regulation of negative emotions and investigated if emotion regulation deficits are restricted to the decrease of negative emotions. A cognitive reappraisal paradigm was used and hence a regulation strategy that is typically applied in cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Methods: Fifteen unmedicated female borderline patients with affective instability and 15 healthy female control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a delayed reappraisal paradigm. Hemodynamic responses were measured in response to aversive pictures in an initial viewing phase and a subsequent reappraisal phase with three different conditions: decreasing, increasi…
matched on cognitive reappraisal (text), emotion regulation (text)
Divergent cognitive costs for online forms of reappraisal and distraction.
The present study was set out to evaluate the cognitive costs of two major emotion regulation strategies under conditions of increased challenge. Previous studies have established that cognitive reappraisal (construing an emotional event in nonemotional terms) has no cognitive costs. However, in all of these studies, reappraisal was initiated at the emotional situation onset, before emotional response tendencies sufficiently evolved. In the present study, the challenge of regulation strategies was increased by initiating strategies online at a late time point in an emotional situation. Applying this procedure revealed for the first time a cognitive cost for reappraisal and also provided double dissociation between reappraisal and another major cognitive emotion regulation strategy--distraction (diverting attention from an emotional situation via producing neutral thoughts). Specifically,…
matched on cognitive reappraisal (text), emotion regulation (text)
Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal.
Despite strong popular conceptions of gender differences in emotionality and striking gender differences in the prevalence of disorders thought to involve emotion dysregulation, the literature on the neural bases of emotion regulation is nearly silent regarding gender differences (Gross, 2007; Ochsner & Gross, in press). The purpose of the present study was to address this gap in the literature. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we asked male and female participants to use a cognitive emotion regulation strategy (reappraisal) to down-regulate their emotional responses to negatively valenced pictures. Behaviorally, men and women evidenced comparable decreases in negative emotion experience. Neurally, however, gender differences emerged. Compared with women, men showed (a) lesser increases in prefrontal regions that are associated with reappraisal, (b) greater decreases in the a…
matched on cognitive reappraisal (text), emotion regulation (text)
Dynamic Interactions Between Daily Emotional Processing and Sleep Quality in Emerging Adults.
Poor sleep quality is related to difficulties in regulating emotions and to mental health issues in emerging adults. While prior research has confirmed this link, the role of daily fluctuations in sleep quality and emotions, which may require different regulation strategies, has rarely been examined in previous research. This study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) for seven consecutive days using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap), with four smartphone-based assessments per day administered in the morning after waking, at midday, at 4 p.m., and 1 h before bedtime, to examine how daily average levels (within-person) and average weekly levels (between-person) of emotional processes (affect, perceived stress, and emotion regulation difficulties) are related to sleep quality in a convenience sample of 166 emerging adults recruited from a university student population (Mage =…
matched on emotion regulation (text), Affect (keyword)
Moving toward affective immunology: Legacy and future directions.
The term "affective immunology" has recently been used to denote a field focused on the interplay between affective processes (including mood states, specific emotions, and regulatory processes) and various aspects of immune function. The overarching goals of this commentary are a) to provide historical underpinnings of this field with a focus on the profound impact of the work of Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, who is further honored in this special issue, b) to review important off-shoots of her legacy work in this domain, and c) to highlight important future directions for the field. Kiecolt-Glaser's work laid much of the foundation for affective immunology, with groundbreaking research related to depression, hostility and dyadic interactions, loneliness, and other affective patterns, often in the context of holistic models, novel experimental designs, and interventions. Her former mentees (an…
matched on emotion regulation (text), Affect (keyword)
A Qualitative Study on Emotions Experienced at the Coast and Their Influence on Well-Being.
Coastal environments are increasingly shown to have a positive effect on our health and well-being. Various mechanisms have been suggested to explain this effect. However, so far little focus has been devoted to emotions that might be relevant in this context, especially for people who are directly or indirectly exposed to the coast on a daily basis. Our preregistered qualitative study explored how coastal residents experience the emotions they feel at the coast and how they interpret the effect these emotions have on them. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of eight Belgian coastal residents aged 21-25 years old. The interviews were analyzed with the approach of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Five superordinate themes were identified and indicate that, for our participants, the coast represents a safe haven (1) in which they can experience emotion…
matched on emotion regulation (text), Emotions (keyword)
Renna ME (2021)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBrain, behavior, & immunity - health36 citations A review and novel theoretical model of how negative emotions influence inflammation: The critical role of emotion regulation.
Psychological distress is an inevitable part of life. Research drawing on theories from clinical psychology, health psychology, and psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has identified relationships between negative emotions such as anxiety and sadness with inflammation. When not regulated properly, negative emotions can create biological wear and tear on the body that can increase risk for morbidity and mortality. This review discusses previously available research on relationships between negative emotions and emotion regulation with inflammation among both physically healthy adults and those with chronic illnesses. I then present a novel comprehensive biobehavioral model of negative emotionality. This model emphasizes the influence of negative emotions and their contribution to heightened inflammation. Further, I also discuss how emotion regulation (including perseverative processes such as wor…
matched on emotion regulation (text), Emotions (keyword)
A Web-Based, Positive Emotion Skills Intervention for Enhancing Posttreatment Psychological Well-Being in Young Adult Cancer Survivors (EMPOWER): Protocol for a Single-Arm Feasibility Trial.
Background: Adolescent and young adult cancer survivors (AYAs) experience clinically significant distress and have limited access to supportive care services. Interventions to enhance psychological well-being have improved positive affect and reduced depression in clinical and healthy populations but have not been routinely tested in AYAs.
Objective: The aim of this protocol is to (1) test the feasibility and acceptability of a Web-based positive emotion skills intervention for posttreatment AYAs called Enhancing Management of Psychological Outcomes With Emotion Regulation (EMPOWER) and (2) examine proof of concept for reducing psychological distress and enhancing psychological well-being.
Methods: The intervention development and testing are taking place in 3 phases. In phase 1, we adapted the content of an existing, Web-based positive emotion intervention so that it would be suitable f…
matched on emotion regulation (text), Emotions (keyword)
Aldao A (2013)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPerspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science397 citations The Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Capturing Context.
Emotion regulation has been conceptualized as a process by which individuals modify their emotional experiences, expressions, and physiology and the situations eliciting such emotions in order to produce appropriate responses to the ever-changing demands posed by the environment. Thus, context plays a central role in emotion regulation. This is particularly relevant to the work on emotion regulation in psychopathology, because psychological disorders are characterized by rigid responses to the environment. However, this recognition of the importance of context has appeared primarily in the theoretical realm, with the empirical work lagging behind. In this review, the author proposes an approach to systematically evaluate the contextual factors shaping emotion regulation. Such an approach consists of specifying the components that characterize emotion regulation and then systematically ev…
matched on emotion regulation (text), Affect (keyword)
Wickens A (2026)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNursing philosophy : an international journal for healthcare professionals The Limbic Brain, Moral Distress and Ethical Decision-Making in Nursing Practice.
Nursing practice unfolds at the intersection of the body's regulatory systems and the emotional and social realities of care. The paper examines how the limbic brain mediates between the body's internal environment, interoception, allostatic regulation and autonomic arousal, and the external social world shaped by hierarchy, norms, power and institutional pressures. It also explores how this mediating role influences moral perception and clinical decision-making. Drawing on Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis and contemporary work on affective neuroscience, I analyse the strengths and limitations of the claim that emotion is not opposed to reason but an essential element of it. I integrate the complementary neurocognitive perspectives of predictive processing, interoceptive inference and the neural architecture of moral emotion, with nursing ethics literature on moral distress, to show h…
matched on Emotions (mesh)
Delusion as embodied emotion: a qualitatively driven, multimethod study of first-episode psychosis in the UK.
Background: Delusions in psychosis involve complex and dynamic experiential, affective, cognitive, behavioural, and interpersonal alterations. Their pattern of emergence during the early stages of illness remains poorly understood and the origin of their thematic content unclear. Phenomenological accounts have emphasised alterations of selfhood and reality experience in delusion formation but have not considered the role of life events and other contextual factors in the development of these disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-experience and the lived world in first-episode psychosis by situating the phenomenological analysis of delusions in the context of the person's life narrative.
Methods: In this qualitatively driven study, we recruited individuals with lived experience of delusions receiving care from three Early Intervention in Psychosis (EI…
matched on Emotions (mesh)
Mutual Sensitivity Between Caregivers Predicts Infant Affective State During Video Chat.
Infancy is an extraordinary period of human development, in which babies turn sensory and environmental information into meaning in the cradle of their caregivers' affective and attentional cues. Babies express what they are thinking and feeling through smiles and gazes long before they develop expressive language. Most developmental research focuses on mother-infant dyads within a controlled lab environment, despite the complexity of young children's caregiving ecosystems, which range far beyond the mother-child dyad and include caregivers at a distance via technology like video chat. This study uses a novel state space approach to examine relations between the sensitivity of two caregivers-what we call "mutual sensitivity"-and infants' real-time affective and attentional states during video chat sessions. In this analysis of recorded semi-naturalistic video chat interactions from 47 tr…
matched on Affect (mesh)
Disentangling deprivation: Differential associations of the area deprivation index- 3 factors with clinical, cognitive, and mood outcomes in epilepsy.
Objective: Previous research utilizing neighborhood data has identified a three-factor structure underlying the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a metric of neighborhood disadvantage. The three factors identified are Financial Strength, Economic Hardship and Inequality, and Educational Attainment. Here, we examine how these distinct dimensions of deprivation are associated with demographic and clinical characteristics, and mood and cognitive outcomes in patients with epilepsy.
Methods: Clinical, demographic, and neuropsychological data were obtained from an IRB-approved clinical registry in a cohort of 1,068 patients (age ≥ 16) with pharmacoresistant epilepsy evaluated for surgery at Cleveland Clinic (2000-2021). Neuropsychological measures assessed general abilities, verbal and nonverbal abilities, attention and working memory, processing speed, memory, language, executive function, and se…
matched on Affect (mesh)
From vastness to unity: Awe strengthens identity fusion.
Awe is theorized to serve a social function, enabling individuals to integrate into collaborative groups and engage in collective action. Across five studies (N = 1,124), we examined awe's role in promoting identity fusion-an apex form of group connection. Two cross-sectional studies (1a and 1b) revealed that dispositional awe predicted stronger identity fusion. Three subsequent experiments (Studies 2-5) demonstrated that awe experiences strengthened identity fusion, with analyses revealing that the small-self sense of "vastness vis-à-vis the self" provided a significant indirect pathway linking awe (vs. controls) to increased fusion. These effects replicated across varying awe manipulations (emotion recall and virtual reality), target groups (country, university, local community, and nature), and cultural contexts (Australian and American samples). Our findings suggest that awe primes a…
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Small but Still Significant: Awe and the Self.
Awe is an emotion elicited from experiencing great vastness that dramatically expands a person's frame of reference. In this way, awe has been found to have numerous effects on the self, including feeling "small." While smallness has previously been confounded with insignificance, little research has fully examined awe's effects on existential significance (or insignificance). Four within-person experiments tested the effects of awe on subjective perceptions of the size of the self and personal significance. Before and after awe (vs. control), participants completed reports of metaphorical self- and world size and significance. Across studies, awe shrinks the self without making one feel insignificant. Within-person, participants generally report greater significance across all conditions, not specific to awe. Study 4 also examines if fear-based inductions affect significance. This opens…
matched on Emotions (mesh)
Experiencing awe in daily life is linked to lower loneliness.
Loneliness affects 55% of healthcare workers, putting them at risk for health problems. These include mental health issues (e.g., depression and anxiety) and physical ailments (e.g., inflammation, heart disease, and increased substance abuse). Despite the well-established link between loneliness and health, research on healthcare workers’ experiences of loneliness remains limited. To address this gap, we conducted a 22-day daily diary study to test whether daily awe predicts reduced loneliness in healthcare workers. Our within-person analyses showed that participants who experienced more awe than usual reported less loneliness on the same day. Notably, this association remained significant after controlling for other positive emotions known to benefit well-being and was replicated in a community sample. Further analysis showed that the sense of connectedness, central to awe, accounted fo…
matched on Emotions (mesh)
Emotional Dynamics of Social Comparisons: Nonlinear Relationships Between Comparison Extremity and Social Emotions, and Their Motivational Functioning.
In an experience-sampling study, we examined how emotions stemming from social comparisons influence daily motivation. Analyzing 2,976 daily real-world social comparisons, we examined the interplay of comparison direction (upward vs. downward) and extremity (from moderate to extreme), two pleasant emotions (schadenfreude and happy-for-ness), two unpleasant emotions (benign envy, malicious envy), three motivational tendencies (pushing, coasting, and disengagement), and effort intentions. The relationships between comparison extremity and emotions were characterized by nonlinearity: Benign envy and happy-for-ness peaked with moderate upward comparisons, whereas malicious envy and schadenfreude increased especially with extreme upward and downward comparisons. Concerning motivational functioning, results suggest that benign envy and happy-for-ness promote motivation (i.e., associated with p…
matched on Emotions (mesh)