Planning, inhibition and self-control.
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476 to 500 of 1,075Knowing When to Be "Rational": Flexible Economic Decision Making and Executive Function in Preschool Children.
Failure to delay gratification may not indicate poor control or irrationality, but might be an adaptive response. Two studies investigated 3.5- and 4.5-year-old children's ability to adapt their delay and saving behavior when their preference (e.g., to delay or not delay) became nonadaptive. In Study 1 (N = 140), children's delay preference was associated with a risk of losing rewards. In Study 2 (N = 142), children's saving preference was associated with an inability to play an attractive game. Whereas baseline delaying and saving preferences were unrelated to a standardized executive function measure, children who switched to their nonpreferred choice scored higher, suggesting flexibility of decision-making may be a more meaningful dependent variable than baseline performance in developmental research on self-control.
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), Delay Discounting (mesh)
Lower metacognitive abilities predict procrastination: a cross-sectional study of a healthy adult sample.
BACKGROUND: Procrastination, the tendency to delay tasks despite negative consequences, is a widespread issue linked to poor mental health and reduced daily functioning. While often attributed to self-regulation failures, the specific cognitive mechanisms underlying procrastination remain unclear. This study investigates the role of executive functions (EF), measured through both self-report and performance-based tests, in predicting procrastination in adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 108 adults (22–65 years) using the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS) to measure procrastination. EF was assessed using the self-report measure Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A), which includes nine subscales organized in three factors (Behavior Regulation, Emotional Regulation, and Metacognition), and five performance-based tests assessin…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Disentangling deprivation: Differential associations of the area deprivation index- 3 factors with clinical, cognitive, and mood outcomes in epilepsy.
Objective: Previous research utilizing neighborhood data has identified a three-factor structure underlying the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a metric of neighborhood disadvantage. The three factors identified are Financial Strength, Economic Hardship and Inequality, and Educational Attainment. Here, we examine how these distinct dimensions of deprivation are associated with demographic and clinical characteristics, and mood and cognitive outcomes in patients with epilepsy.
Methods: Clinical, demographic, and neuropsychological data were obtained from an IRB-approved clinical registry in a cohort of 1,068 patients (age ≥ 16) with pharmacoresistant epilepsy evaluated for surgery at Cleveland Clinic (2000-2021). Neuropsychological measures assessed general abilities, verbal and nonverbal abilities, attention and working memory, processing speed, memory, language, executive function, and se…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Dynamic Field Theory of Executive Function: Identifying Early Neurocognitive Markers.
In this Monograph, we explored neurocognitive predictors of executive function (EF) development in a cohort of children followed longitudinally from 30 to 54 months of age. We tested predictions of a dynamic field model that explains development in a benchmark measure of EF development, the dimensional change card sort (DCCS) task. This is a rule-use task that measures children's ability to switch between sorting cards by shape or color rules. A key developmental mechanism in the model is that dimensional label learning drives EF development. Data collection began in February 2019 and was completed in April 2022 on the Knoxville campus of the University of Tennessee. Our cohort included 20 children (13 female) all of whom were White (not Hispanic/Latinx) from an urban area in southern United States, and the sample annual family income distribution ranged from low to high (most families f…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Fabries P, Pontiggia A, Comte U, Beauchamps V, Quiquempoix M, Guillard M, Ayounts H, Van Beers P, Drogou C, Touron J, Erkel MC, Gignoux-Huon F, Nespoulous O, Pinalie T, Charlot K, Malgoyre A, Sauvet F, Koulmann N, Gomez-Merino D, Chennaoui M, HYPSOM Investigator Group (2024)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPhysiology & behavior5 citations Cognitive performance during exposure to moderate normobaric hypoxia after sleep restriction: Relationship to physiological and stress biomarkers.
Introduction: Exposure to moderate levels of simulated hypoxia has subtle cognitive effects relative to ground level, in healthy individuals. However, there are few data on the cognitive consequences of the combination of hypoxia and partial sleep deprivation, which is a classic military or civilian operational context. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to moderate hypoxia while sleep-restricted impairs several domains of cognition, and we also assessed physiological parameters and salivary concentrations of cortisol and alpha-amylase.
Method: Seventeen healthy males completed two sessions of cognitive tests (sustained attention using the PVT psychomotor vigilance task and executive functions using the Go-NoGo inhibition task and N-Back working memory task) after 30 min (T + 30') and 4 h (T + 240') of exposure in a normobaric hypoxic tent (FIO2 = 13.6 %, ≃ 3,500 m) (H…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Kelly NR, Jaramillo M, Ramirez S, Altman DR, Rubin SG, Yang SB, Courville AB, Shank LM, Byrne ME, Lemay-Russell S, Brady SM, Broadney MM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski JA (2020)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPediatric obesity28 citations Executive functioning and disinhibited eating in children and adolescents.
Background: Executive functioning (EF) difficulties may be associated with problems regulating eating behaviours. Few studies have evaluated this question in youth using diverse measures of EF or objective measures of energy intake.
Methods: The current study used neuropsychological tasks and a laboratory test meal to evaluate the links between EF and youth's disinhibited eating patterns. Two-hundred-five nontreatment seeking youth (M age = 13.1 ± 2.8 years; M BMIz = 0.6 ± 1.0; 33.2% overweight; 54.1% female) completed tasks measuring decision making, general and food-specific behavioural disinhibition, willingness to delay gratification for food and money, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. Age (children vs adolescents) was examined as a moderator. All analyses adjusted for demographic factors, pubertal status, lean mass (kg), fat mass (%), height, general intellectual functioni…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Rumination and executive functions: Understanding cognitive vulnerability for psychopathology.
Introduction: Both rumination, a pattern of repetitive, self-focused thought in response to distress, and deficits in executive functions (EFs), a set of cognitive abilities that facilitate higher-order thinking, have transdiagnostic associations with psychopathology. Although empirical studies suggest associations between EFs and rumination, this literature has not examined subtypes of rumination and different components of EFs. It also has not examined whether rumination and EFs explain overlapping variance in psychopathology, which is relevant to theoretical models suggesting that rumination might mediate the EF-psychopathology association.
Methods: We used structural equation modeling to examine the association between latent factors for two types of rumination (anger and depressive) and three components of EF (a Common EF factor, and factors specific to updating working memory and s…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Bedtime routines child wellbeing & development.
Background: Bedtime routines has shown important associations with areas associated with child wellbeing and development. Research into bedtime routines is limited with studies mainly focusing on quality of sleep. The objectives of the present study were to examine the relationship between bedtime routines and a variety of factors associated with child wellbeing and to examine possible determinants of bedtime routines.
Methods: A total of 50 families with children between 3 and 5 years old took part in the study. Data on bedtime routines, parenting styles, school readiness, children's dental health, and executive function were collected.
Results: Children in families with optimal bedtime routines showed better performance in terms of executive function, specifically working memory (t (44)= - 8.51, p ≤ .001), inhibition and attention (t (48)= - 9.70, p ≤ .001) and cognitive flexibility (t…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Executive function in middle childhood and the relationship with theory of mind.
A group of 126 typically developing children (aged 5-12 years) completed three cool executive function tasks (spatial working memory, stop signal, intra-extra dimensional shift), two hot executive function tasks (gambling, delay of gratification), one advanced theory of mind task (strange stories with high versus low affective tone), and a vocabulary test. Older children performed better than younger children, consistent with the protracted development of hot and cool executive functions and theory of mind. Multiple regression analyses showed that hot and cool executive functions were correlated but they predicted theory of mind in different ways.
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Vagus nerve stimulation improves working memory performance.
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is used for treating refractory epilepsy and major depression. While the impact of this treatment on seizures has been established, its impact on human cognition remains equivocal. The goal of this study is to elucidate the immediate effects of vagus nerve stimulation on attention, cognition, and emotional reactivity in patients with epilepsy. Twenty patients (12 male and 8 female; 45 ± 13 years old) treated with VNS due to refractory epilepsy participated in the study. Subjects performed a computer-based test of executive functions embedded with emotional distractors while their brain activity was recorded with electroencephalography. Subjects' cognitive performance, early visual event-related potential N1, and frontal alpha asymmetry were studied when cyclic vagus nerve stimulation was on and when it was off. We found that vagus nerve stimulation improved …
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
ADHD Dimensions and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms in Relation to Self-Report and Laboratory Measures of Neuropsychological Functioning in College Students.
Objective: This study examined ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms in relation to self-report and laboratory measures of neuropsychological functioning in college students.
Method: College students ( N = 298, aged 17-25, 72% female) completed self-reports of ADHD, SCT, depression, sleep, functional impairment, and executive functioning (EF). Participants also completed a visual working memory task, a Stroop test, and the Conners' Continuous Performance Test-II (CPT-II).
Results: ADHD inattentive and SCT symptoms were strong predictors of self-reported EF, with inattention the strongest predictor of Time Management and Motivation and SCT the strongest predictor of Self-Organization/Problem Solving. SCT (but not inattention) was associated with Emotion Regulation. No relationships were found between self-reported symptoms and laboratory task performance. Between-group analyses…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Groppe K, Elsner B (2017)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usChild neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence29 citations Executive function and weight status in children: A one-year longitudinal perspective.
There is considerable evidence for an association between obesity and impaired executive function (EF) in adolescents and adults. However, little research has examined EF in overweight or obese children. Furthermore, data on EF in underweight individuals is lacking. In addition, there is no consensus on the directionality of the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and EF, and longitudinal studies are rare. Thus, the present study examined whether children differ in their performance on a battery of EF tasks depending on their weight status (underweight, normal-weight, overweight), and investigated the longitudinal cross-lagged associations between EF and BMI. Hot EF (delay of gratification, affective decision-making), cool EF (attention shifting, inhibition, working memory [WM] updating), and BMI were assessed in 1,657 German elementary-school children at two time points, approxim…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Associations between respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity and effortful control in preschool-age children.
We tested whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity in response to each of three self-regulation tasks (bird and dragon; knock-tap; and gift wrap) would predict self-regulation performance in a sample of 101 preschool-age children (M age = 4.49, SD = .64). While controlling for baseline RSA, decreases in RSA from bird and dragon to knock-tap (but not from baseline to bird and dragon) predicted a latent variable measuring self-regulation. Furthermore, increases in RSA from the knock-tap to gift wrap-the only task involving delay of gratification-were related to concurrent task performance while controlling for the relation between RSA reactivity and the latent self-regulation variable. Results suggest that the relations between RSA reactivity and self-regulatory ability are influenced by task-specific demands and possibly by task order. Furthermore, RSA reactivity appears to r…
matched on Self-Control (mesh), Executive Function (keyword), executive function (text)
Sleep inertia, sleep homeostatic and circadian influences on higher-order cognitive functions.
Sleep inertia, sleep homeostatic and circadian processes modulate cognition, including reaction time, memory, mood and alertness. How these processes influence higher-order cognitive functions is not well known. Six participants completed a 73-day-long study that included two 14-day-long 28-h forced desynchrony protocols to examine separate and interacting influences of sleep inertia, sleep homeostasis and circadian phase on higher-order cognitive functions of inhibitory control and selective visual attention. Cognitive performance for most measures was impaired immediately after scheduled awakening and improved during the first ~2-4 h of wakefulness (decreasing sleep inertia); worsened thereafter until scheduled bedtime (increasing sleep homeostasis); and was worst at ~60° and best at ~240° (circadian modulation, with worst and best phases corresponding to ~09:00 and ~21:00 hours, respe…
matched on Inhibition, Psychological (mesh), Executive Function (keyword), inhibitory control (text)
Behavioral and neural correlates of executive functioning in musicians and non-musicians.
Executive functions (EF) are cognitive capacities that allow for planned, controlled behavior and strongly correlate with academic abilities. Several extracurricular activities have been shown to improve EF, however, the relationship between musical training and EF remains unclear due to methodological limitations in previous studies. To explore this further, two experiments were performed; one with 30 adults with and without musical training and one with 27 musically trained and untrained children (matched for general cognitive abilities and socioeconomic variables) with a standardized EF battery. Furthermore, the neural correlates of EF skills in musically trained and untrained children were investigated using fMRI. Adult musicians compared to non-musicians showed enhanced performance on measures of cognitive flexibility, working memory, and verbal fluency. Musically trained children s…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Working-memory capacity protects model-based learning from stress.
Accounts of decision-making have long posited the operation of separate, competing valuation systems in the control of choice behavior. Recent theoretical and experimental advances suggest that this classic distinction between habitual and goal-directed (or more generally, automatic and controlled) choice may arise from two computational strategies for reinforcement learning, called model-free and model-based learning. Popular neurocomputational accounts of reward processing emphasize the involvement of the dopaminergic system in model-free learning and prefrontal, central executive-dependent control systems in model-based choice. Here we hypothesized that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress response--believed to have detrimental effects on prefrontal cortex function--should selectively attenuate model-based contributions to behavior. To test this, we paired an acute str…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Do programs designed to train working memory, other executive functions, and attention benefit children with ADHD? A meta-analytic review of cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes.
Children with ADHD are characterized frequently as possessing underdeveloped executive functions and sustained attentional abilities, and recent commercial claims suggest that computer-based cognitive training can remediate these impairments and provide significant and lasting improvement in their attention, impulse control, social functioning, academic performance, and complex reasoning skills. The present review critically evaluates these claims through meta-analysis of 25 studies of facilitative intervention training (i.e., cognitive training) for children with ADHD. Random effects models corrected for publication bias and sampling error revealed that studies training short-term memory alone resulted in moderate magnitude improvements in short-term memory (d=0.63), whereas training attention did not significantly improve attention and training mixed executive functions did not signifi…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Satterthwaite TD, Wolf DH, Erus G, Ruparel K, Elliott MA, Gennatas ED, Hopson R, Jackson C, Prabhakaran K, Bilker WB, Calkins ME, Loughead J, Smith A, Roalf DR, Hakonarson H, Verma R, Davatzikos C, Gur RC, Gur RE (2013)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience233 citations Functional maturation of the executive system during adolescence.
Adolescence is characterized by rapid development of executive function. Working memory (WM) is a key element of executive function, but it is not known what brain changes during adolescence allow improved WM performance. Using a fractal n-back fMRI paradigm, we investigated brain responses to WM load in 951 human youths aged 8-22 years. Compared with more limited associations with age, WM performance was robustly associated with both executive network activation and deactivation of the default mode network. Multivariate patterns of brain activation predicted task performance with a high degree of accuracy, and also mediated the observed age-related improvements in WM performance. These results delineate a process of functional maturation of the executive system, and suggest that this process allows for the improvement of cognitive capability seen during adolescence.
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Heart rate variability biofeedback, executive functioning and chronic brain injury.
Primary objective: To determine if individuals with brain injury can modify heart rate variability (HRV) through biofeedback and, if so, enhance its pattern to improve emotional regulation and problem-solving ability.
Design: A quasi-experimental design with repeated measures was employed. Thirteen individuals aged 23-63 years with severe brain injury (13-40 years post-onset) participating in a community-based programme were enrolled.
Main outcomes: Response-to-treatment was measured with HRV indices, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-A-Informant) and attention/problem-solving tests.
Results: At post-treatment, HRV indices (Low Frequency/High Frequency [LF/HF] and coherence ratio) increased significantly. Increased LF/HF values during the second-half of a 10-minute session were associated with higher attention scores. Participants who scored better (by scoring lower)…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Childhood executive function continues to predict outcomes in young adult females with and without childhood-diagnosed ADHD.
We prospectively followed an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of preadolescent girls with ADHD (n = 140) and matched comparison girls (n = 88) over a period of 10 years, from middle childhood through late adolescence/young adulthood. Our aim was to examine the ability of childhood measures of executive function (EF) to predict functional outcomes at follow-up. Measures of EF comprised the childhood predictors, with academic, socioemotional, occupational, and global functioning serving as young adult criterion measures. Results indicated that childhood EF - particularly measures of global EF and working memory - predicted academic and occupational functioning across our entire sample (independent of diagnostic group status), but diagnostic status (ADHD versus comparison) moderated the association between (a) working memory and reading achievement and (b) a global EF measure…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Combined Goal Management Training and Mindfulness meditation improve executive functions and decision-making performance in abstinent polysubstance abusers.
The clinical relevance of neuropsychological deficits in addicted individuals has fostered interest in treatment strategies aimed to effectively target executive and decision-making dysfunction. One of the best-validated interventions for executive dysfunction is Goal Management Training (GMT) (Robertson et al., 2005), an interactive program aimed at improving participants' organization and ability to achieve goals. Mindfulness-based meditation can complement GMT training in order to improve attentional scanning and "reading" of emotional signals involved in adaptive decision-making. In this pilot study we investigated the efficacy of a 7-week program including GMT+Mindfulness (GMT+MF), as compared to standard treatment alone (STx), for reducing executive and decision-making deficits in an outpatient sample of alcohol and polysubstance abusers. Eighteen participants were enrolled in the …
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Memory dysfunction, psychomotor slowing, and decreased executive function predict mortality in patients with heart failure and low ejection fraction.
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether dysfunction of specific cognitive abilities is a predictor of impending mortality in adults with systolic heart failure (HF).
Methods: A total of 166 stable outpatients with HF completed cognitive function evaluation in language, working memory, memory, visuospatial ability, psychomotor speed, and executive function using a neuropsychological test battery. Demographic and clinical variables, comorbidity, depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life were also measured. Patients were followed for 12 months to determine all-cause mortality.
Results: There were 145 survivors and 21 deaths. In logistic regression analyses, significant predictors of mortality were lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and poorer scores on measures of global congnitive function Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE], working memory…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Executive function in daily life: Age-related influences of executive processes on instrumental activities of daily living.
The present study of older adults used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between 3 executive processes underlying executive function (EF) (inhibition, task switching, updating in working memory), and 2 types of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) (self-report, performance based). Experimental tasks of executive attention and self-report or performance-based IADL tests were administered to create latent constructs of EF and IADLs. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the construct validity of EF and IADLs. This analysis indicated a 3-factor model of inhibition, updating, and task switching and a 2-factor model of self-report and performance-based IADLs. As predicted, when the latent variable relationships were analyzed, executive processes had a significant relationship with performance-based, but not self-report, IADLs. In addit…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
The Role of Exercise in Management of Mental Health Disorders: An Integrative Review.
A large and growing body of evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) may hold therapeutic promise in the management of mental health disorders. Most evidence linking PA to mental health outcomes has focused on the effects of aerobic exercise training on depression, although a growing body of work supports the efficacy of both aerobic and resistance exercise paradigms in the treatment of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite abundant evidence linking PA and mental health, use of exercise training as a mental health treatment remains limited due to three important sources of uncertainty: (a) large individual differences in response to exercise treatment within multiple mental health domains; (b) the critical importance of sustained PA engagement, not always achieved, for therapeutic benefit; and (c) disagreement regarding the relative importance of putative therapeutic m…
matched on Executive Function (keyword)
Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex?
Postnatal brain development is studded with sensitive periods during which experience dependent plasticity is enhanced. This enables rapid learning from environmental inputs and reorganization of cortical circuits that matches behavior with environmental contingencies. Significant headway has been achieved in characterizing and understanding sensitive period biology in primary sensory cortices, but relatively little is known about sensitive period biology in associative neocortex. One possible mediator is the onset of puberty, which marks the transition to adolescence, when animals shift their behavior toward gaining independence and exploring their social world. Puberty onset correlates with reduced behavioral plasticity in some domains and enhanced plasticity in others, and therefore may drive the transition from juvenile to adolescent brain function. Pubertal onset is also occurring e…
matched on Executive Function (keyword)