Planning, inhibition and self-control.
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526 to 550 of 1,075Temporal Discounting and the Tendency to Delay Gratification across the Eating Disorder Spectrum.
Bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) have been associated with poorer reward-related inhibitory control, reflected by a reduced tendency to delay gratification. The opposite has been reported in anorexia nervosa (AN), but differences have not been directly compared across eating disorders (EDs). This study investigated self-reported (Delaying Gratification Inventory) and task-based (temporal discounting) inhibitory control in 66 women with an ED and 28 healthy controls (HCs). Poorer task-based inhibitory control was observed in the BN compared with the AN group and poorer self-reported inhibitory control in the BN and in the BED groups compared with the AN and the HC groups, suggesting that reward-related inhibitory control varies across EDs. Symptom severity correlated with poorer self-reported (but not task-based) inhibitory control across the EDs. These data provide so…
matched on Inhibition, Psychological (mesh), inhibitory control (text), Delay Discounting (mesh)
Inattentive behaviour is associated with poor working memory and slow processing speed in very pre-term children in middle childhood.
BACKGROUND. Problem behaviour is common following pre-term birth, but the underlying nature of these difficulties is not well known. AIMS. We sought to establish the mechanisms underpinning behavioural difficulties in very pre-term (VPT) children in middle childhood by comparing their performance to that of term born peers on tasks of working memory, inhibition, and processing speed, and relating these to parent and teacher assessments of their behaviour. Particular focus was given to inattention and overactive/impulsive behaviour, as these behaviours have been associated with different neuropsychological problems in term children. SAMPLES. A group of VPT children (gestational age < 31 weeks, N= 56) aged 9-10 years and term controls (N= 22) participated in the study. METHOD. Children were assessed with measures of working memory, inhibition, and processing speed. Parents and teachers rep…
matched on Inhibition, Psychological (mesh), inhibitory control (text), working memory (text)
Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children.
Executive functions, including working memory and inhibition, are of central importance to much of human behavior. Interventions intended to improve executive functions might therefore serve an important purpose. Previous studies show that working memory can be improved by training, but it is unknown if this also holds for inhibition, and whether it is possible to train executive functions in preschoolers. In the present study, preschool children received computerized training of either visuo-spatial working memory or inhibition for 5 weeks. An active control group played commercially available computer games, and a passive control group took part in only pre- and posttesting. Children trained on working memory improved significantly on trained tasks; they showed training effects on non-trained tests of spatial and verbal working memory, as well as transfer effects to attention. Children…
matched on Inhibition, Psychological (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Common and unique components of inhibition and working memory: an fMRI, within-subjects investigation.
Behavioural findings indicate that the core executive functions of inhibition and working memory are closely linked, and neuroimaging studies indicate overlap between their neural correlates. There has not, however, been a comprehensive study, including several inhibition tasks and several working memory tasks, performed by the same subjects. In the present study, 11 healthy adult subjects completed separate blocks of 3 inhibition tasks (a stop task, a go/no-go task and a flanker task), and 2 working memory tasks (one spatial and one verbal). Activation common to all 5 tasks was identified in the right inferior frontal gyrus, and, at a lower threshold, also the right middle frontal gyrus and right parietal regions (BA 40 and BA 7). Left inferior frontal regions of interest (ROIs) showed a significant conjunction between all tasks except the flanker task. The present study could not pinpo…
matched on Inhibition, Psychological (mesh), executive function (text), working memory (text)
Ego depletion in color priming research: self-control strength moderates the detrimental effect of red on cognitive test performance.
Colors have been found to affect psychological functioning. Empirical evidence suggests that, in test situations, brief perceptions of the color red or even the word "red" printed in black ink prime implicit anxious responses and consequently impair cognitive performance. However, we propose that this red effect depends on people's momentary capacity to exert control over their prepotent responses (i.e., self-control). In three experiments (Ns = 66, 78, and 130), first participants' self-control strength was manipulated. Participants were then primed with the color or word red versus gray prior to completing an arithmetic test or an intelligence test. As expected, self-control strength moderated the red effect. While red had a detrimental effect on performance of participants with depleted self-control strength (ego depletion), it did not affect performance of participants with intact se…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), Self-Control (keyword)
Using the Networked Fire Chief for ego-depletion research: measuring dynamic decision-making effort and performance.
This study replicated ego-depletion predictions from the self-control literature in a computer simulation task that requires ongoing decision-making in relation to constantly changing environmental information: the Network Fire Chief (NFC). Ego-depletion led to decreased self-regulatory effort, but not performance, on the NFC task. These effects were also buffered by task enjoyment so that individuals who enjoyed the dynamic decision-making task did not experience ego-depletion effects. These findings confirm that past ego-depletion effects on decision-making are not limited to static or isolated decision-making tasks and can be extended to dynamic, naturalistic decision-making processes more common to naturalistic settings. Furthermore, the NFC simulation provides a methodological mechanism for independently measuring effort and performance when studying ego-depletion.
matched on Executive Function (mesh), Self-Control (keyword)
Self-regulatory depletion enhances neural responses to rewards and impairs top-down control.
To be successful at self-regulation, individuals must be able to resist impulses and desires. The strength model of self-regulation suggests that when self-regulatory capacity is depleted, self-control deficits result from a failure to engage top-down control mechanisms. Using functional neuroimaging, we examined changes in brain activity in response to viewing desirable foods among 31 chronic dieters, half of whom completed a task known to result in self-regulatory depletion. Compared with nondepleted dieters, depleted dieters exhibited greater food-cue-related activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, a brain area associated with coding the reward value and liking aspects of desirable foods; they also showed decreased functional connectivity between this area and the inferior frontal gyrus, a region commonly implicated in self-control. These findings suggest that self-regulatory depletion …
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Capacity to delay reward differentiates obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
Background: Although the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) has long been debated, clinical samples of OCD (without OCPD) and OCPD (without OCD) have never been systematically compared. We studied whether individuals with OCD, OCPD, or both conditions differ on symptomatology, functioning, and a measure of self-control: the capacity to delay reward.
Methods: Twenty-five OCD, 25 OCPD, 25 comorbid OCD + OCPD, and 25 healthy control subjects completed clinical assessments and a validated intertemporal choice task that measures capacity to forego small immediate rewards for larger delayed rewards.
Results: OCD and OCPD subjects both showed impairment in psychosocial functioning and quality of life, as well as compulsive behavior, but only subjects with OCD reported obsessions. Individuals with OCPD, with or without co…
matched on Impulsive Behavior (mesh), Self-Control (keyword), Delay Discounting (keyword)
Vergara-Lopez C, Ortiz E, Grados M, Dunsiger S, Bock BC, Nugent NR, Stroud LR, Armey M, Tyrka AR, Parade SH (2026)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology1 citations Examining the moderating role of adverse childhood experiences on the link between executive functioning and depressive/anger rumination among adolescents.
Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are theorized to amplify the effects of poor executive functioning (EF) leading to rumination. Though, few studies test this hypothesis among adolescents. Rumination is a transdiagnostic risk factor linked to mental health problems. We tested the moderating effect of ACEs (across informants) on the association between EF (measured using neutral and negative stimuli) and depressive and anger rumination.
Method: Youth were initially recruited at 3-5 years-old for a longitudinal project examining the biopsychosocial consequences of child maltreatment. These analyses are based on a follow-up study that included adolescents (n = 48; ages 14-16; M = 14.86, SD = .50) who completed self-reports of lifetime ACEs, depressive and anger rumination, and the affective interference resolution task (a measure of EF). Additionally, a caregiver provided l…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
The Relationship Between Sleep, Cognition, and Dementia Risk in People With Focal Epilepsy.
Background and objectives: Sleep disruption and cognitive impairment are important comorbidities of focal epilepsy. However, the nature to which sleep affects cognition and long-term dementia risk in focal epilepsy, compared with other brain conditions, remains unclear. We examined the relationship between sleep, cognition, and dementia risk in patients with focal epilepsy compared with healthy controls and stroke patients.
Methods: We conducted an analysis of the prospective UK Biobank cohort study, with baseline assessments performed between 2006 and 2010 and follow-up until 2021. Study groups were mutually exclusive participants with focal epilepsy and stroke at baseline assessment and healthy controls. Sleep characteristics included reports of sleep duration, obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, napping, and dozing. Main outcomes were risk of incident all-cause dementia and Alzheimer d…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
A daily examination of executive functioning and chronotype in bedtime procrastination.
Study objectives: Bedtime procrastination, or delays in bedtime not attributable to external obligations, is a behavioral tendency that undermines sleep and is conceptualized as a consequence of poor self-regulation. Prior studies investigating the mechanistic role of self-regulation in bedtime procrastination relied on cross-sectional methods and self-reported self-regulation. The present study examined the association between bedtime procrastination and both objective and self-reported executive functioning (EF) as indices of self-regulation, as well as the moderating role of chronotype, using methods that examined these associations at the daily level.
Methods: A total of 273 young adult participants (78% female; Mage = 24.4) completed daily measures of objective EF (i.e., Stroop task), self-reported EF (i.e., self-reported cognitive, behavioral, and emotional regulation difficulties)…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
Diminished Cellular Immunity and Executive Cognitive Functioning Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults.
Objective: Within the field of psychoneuroimmunology, much attention has been given to immune dysregulation and its impact on cognitive functioning. Some of this work has focused on the association between high levels of basal proinflammatory cytokines and poorer performance on measures of executive functioning; however, effect sizes have been quite small in human studies.
Methods: We investigated whether Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody titers, a marker of immune dysregulation related to cellular immunity, may be associated with executive functioning while also attempting to replicate prior studies using two markers of proinflammatory cytokine production (i.e., circulating and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-stimulated cytokines [interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, interferon-γ]). A total of 71 community-dwelling adults (mean [standard deviation] age = 60.87 [6.26] years) who were seropositive for…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
Socioeconomic status impacts cognitive and socioemotional processes in healthy ageing.
Socioeconomic status (SES) negatively impacts cognitive and executive functioning in older adults, yet its effects on socioemotional abilities have not been studied in this population. Also, evidence on neurocognitive processes associated with ageing primarily comes from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) populations, hindering the generalization of findings to persons from upper-middle- and low-middle-income countries, such as those of Latin America. Here, we compared the performance of low- and high-SES older adults from Argentina in cognitive state, executive functions, social cognition (emotion recognition and theory of mind), and counter-empathic social emotions (envy and Schadenfreude; displeasure at others' fortune and pleasure at others' misfortune, respectively). Subsequently, we developed a path analysis to test the relationship among those variable…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
Inflammation mediates depression and generalized anxiety symptoms predicting executive function impairment after 18 years.
Introduction: Scar theories propose that elevated depression and anxiety can predispose people to future decreased executive function (EF) via heightened inflammation across decades. However, more longitudinal (versus cross-sectional) research on this topic is needed.
Objective: We thus investigated if increased major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and panic disorder (PD) severity predicted EF decrement 18 years later via heightened inflammation.
Method: Community-dwelling adults participated in this study. Time 1 (T1) MDD, GAD, and PD severity (Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form), T2 inflammation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen blood levels concentration), and T2 and T3 EF (Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone) were measured. The waves of assessment were spaced approximately 9 years apart. Structural equation …
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
Moriguchi Y (2022)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usDevelopmental science21 citations Relationship between cool and hot executive function in young children: A near-infrared spectroscopy study.
A theoretical distinction exists between the cool and hot aspects of executive function (EF). At the neural level, cool EF may be associated with activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas the orbitofrontal cortex may play a key role in hot EF. However, some recent studies have shown that young children show activity in the lateral prefrontal regions during hot EF tasks, suggesting that the distinction between hot and cool EF may not be as marked. Nevertheless, few neuroimaging studies have directly examined the relationship between cool and hot EF. In this study, preschool children (N = 46, mean age = 66.1 months) were given both cool (Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) and Stroop-like tasks) and hot (delay of gratification) EF tasks, and neural activation during these tasks was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Co…
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Metacognition in adult ADHD: subjective and objective perspectives on self-awareness of cognitive functioning.
Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is associated with marked cognitive impairment, research on metacognition in adult ADHD is scarce. Deficits in metacognition may have a negative impact on treatment adherence, functional outcomes, and everyday life. This study explores metacognition, specifically self-awareness of cognitive performance, in adults with ADHD by combining objective and subjective assessments. Forty-seven patients with ADHD and 47 control individuals completed a neuropsychological assessment battery including tests for attention, executive functions and memory (objective assessment), as well as questionnaires for cognitive functioning and symptom severity (subjective assessment; self- and informant-report). Participants evaluated their test performance of the objective assessment after test completion by selecting a percentile rank which w…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
Cross-sectional associations between 24-hour activity behaviours and mental health indicators in children and adolescents: A compositional data analysis.
We examined associations between youth 24-hour activity behaviour compositions and mental health. Data were collected from 359 participants (aged 9-13 years). Activity behaviours (sleep, sedentary time (ST), light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)) were assessed using wrist-worn accelerometers. Questionnaires and a computerized cognitive test battery assessed mental health outcomes. Linear mixed models examined associations between activity behaviour compositions and mental health. Post-hoc analyses modelled the influence of reallocating fixed durations of time between activity behaviours on mental health. ST was associated with worse internalizing problems (all participants; p< 0.05) and poorer prosocial behaviour (primary school participants only; p< 0.05), relative to the other activity behaviours. LPA was associated with worse cognitive test sc…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
Baum GL, Cui Z, Roalf DR, Ciric R, Betzel RF, Larsen B, Cieslak M, Cook PA, Xia CH, Moore TM, Ruparel K, Oathes DJ, Alexander-Bloch AF, Shinohara RT, Raznahan A, Gur RE, Gur RC, Bassett DS, Satterthwaite TD (2020)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America483 citations Development of structure-function coupling in human brain networks during youth.
The protracted development of structural and functional brain connectivity within distributed association networks coincides with improvements in higher-order cognitive processes such as executive function. However, it remains unclear how white-matter architecture develops during youth to directly support coordinated neural activity. Here, we characterize the development of structure-function coupling using diffusion-weighted imaging and n-back functional MRI data in a sample of 727 individuals (ages 8 to 23 y). We found that spatial variability in structure-function coupling aligned with cortical hierarchies of functional specialization and evolutionary expansion. Furthermore, hierarchy-dependent age effects on structure-function coupling localized to transmodal cortex in both cross-sectional data and a subset of participants with longitudinal data (n = 294). Moreover, structure-functio…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
"Tomorrow is the busiest day of the week": Executive functions mediate the relation between procrastination and attention problems.
Objective: We examined whether executive functions (EFs) mediate the relation between procrastination and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in college students. Participants: One hundred fourteen undergraduates were recruited for study participation. Methods: Participants completed measures of academic performance, procrastination, ADHD symptoms, EFs (as measured by five EF facets: time management, organization/problem-solving, restraint, motivation, and emotion regulation), and common comorbid concerns for college students between May 2017 and May 2018. A mediational framework was utilized to examine the associations among procrastination, EFs, and four ADHD symptoms domains. Results: Results indicated that both procrastination and GPA correlated with EFs and three ADHD symptom domains. While EFs mediated the association between procrastination and ADHD symptoms, …
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
Neurodevelopmental and health-related quality-of-life outcomes in adolescence after surgery for congenital heart disease in infancy.
Aim: To assess outcomes in adolescence after surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) in infancy. Domains analysed included cognition and executive function, social and emotional well-being, adaptive behaviour, academic achievement, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).
Method: Twenty-one participants (10 males, 11 females) ranged in age from 14 to 17 years (mean 15y 4.8mo, SD 8.4mo). Twenty had biventricular repairs. All were classified as New York Heart Association class I. Measures included: Wechsler Intelligence and Achievement scales; Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Second Edition; California Verbal Learning Test - Children's Version; Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function; Conners, Third Edition; Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition; Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition; Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure; and Pediatric Q…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
Reported history of childhood trauma and stress-related vulnerability: Associations with emotion regulation, executive functioning, daily hassles and pre-sleep arousal.
Childhood trauma is associated with poor health outcomes in adulthood. Mechanisms for these associations are not well understood because past studies have focused predominantly on populations that have already developed physical and mental health problems. The present study examined the association between childhood trauma and stress-related vulnerability factors in a healthy adult sample (n = 79; 68% female, mean age = 27.5, SD = 6.5). Emotion regulation difficulties were examined as a potential mediator. Participants completed baseline laboratory assessments of reported childhood trauma, emotion regulation difficulties, prior month sleep quality, baseline impedance cardiography and behavioural tests of executive functioning (EF) and a three-day experience sampling assessment protocol that included sleep diary, reported and objective pre-sleep arousal, daily hassles and reported EF diff…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
The association between sedentary behavior and cognitive ability in older adults.
Executive functions (EF) are a grouping of cognitive abilities essential for daily life. Previous research has shown that physical activity (PA) may in fact preserve EF in older adults, but the link between sedentary behavior (SB) and cognitive ability has been less explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between SB and cognition (executive function and memory) in older adults. Seventy five older adults (74.6 ± 9 years) self-reported their sedentary time (ST) and PA, as well as EF ability (paper-based measure of EF). Participants also completed several performance-based measures of EF and a memory task. Older adults who were less sedentary had superior EF and memory (e.g., Stroop time was significantly faster in less sedentary adults (34.7 s ± 1.9) compared to more sedentary adults (39.6 s ± 1.8), p = .02). Regression analysis showed that total ST was associat…
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Water supplementation after dehydration improves judgment and decision-making performance.
Previous research has shown that dehydration and water supplementation affect mood and cognitive performance in both adults and children on a variety of tasks that assess memory, attention, executive function, and speeded responses. Given the varied effects of water on cognition, this study explored potential effects of water supplementation, hydration status, and thirst on thinking and decision-making tasks. 29 adult participants undertook a battery of cognitive tests on two separate occasions after having fasted from the previous night. On one occasion, they were offered 500 ml of water to drink prior to testing. Measures of urine osmolality confirmed the group-level effectiveness of the dehydration manipulation. Water supplementation was found to improve performance on tasks measuring cognitive reflection in judgement and decision-making. This increase in performance was associated wi…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
LaClair M, Febo M, Nephew B, Gervais NJ, Poirier G, Workman K, Chumachenko S, Payne L, Moore MC, King JA, Lacreuse A (2019)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by useNeuro34 citations Sex Differences in Cognitive Flexibility and Resting Brain Networks in Middle-Aged Marmosets.
Sex differences in human cognitive performance are well characterized. However, the neural correlates of these differences remain elusive. This issue may be clarified using nonhuman primates, for which sociocultural influences are minimized. We used the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to investigate sex differences in two aspects of executive function: reversal learning and intradimensional/extradimensional (ID/ED) set shifting. Stress reactivity and motor function were also assessed. In agreement with human literature, females needed more trials than males to acquire the reversals. No sex differences in ED set shifting or motivational measures were observed. The findings suggest enhanced habit formation in females, perhaps due to striatal estrogenic effects. Both sexes showed increased urinary cortisol during social separation stressor, but females showed an earlier increase in cortisol a…
matched on Executive Function (mesh), executive function (text)
Prospective association between sleep-related factors and the trajectories of cognitive performance in the elderly Chinese population across a 5-year period cohort study.
The integral role of sleep in cognition, such as night-time sleep and napping duration, has yielded mixed findings, especially in healthy elderly adults. This study aimed to identify the heterogeneous classes of the cognitive trajectories and investigated the associations between sleep parameters and the trajectories of cognition in different elderly subpopulations. The study was based on a large, national representative sample aged 60 years or older. Two cognitive measures were assessed, including executive function and episodic memory. Sleep parameters were evaluated, including post-lunch napping, night-time sleep duration, and sleep disturbances. Latent growth mixture model (LGMM) was used to describe the trajectories of cognition and investigate the effects of sleep factors on cognition. Three heterogeneous trajectories were identified for executive cognition and four for episodic me…
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