Planning, inhibition and self-control.
Everything below was reached through this subject, not through the words you typed. Every row states how it was reached.
Research library, full list
426 to 450 of 1,075Romer D (2010)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usDevelopmental psychobiology350 citations Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: implications for prevention.
Individual differences in impulsivity underlie a good deal of the risk taking that is observed during adolescence, and some of the most hazardous forms of this behavior are linked to impulsivity traits that are evident early in development. However, early interventions appear able to reduce the severity and impact of these traits by increasing control over behavior and persistence toward valued goals, such as educational achievement. One form of impulsivity, sensation seeking, rises dramatically during adolescence and increases risks to healthy development. However, a review of the evidence for the hypothesis that limitations in brain development during adolescence restrict the ability to control impulsivity suggests that any such limitations are subtle at best. Instead, it is argued that lack of experience with novel adult behavior poses a much greater risk to adolescents than structura…
matched on Impulsive Behavior (mesh)
Casey BJ, Jones RM (2010)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry454 citations Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: implications for substance use disorders.
Objective: Adolescence is a developmental period that entails substantial changes in risk-taking behavior and experimentation with alcohol and drugs. Understanding how the brain is changing during this period relative to childhood and adulthood and how these changes vary across individuals are key in predicting risk for later substance abuse and dependence.
Method: This review discusses recent human imaging and animal work in the context of an emerging view of adolescence as characterized by a tension between early emerging "bottom-up" systems that express exaggerated reactivity to motivational stimuli and later maturing "top-down" cognitive control regions. Behavioral, clinical, and neurobiological evidences are reported for dissociating these two systems developmentally. The literature on the effects of alcohol and its rewarding properties in the brain is discussed in the context of th…
matched on Impulsive Behavior (mesh)
Deep brain stimulation mechanisms: beyond the concept of local functional inhibition.
Deep brain electrical stimulation has become a recognized therapy in the treatment of a variety of motor disorders and has potentially promising applications in a wide range of neurological diseases including neuropsychiatry. Behavioural observation that electrical high-frequency stimulation of a given brain area induces an effect similar to a lesion suggested a mechanism of functional inhibition. In vitro and in vivo experiments as well as per operative recordings in patients have revealed a variety of effects involving local changes of neuronal excitability as well as widespread effects throughout the connected network resulting from activation of axons, including antidromic activation. Here we review current data regarding the local and network activity changes induced by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and discuss this in the context of motor restoration in Park…
matched on Inhibition, Psychological (mesh)
The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development.
Adolescence is a unique period in neurodevelopment. Alcohol and marijuana use are common. Recent research has indicated that adolescent substance users show abnormalities on measures of brain functioning, which is linked to changes in neurocognition over time. Abnormalities have been seen in brain structure volume, white matter quality, and activation to cognitive tasks, even in youth with as little as 1-2 years of heavy drinking and consumption levels of 20 drinks per month, especially if > 4-5 drinks are consumed on a single occasion. Heavy marijuana users show some subtle anomalies too, but generally not the same degree of divergence from demographically similar non-using adolescents. This article reviews the extant literature on neurocognition, brain structure, and brain function in adolescent substance users with an emphasis on the most commonly used substances, and in the context o…
matched on Inhibition, Psychological (mesh)
A somatic marker theory of addiction.
Similar to patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC) lesions, substance abusers show altered decision-making, characterized by a tendency to choose the immediate reward, at the expense of negative future consequences. The somatic marker model proposes that decision-making depends on neural substrates that regulate homeostasis, emotion and feeling. According to this model, there should be a link between alterations in processing emotions in substance abusers, and their impairments in decision-making. Growing evidence from neuroscientific studies indicate that core aspects of addiction may be explained in terms of abnormal emotional/homeostatic guidance of decision-making. Behavioral studies have revealed emotional processing and decision-making deficits in substance abusers. Neuroimaging studies have shown that altered decision-making in addiction is associated with abnormal fun…
matched on Impulsive Behavior (mesh)
The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour.
Impulsivity is a heterogenous phenomenon encompassing several behavioural phenomena that can be dissociated neuroanatomically as well as pharmacologically. Impulsivity is pathological in several psychiatric disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drug addiction and personality disorders. Pharmacological agents alleviating impulsivity therefore might substantially aid the treatment of these disorders. The availability of preclinical models that measure various forms of impulsivity has greatly increased our understanding of its neuropharmacological substrates. Historically, deficits in central serotonin neurotransmission are thought to underlie impulsivity. Accumulating evidence also points towards an important role of brain dopamine and noradrenaline systems in impulsive behaviour, consistent with the therapeutic efficacy of amphetamine, methylphenidate and at…
matched on Impulsive Behavior (mesh)
Parkinson's disease-related disorders in the impulsive-compulsive spectrum.
In Parkinson's disease (PD), there is increasing evidence for disorders in the impulsive-compulsive spectrum, related to the disease itself, to the pharmacological management of this disease or to both. These disorders comprise dopamine deficiency syndrome (with immediate reward seeking behaviour), dopamine dependency syndrome (with addictive behaviour), dopamine dysregulation syndrome (with both addictive behaviour and stereotyped behaviour) and impulse control disorders (such as pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, binge eating and hypersexuality). These disorders are especially seen in PD patients with young age of onset, higher doses of antiparkinsonian drugs, pre-existent or current depression, pre-existing recreational drug or alcohol use, and high novelty seeking personality traits. Dopamine is not only implicated in voluntary movement control but also plays a significant r…
matched on Impulsive Behavior (mesh)
Review. Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction.
We hypothesize that drug addiction can be viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions from initial voluntary drug use through the loss of control over this behaviour, such that it becomes habitual and ultimately compulsive. We describe evidence that the switch from controlled to compulsive drug seeking represents a transition at the neural level from prefrontal cortical to striatal control over drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviours as well as a progression from ventral to more dorsal domains of the striatum, mediated by its serially interconnecting dopaminergic circuitry. These neural transitions depend upon the neuroplasticity induced by chronic self-administration of drugs in both cortical and striatal structures, including long-lasting changes that are the consequence of toxic drug effects. We further summarize evidence showing that impulsivity, a spontaneously occurring behav…
matched on Impulsive Behavior (mesh)
A neural model of voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: implications for understanding the pathophysiology and neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder.
The ability to regulate emotions is an important part of adaptive functioning in society. Advances in cognitive and affective neuroscience and biological psychiatry have facilitated examination of neural systems that may be important for emotion regulation. In this critical review we first develop a neural model of emotion regulation that includes neural systems implicated in different voluntary and automatic emotion regulatory subprocesses. We then use this model as a theoretical framework to examine functional neural abnormalities in these neural systems that may predispose to the development of a major psychiatric disorder characterized by severe emotion dysregulation, bipolar disorder.
matched on Inhibition, Psychological (mesh)
Vazire S, Funder DC (2006)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPersonality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc83 citations Impulsivity and the self-defeating behavior of narcissists.
Currently prominent models of narcissism (e.g., Morf and Rhodewalt, 2001) primarily explain narcissists' self-defeating behaviors in terms of conscious cognitive and affective processes. We propose that the disposition of impulsivity may also play an important role. We offer 2 forms of evidence. First, we present a meta-analysis demonstrating a strong positive relationship between narcissism and impulsivity. Second, we review and reinterpret the literature on 3 hallmarks of narcissism: self-enhancement, aggression, and negative long-term outcomes. Our reinterpretation argues that impulsivity provides a more parsimonious explanation for at least some of narcissists' self-defeating behavior than do existing models. These 2 sources of evidence suggest that narcissists' quest for the status and recognition they so intensely desire is thwarted, in part, by their lack of the self-control neces…
matched on Impulsive Behavior (mesh)
Impulsivity as a common process across borderline personality and substance use disorders.
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a significant public health problem characterized by persistent problems with emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and interpersonal functioning. Research indicates an especially high rate of comorbidity between BPD and Substance Use Disorders (SUD). In trying to better understand, and therefore improve the assessment, prevention, and treatment of these disorders, researchers have considered the role of impulsivity. Indeed, impulsivity consistently has been shown to be a biologically-based, heritable characteristic with emergent psychological properties linked to the development and maintenance of BPD and SUD. Following from a previous review of the comorbidity between BPD and SUD (Trull, T. J., Sher, K. J., Minks-Brown, C., Durbin, J., & Burr, R. (2000). Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders: A review and integration. Clinical …
matched on Impulsive Behavior (mesh)
Berman MG, Yourganov G, Askren MK, Ayduk O, Casey BJ, Gotlib IH, Kross E, McIntosh AR, Strother S, Wilson NL, Zayas V, Mischel W, Shoda Y, Jonides J (2013)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNature communications25 citations Dimensionality of brain networks linked to life-long individual differences in self-control.
The ability to delay gratification in childhood has been linked to positive outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Here we examine a subsample of participants from a seminal longitudinal study of self-control throughout a subject's life span. Self-control, first studied in children at age 4 years, is now re-examined 40 years later, on a task that required control over the contents of working memory. We examine whether patterns of brain activation on this task can reliably distinguish participants with consistently low and high self-control abilities (low versus high delayers). We find that low delayers recruit significantly higher-dimensional neural networks when performing the task compared with high delayers. High delayers are also more homogeneous as a group in their neural patterns compared with low delayers. From these brain patterns, we can predict with 71% accuracy, whether a part…
matched on Impulsive Behavior (mesh), Inhibition, Psychological (mesh), working memory (text)
Understanding Digital Dementia and Cognitive Impact in the Current Era of the Internet: A Review.
Dementia encompasses symptoms resulting from brain damage that impairs cognitive functions, surpassing natural aging effects. This condition affects emotional regulation, behavior, and motivation while preserving consciousness. Dr. Manfred Spitzer coined the term 'digital dementia,' highlighting the cognitive decline associated with excessive reliance on digital devices such as smartphones and Google, potentially exacerbating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and memory loss. This condition mirrors terms like 'digital amnesia' and 'the Google Effect,' highlighting the brain's tendency to offload peripheral information, leading to panic and forgetfulness. Spitzer's book, Digital Dementia, focuses on gaming effects on children and has thus popularized the term. Teenagers are known to use electronic devices regularly, correlating with rising cognitive impairments. The advent o…
matched on executive function (text), inhibitory control (text)
Xinwen Wen; Lirong Yue; Zhe Du and 3 others (2023)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsychoradiology18 citations
Implications of neuroimaging findings in addiction
Addiction is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by drug abuse and withdrawal symptoms and compulsive drug seeking (Koob and Volkow, 2010) when access to the drug is restricted. Addiction leads to structural and functional brain changes implicated in reward, memory, motivation, and control (Volkow et al., 2019; Lüscher et al., 2020). Neuroimaging technology provides us with the scientific and intuitive methods (Canario et al., 2021; Dong et al., 2022) to study brain mechanism of addiction noninvasively, which has built a bridge between addictive behavior and neural mechanism. Brain structural and functional plasticity has been studied in addiction, such as dysfunctions in the dopaminergic system (Liu and Li, 2018) and corticostriatal circuits (Volkow and Morales, 2015; von Deneen et al., 2022). Notably, the brain activation and connectivity patterns in abstainers e…
matched on executive function (text), inhibitory control (text)
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in cognition, ageing and dementia.
Humans require a plethora of higher cognitive skills to perform executive functions, such as reasoning, planning, language and social interactions, which are regulated predominantly by the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex comprises the lateral, medial and orbitofrontal regions. In higher primates, the lateral prefrontal cortex is further separated into the respective dorsal and ventral subregions. However, all these regions have variably been implicated in several fronto-subcortical circuits. Dysfunction of these circuits has been highlighted in vascular and other neurocognitive disorders. Recent advances suggest the medial prefrontal cortex plays an important regulatory role in numerous cognitive functions, including attention, inhibitory control, habit formation and working, spatial or long-term memory. The medial prefrontal cortex appears highly interconnected with subcortical…
matched on executive function (text), inhibitory control (text)
Living in the moment: effects of time perspective and emotional valence of episodic thinking on delay discounting.
Excessive delay discounting (DD) has been related to various maladaptive behaviors and may stem from a myopic focus on immediate gratification. Neuroimaging studies have shown that episodic future thinking (EFT) -vivid mental simulation of future experiences-may reduce DD by promoting consideration of delayed outcomes. However, the EFT manipulations in these experiments may have induced positive affect, which could independently enhance executive functions that facilitate self-regulation. To clarify the mechanism of this effect, 87 participants were randomized to visualize neutral- or positive-valenced events expected to occur in the present or in the future while completing a standardized DD questionnaire. Working memory capacity, inhibitory control, the genotypes of 3 functional dopaminergic polymorphisms (DRD1 rs686, DRD2 rs1800497, and COMT rs4680), as well as an additive dopamine ge…
matched on Inhibition, Psychological (mesh), executive function (text), inhibitory control (text), working memory (text)
Examining executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development.
Executive functioning (EF) is an overarching term that refers to neuropsychological processes that enable physical, cognitive, and emotional self-control. Deficits in EF are often present in neurodevelopmental disorders, but examinations of the specificity of EF deficits and direct comparisons across disorders are rare. The current study investigated EF in 7- to 12-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typical development using a comprehensive battery of measures assessing EF, including response inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, fluency and vigilance. The ADHD group exhibited deficits in vigilance, inhibition and working memory relative to the typical group; however, they did not consistently demonstrate problems on the remaining EF measures. Children with ASD showed significant deficits in vi…
matched on Inhibition, Psychological (mesh), executive function (text), inhibitory control (text), working memory (text)
Conceptualizing gambling disorder with the process model of emotion regulation.
Introduction Nowadays, gambling disorder (GD) is a worldwide health issue and there is a growing need to both improve our understanding of this disorder and to tailor specific interventions for its treatment. Moreover, theoretical models and preliminary empirical results suggest that difficulty in regulating emotional states might be involved in GD. However, literature describing clinical and theoretical aspects of emotional dysregulation among pathological gamblers (PGs) shows a lack of systematic description. Objectives We aimed to provide, within an exhaustive theoretical framework of emotion regulation (ER) processing, empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of GD as an ER affliction. Methods We commented on empirical evidence on the relationship between ER and GD in the light of two main conceptual models of emotion (dys)regulation. Results The results suggest there are act…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), Self-Control (mesh)
Associations among adolescent sleep problems, emotion regulation, and affective disorders: Findings from a nationally representative sample.
Sleep problems in youth reliably forecast the development of anxiety and mood disorders, presumably due to increased emotional difficulties. However, precise emotional mechanisms have yet to be delineated. The current study investigated how sleep problems in adolescence are associated with different emotion regulation strategies, and how sleep and psychiatric risk may be indirectly associated via poor emotion regulation. This study utilized data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement, a nationally representative sample from the United States (N = 10,148; age range 13-18 years). A diagnostic interview determined if adolescents qualified for a mood or anxiety disorder within the past year. Participants provided reports of their sleep, emotion regulation, and current life stress. Adolescents who reported greater sleep problems were more likely to qualify for a mood or an…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), Self-Control (mesh)
Frontolimbic functioning during threat-related attention: Relations to early behavioral inhibition and anxiety in children.
Children with behavioral inhibition (BI), a temperament characterized by biologically-based hyper-vigilance to novelty, display threat-related attention biases (AB) that shape developmental trajectories of risk for anxiety. Here we explore the relations between BI, neural function, and anxiety. Fifty-six 9-12-year-olds (23 behaviorally inhibited) performed the dot-probe task while undergoing fMRI. AB scores were not associated with BI group or parent-rated anxiety symptoms. Trials requiring attention orienting away from threat engaged an executive and threat-attention network (dlPFC, vlPFC, mPFC, and amygdala). Within that network, behaviorally inhibited children showed greater activation in the right dlPFC. Heightened dlPFC activation related to increased anxiety, and BI levels accounted for the direct relation between dlPFC activation and anxiety. Behaviorally inhibited children may en…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), Inhibition, Psychological (mesh)
Perceived stress and ADHD symptoms in adults.
Objective: Given that ADHD has been linked to dysfunction across development and in many life domains, it is likely that individuals experiencing these symptoms are at increased risk for experiencing stress. The current study examines the association between ADHD and other psychiatric symptoms and perceived stress in a community sample of adults.
Method: Perceived stress data collected from 983 participants (M(age) = 45.6 years) were analyzed primarily via hierarchical multiple regression using ADHD symptom clusters, demographic variables, and anxiety and depression scale variables as predictors.
Results and conclusion: ADHD symptoms positively associated with perceived stress. Inattention and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), as opposed to hyperactivity-impulsivity and newly proposed executive dysfunction symptoms, were the most consistent predictors. These findings reinforce that the exp…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), Impulsive Behavior (mesh)
Rumination and impaired resource allocation in depression.
Depression is characterized by a range of cognitive deficits that theorists posit are due to the resource capturing properties of rumination. The present study was designed to examine the relation between rumination and resource allocation in depression. Twenty-five depressed and 25 nondepressed participants completed a modified dual-task version of the recency-probes task, which assesses the controlled allocation of cognitive resources by comparing performance across low- and high-interference conditions. In low-interference conditions, participants performed either the recency-probes task or a tracking task, which required participants to track specific stimuli across trials (i.e., no dual-task interference). In the high-interference condition, participants performed both the recency-probes task and the tracking task, which required the controlled allocation of resources to resolve dua…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), Inhibition, Psychological (mesh)
Does Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Enhance Executive Functions Across the Lifespan? A Systematic Review.
The scope of this systematic review was to summarize the existing literature on the effects of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF) on executive functions (EFs) across the lifespan. Specifically, it aimed to investigate the factors that may affect the efficacy of HRV-BF interventions, such as the study population, duration and intensity of the intervention, or the technical equipment. This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies that measured and presented at least one EF were included. We included controlled and uncontrolled trials involving clinical and general populations. From the initial list of 137 papers, 16 final studies were reviewed, with 777 participants. Fifty-six percent of the studies included in this review reported significant positive effects of HRV-BF intervention on at …
matched on executive function (text), working memory (text)
Iron Deficiency-Induced Changes in the Hippocampus, Corpus Striatum, and Monoamines Levels That Lead to Anxiety, Depression, Sleep Disorders, and Psychotic Disorders.
Iron deficiency anemia caused by severe iron deficiency in infancy is associated with poor health and severe neurological impairment such as mental, motor, social, emotional, neurophysiological, and neurocognitive dysfunction. The behavioral effects of iron deficiency can present themselves in infancy, but they are also found in adulthood. Some behaviors can start in childhood but persist throughout adulthood. The behaviors that are particularly often seen in infants and children include wariness and hesitance, lack of positive affect, and diminished social engagement. The affected behaviors in adults include anxiety, depression, higher complex cogitative tasks, and other psychological disorders. The mechanisms of how iron deficiency affects behavior include affecting the hippocampus, the corpus striatum, and certain neurotransmitters. The hippocampus is a brain region that is essential …
matched on inhibitory control (text), working memory (text)
Muth AK, Park SQ (2021)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usClinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)125 citations The impact of dietary macronutrient intake on cognitive function and the brain.
Macronutrients - carbohydrates, fats, and proteins - supply the nutrients required for optimal functioning. Inadequate intake compromises both physical and brain health. We synthesized research on macronutrients from whole meals on cognitive function in healthy adults and identified underlying mechanisms. Intake of simple carbohydrates ('sugars') is consistently associated with decreased global cognition whereas consumption of complex carbohydrates correlates with successful brain aging and improved memory both in the short- and long-term. Saturated fatty acid intake correlates with decreased memory and learning scores whereas omega-3 intake correlates positively with memory scores. Protein intake boosts executive function and working memory when task-demands are high. Individual differences affecting the macronutrient-cognition relationship are age, physical activity, and glucose metabo…
matched on executive function (text), working memory (text)