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Executive function and impulse control

Planning, inhibition and self-control.

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Qurʾān

القرآن5 shown

Verses named for this subject by hand come first. The rest are found by the subject’s own Arabic and English senses and are shown as lexical matches, not as anchors anyone has confirmed.

Qur'ān 24:58Arabic sense: الحلم, حلم

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لِيَسۡتَـٔۡذِنكُمُ ٱلَّذِينَ مَلَكَتۡ أَيۡمَٰنُكُمۡ وَٱلَّذِينَ لَمۡ يَبۡلُغُواْ ٱلۡحُلُمَ مِنكُمۡ ثَلَٰثَ مَرَّٰتࣲۚ مِّن قَبۡلِ صَلَوٰةِ ٱلۡفَجۡرِ وَحِينَ تَضَعُونَ ثِيَابَكُم مِّنَ ٱلظَّهِيرَةِ وَمِنۢ بَعۡدِ صَلَوٰةِ ٱلۡعِشَآءِۚ ثَلَٰثُ عَوۡرَٰتࣲ لَّكُمۡۚ لَيۡسَ عَلَيۡكُمۡ وَلَا عَلَيۡهِمۡ جُنَاحُۢ بَعۡدَهُنَّۚ طَوَّٰفُونَ عَلَيۡكُم بَعۡضُكُمۡ عَلَىٰ بَعۡضࣲۚ كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ ٱللَّهُ لَكُمُ ٱلۡأٓيَٰتِۗ وَٱللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمࣱ‏

Believers, your slaves and any who have not yet reached puberty should ask your permission to come in at three times of day: before the dawn prayer; when you lay your garments aside in the midday heat; and after the evening prayer. These are your three times for privacy; at other times, there is no blame on you or them if you move around each other freely. In this way God makes messages clear: God is all knowing, all wise

Qur'ān 24:59Arabic sense: الحلم, حلم

وَإِذَا بَلَغَ ٱلۡأَطۡفَٰلُ مِنكُمُ ٱلۡحُلُمَ فَلۡيَسۡتَـٔۡذِنُواْ كَمَا ٱسۡتَـٔۡذَنَ ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبۡلِهِمۡۚ كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ ٱللَّهُ لَكُمۡ ءَايَٰتِهِۦۗ وَٱللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمࣱ‏

When your children reach puberty, they should [always] ask your permission to enter, like their elders do. This is how God makes His messages clear to you: God is all knowing, all wise

Qur'ān 12:44Arabic sense: حلم

قَالُوٓاْ أَضۡغَٰثُ أَحۡلَٰمࣲۖ وَمَا نَحۡنُ بِتَأۡوِيلِ ٱلۡأَحۡلَٰمِ بِعَٰلِمِينَ

They said, ‘These are confusing dreams and we are not skilled at dream-interpretation,’

Qur'ān 21:5Arabic sense: حلم

بَلۡ قَالُوٓاْ أَضۡغَٰثُ أَحۡلَٰمِۭ بَلِ ٱفۡتَرَىٰهُ بَلۡ هُوَ شَاعِرࣱ فَلۡيَأۡتِنَا بِـَٔايَةࣲ كَمَآ أُرۡسِلَ ٱلۡأَوَّلُونَ

Some say, ‘Muddled dreams’; others, ‘He made it up’; yet others, ‘He is just a poet, let him show us a sign as previous messengers did.’

Qur'ān 52:32Arabic sense: حلم

أَمۡ تَأۡمُرُهُمۡ أَحۡلَٰمُهُم بِهَٰذَآۚ أَمۡ هُمۡ قَوۡمࣱ طَاغُونَ

does their reason really tell them to do this, or are they simply insolent people

Tafsīr

التفسير6 shown

Commentary on the verses above, at most two editions per verse.

en-asbab-al-nuzul-by-al-wahidi on 24:58en-asbab-al-nuzul-by-al-wahidicommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

(O ye who believe! Let your slaves, and those of you who have not come to puberty, ask leave of you�) [24:58]. Said ibn �Abbas: �The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, sent a boy from the Helpers, called Mudlij ibn �Amr, to �Umar ibn al-Khattab, May Allah be pleased with him, after noon to summon him. When he entered in, he saw �Umar in a state which the latter disliked to be seen in. And so he said to the Prophet: �O Messenger of Allah, I wish that Allah, exalted is He, give us some commands and prohibitions regarding asking permission before entering�. And so Allah, exalted is He, revealed this verse�. Said Muqatil: �This verse was revealed about Asma� bint Marthid. She had a slave-boy who was quite old and he happened to enter in on her one day at a time in which she disliked him to enter in on her. She went to the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him

en-al-jalalayn on 24:58en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

O you who believe let those whom your right hands own of male slaves and female slaves and those of you who have not reached puberty from among the free men and who have not become sexually aware of women ask leave of you three times at three times of the day before the dawn prayer and when you put off your garments at noon and after the night prayer. These are three periods of privacy for you read thalāthu ‘awrātin lakum with nominative inflection as the predicate of an implied subject followed by a genitive annexation with the annexed term standing in place thereof of the predicate in other words the implied predicate followed by the annexation is hiya awqāt ‘these are times of …’; or read thalātha ‘awrātin lakum in the accusative the implication being that awqāta is itself in the accusative as a substitute for the syntactical status of what precedes it in place of which stands the ann

en-al-jalalayn on 24:59en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

And when the children among you O free men reach puberty let them seek permission at all times just as those now older free men sought permission before them. So God clarifies His signs for you and God is Knower Wise.

en-tafisr-ibn-kathir on 24:59en-tafisr-ibn-kathircommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

O you who believe! Let your slaves and slave-girls, and those among you who have not come to the age of puberty ask your permission on three occasions: before the Fajr prayer, and while you put off your clothes during the afternoon, and after the 'Isha' prayer. (These) three (times) are of privacy for you; other than these times there is no sin on you or on them to move about, attending to each other. Thus Allah makes clear the Ayat to you. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise (58)And when the children among you come to puberty, then let them (also) ask for permission, as those senior to them (in age) ask permission. Thus Allah makes clear His Ayat for you. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise (59)And the Qawa'id among women who do not hope for marriage, it is no sin on them if they discard their (outer) clothing in such a way as not to show their adornment. But to refrain is better for them

en-al-jalalayn on 12:44en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

They said this is ‘A jumble a mixture of dreams! And we are not knowledgeable in the interpretation of dreams’.

en-tafisr-ibn-kathir on 12:44en-tafisr-ibn-kathircommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

And the king (of Egypt) said: "Verily, I saw (in a dream) seven fat cows, whom seven lean ones were devouring, and seven green ears of corn, and (seven) others dry. O notables! Explain to me my dream, if it be that you can interpret dreams (43)They said: "Mixed up false dreams and we are not skilled in the interpretation of dreams. (44)Then the man who was released, now at length remembered and said: "I will tell you its interpretation, so send me forth. (45)(He said): "O Yusuf, the man of truth! Explain to us seven fat cows whom seven lean ones were devouring, and seven green ears of corn, and (seven) others dry, that I may return to the people, and that they may know. (46)[Yusuf] said: "For seven consecutive years, you shall sow as usual and that which you reap you shall leave it in the ears, (all) except a little of it which you may eat. (47)"Then will come after that, seven hard (yea

Ḥadīth

الحديث4 shown

Sound narrations only, and never matched by text. A narration appears here because a compiler filed it under a chapter this subject maps to, or because someone read it and anchored it. Each row says which.

Sunan Abi Dawud 3242Oaths And Vowsfiled here by the compiler

حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الصَّبَّاحِ الْبَزَّازُ، حَدَّثَنَا يَزِيدُ بْنُ هَارُونَ، أَخْبَرَنَا هِشَامُ بْنُ حَسَّانَ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِيرِينَ، عَنْ عِمْرَانَ بْنِ حُصَيْنٍ، قَالَ قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ مَنْ حَلَفَ عَلَى يَمِينٍ مَصْبُورَةٍ كَاذِبًا فَلْيَتَبَوَّأْ بِوَجْهِهِ مَقْعَدَهُ مِنَ النَّارِ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Narrated Imran ibn Husayn: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: If anyone swears a false oath in confinement, he should make his seat in Hell on account of his (act)

Sunan Abi Dawud 3243Oaths And Vowsfiled here by the compiler

حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عِيسَى، وَهَنَّادُ بْنُ السَّرِيِّ، - الْمَعْنَى - قَالاَ حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو مُعَاوِيَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا الأَعْمَشُ، عَنْ شَقِيقٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏"‏ مَنْ حَلَفَ عَلَى يَمِينٍ هُوَ فِيهَا فَاجِرٌ لِيَقْتَطِعَ بِهَا مَالَ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ لَقِيَ اللَّهَ وَهُوَ عَلَيْهِ غَضْبَانُ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ فَقَالَ الأَشْعَثُ فِيَّ وَاللَّهِ كَانَ ذَلِكَ كَانَ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَ رَجُلٍ مِنَ الْيَهُودِ أَرْضٌ فَجَحَدَنِي فَقَدَّمْتُهُ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَقَالَ لِيَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏"‏ أَلَكَ بَيِّنَةٌ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قُلْتُ لاَ ‏.‏ قَالَ لِلْيَهُودِيِّ ‏"‏ احْلِفْ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِذًا يَحْلِفُ وَيَذْهَبُ بِمَالِي فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى ‏{‏ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَشْتَرُونَ بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ وَأَيْمَانِهِمْ ثَمَنًا قَلِيلاً ‏}‏ إِلَى آخِرِ الآيَةِ ‏.‏

Narrated Abdullah ibn Mas'ud: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: He who swears an oath in which he tells a lie to take the property of a Muslim by unfair means, will meet Allah while He is angry with him. Al-Ash'ath said: I swear by Allah, he said this about me. There was some land between me and a Jew, but he denied it to me; so I presented him to the Prophet (ﷺ). The Prophet (ﷺ) asked me: Have you any evidence? I replied: No. He said to the Jew: Take an oath. I said: Messenger of Allah, now he will take an oath and take my property. So Allah, the Exalted, revealed the verse, "As for those who sell the faith they owe to Allah and their own plighted word for a small price, they shall have no portion in the hereafter

Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2737Adab: Manners, Character and Conductfiled here by the compiler

حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُوسَى الْمَخْزُومِيُّ الْمَدَنِيُّ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْمَقْبُرِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ لِلْمُؤْمِنِ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِ سِتُّ خِصَالٍ يَعُودُهُ إِذَا مَرِضَ وَيَشْهَدُهُ إِذَا مَاتَ وَيُجِيبُهُ إِذَا دَعَاهُ وَيُسَلِّمُ عَلَيْهِ إِذَا لَقِيَهُ وَيُشَمِّتُهُ إِذَا عَطَسَ وَيَنْصَحُ لَهُ إِذَا غَابَ أَوْ شَهِدَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ ‏.‏ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُوسَى الْمَخْزُومِيُّ الْمَدَنِيُّ ثِقَةٌ رَوَى عَنْهُ عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ وَابْنُ أَبِي فُدَيْكٍ ‏.‏

Narrated Abu Hurairah:that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "There are six things due from the believer to another believer: Visiting him when he is ill, attending (his funeral) to him when he dies, accepting his invitation when he invites, giving him Salam when he meets him, replying to him when he sneezes, and wishing him well when he is absent and when he is present

Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2738Adab: Manners, Character and Conductfiled here by the compiler

حَدَّثَنَا حُمَيْدُ بْنُ مَسْعَدَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا زِيَادُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ، حَدَّثَنَا حَضْرَمِيٌّ، مَوْلَى آلِ الْجَارُودِ عَنْ نَافِعٍ، أَنَّ رَجُلاً، عَطَسَ إِلَى جَنْبِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ فَقَالَ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ وَالسَّلاَمُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ‏.‏ قَالَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ وَأَنَا أَقُولُ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ وَالسَّلاَمُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ وَلَيْسَ هَكَذَا عَلَّمَنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم عَلَّمَنَا أَنْ نَقُولَ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ ‏.‏ قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى هَذَا حَدِيثٌ غَرِيبٌ لاَ نَعْرِفُهُ إِلاَّ مِنْ حَدِيثِ زِيَادِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ ‏.‏

Narrated Hadrami, the freed slave of the family of Al-Jarud:from Nafi: "A man sneezed beside Ibn 'Umar and said: 'Al-Hamdulillah Was-Salamu 'Ala Rasulillah. (All praise is due to Allah, and peace upon the Messenger of Allah)'. So Ibn 'Umar said: 'I too say Al-Hamdulillah Was-Salamu 'Ala Rasulillah, but this is not what the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) taught us. He taught us to say: "Al-Hamdulillah 'Ala Kulli Hal (All praise is due to Allah in every circumstance)

Classical works

كتب التراث6 shown

Arabic originals, reached through the subject’s Arabic senses. Interpretive sources, never proof of a ruling.

ihya §9592ihyaArabic sense: الحلم, حلم, مجاهدة

اعلم أن الحلم أفضل من كظم الغيظ لأن كظم الغيظ عبارة عن التحلم أي تكلف الحلم ولا يحتاج إلى كظم الغيظ إلا من هاج غيظه ويحتاج فيه إلى مجاهدة شديدة ولكن إذا تعود ذلك مدة صار ذلك اعتيادا فلا يهيج الغيظ وإن هاج فلا يكون في كظمه تعب وهو الحلم الطبيعي وهو دلالة كمال العقل واستيلائه وانكسار قوة الغضب وخضوعها للعقل ولكن ابتداؤه التحلم وكظم الغيظ تكلفا

ihya §9540ihyaArabic sense: الحلم, حلم, مجاهدة

أما القسم الأول فليست الرياضة فيها لينعدم غيظ القلب ولكن لكي يقدر على أن لا يطيع الغضب ولا يستعمله في الظاهر إلا على حد يستحبه الشرع ويستحسنه العقل وذلك ممكن بالمجاهدة وتكلف الحلم والاحتمال مدة حتى يصير الحلم والاحتمال خلقا راسخا فأما قمع أصل الغيظ من القلب فذلك ليس مقتضى الطبع وهو غير ممكن نعم يمكن كسر سورته وتضعيفه حتى لا يشتد هيجان الغيظ في الباطن وينتهي ضعفه إلى أن لا يظهر أثره في الوجه ولكن ذلك شديد جدا وهذا حكم القسم الثالث أيضا لأن ما صار ضروريا في حق شخص فلا يمنعه من الغيظ استغناء غيره عنه فالرياضة فيه تمنع العمل به وتضعف هيجانه في الباطن حتى لا يشتد التألم بالصبر عليه

jawab-kafi §72jawab-kafiArabic sense: الحلم, حلم

صلوا بالجحيم وفات النعم % وكان الذي نالهم كالحلم فصل

madarij §3508madarijArabic sense: الحلم, حلم

وإذا انحرفت عن خلق الحلم انحرفت : إما إلى الطيش والترف والحدة والخفة وإما إلى الذل والمهانة والحقارة ففرق بين من حلمه حلم ذل ومهانة وحقارة وعجز وبين من حلمه حلم اقتدار وعزة وشرف كما قيل :

madarij §3542madarijArabic sense: الحلم, حلم

| فصل المشهد الثالث : مشهد العفو والصفح والحلم فإنه متى شهد ذلك

madarij §3544madarijArabic sense: الحلم, حلم

هذا وفي الصفح والعفو والحلم : من الحلاوة والطمأنينة والسكينة وشرف النفس وعزها ورفعتها عن تشفيها بالانتقام : ما ليس شيء منه في المقابلة والانتقام

Research library

المكتبة البحثية1,075 works held

Peer-reviewed work held with its DOI and abstract, labelled with the study design its publication types report. None of it has been read or assessed, so nothing here may be cited as showing anything. Retracted work is held for the record but never listed; a review that a later version replaced is listed under its replacement and marked.

10.1111/jcpp.12675Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines (2017)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Executive Function, Impulsive Behavior, Inhibition, Psychological, Self-Control, Self-Control, executive function

Annual Research Review: On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology.: Background: Self-regulation (SR) is central to developmental psychopathology, but progress has been impeded by varying terminology and meanings across fields and literatures. Methods: The present review attempts to move that discussion forward by noting key sources of prior confusion such as measurement-concept confounding, and then arguing the following major points. Results: First, the field needs a domain-general construct of SR that encompasses SR of action, emotion, and cognition and involv

10.1017/s0954579418001190Development and psychopathology (2019)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Executive Function, Self-Control, executive function, inhibitory control

A Preliminary, Randomized-Controlled Trial of Mindfulness and Game-Based Executive Function Trainings to Promote Self-Regulation in Internationally-Adopted Children.: Although many children adopted internationally show remarkable recovery once placed in families, as a group they continue to exhibit persisting developmental deficits and delays in self-regulation. The current study uses a stratified, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the effects of mindfulness-based and executive function trainings (EFTs) on internationally adopted (IA) children's self-regulation, including effortful/inhibitory control, attention, delay of gratification, and emotion-regu

10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.009Behaviour research and therapy (2016)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Executive Function, Inhibition, Psychological, executive function, Delay Discounting

Can the attention training technique turn one marshmallow into two? Improving children's ability to delay gratification.: The seminal Marshmallow Test (Mischel & Ebbesen, 1970) has reliably demonstrated that children who can delay gratification are more likely to be emotionally stable and successful later in life. However, this is not good news for those children who can't delay. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether a metacognitive therapy technique, Attention Training (ATT: Wells, 1990) can improve young children's ability to delay gratification. One hundred children participated. Classes of 5-6 year old

10.1002/da.22539Depression and anxiety (2017)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Executive Function, Inhibition, Psychological, executive function, working memory

The relationships between rumination and core executive functions: A meta-analysis.: Background: Rumination has been thought to relate to deficits in core executive functions (EFs), but the empirical findings for this idea are mixed. The aim of the present study is to synthesize existing literature to clarify these relations. Methods: A comprehensive literature search revealed 34 published as well as unpublished studies on the associations between rumination and core EF. These studies report on 3,066 participants. The effect size in the meta-analyses was obtained by the z transf

10.1016/j.arr.2019.100912Ageing research reviews (2019)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Executive Function, Inhibition, Psychological, executive function, working memory

Cognitive and neural plasticity in old age: A systematic review of evidence from executive functions cognitive training.: Cognitive training is a popular intervention aimed at attenuating age-related cognitive decline, however, the effects of this intervention on brain structure and function have not been thoroughly explored. Core executive functions (working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility) are dependent upon prefrontal brain regions-one of the most vulnerable areas of age-related decline. They are also implicated in numerous cognitive processes and higher-order functions. Training executive functions sh

10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.008Biological psychiatry (2014)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Impulsive Behavior, Inhibition, Psychological, Delay Discounting, working memory

Remember the future II: meta-analyses and functional overlap of working memory and delay discounting.: Previously we showed that working memory training decreased the discounting of future rewards in stimulant addicts without affecting a go/no-go task. While a relationship between delay discounting and working memory is consistent with other studies, the unique brain regions of plausible causality between these two abilities have yet to be determined. Activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses were performed on foci from studies of delay discounting (DD = 449), working memory (WM = 452), fing

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Klingelhoefer J, Gilbert A, Meier A (2026)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usScientific reports

Digital disconnection as a self-regulatory strategy against procrastination.

Digital media are pervasive and offer various short-term rewards, yet they may undermine the achievement of long-term goals by fostering procrastination-the irrational delay of intended tasks. Research documents that media users try to avoid procrastination through digital disconnection, the voluntary and temporary reduction of digital media use. Combining theoretical perspectives on psychological processes of self-regulation and digital disconnection, our study investigates whether goal conflicts and trait self-control make engaging in disconnection more likely and whether disconnection is in turn associated with less procrastination. In an experience sampling study with N = 237 young adult participants and T = 12,408 observations, we find that in situations in which participants experienced stronger goal conflicts they were more likely to engage in digital disconnection and that indivi

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Denaro CM, Hartley AA, Couperus JW, Bukach CM, Reed CL (2025)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology

Procrastination and anxiety aspects of self-control predict individual differences in the mismatch negativity (MMN).

Self-control failures are often attributed to a lack of top-down behavioral regulation. Self-report measures of self-control reflect higher-level cognitive appraisals of behavioral control and lower-level innate temperamental traits associated with reactive processes. However, few studies have examined the extent to which different aspects of self-control relate to reactive processes. Using a large sample (n = 246), we investigated whether individual differences in six self-control trait measures were predictive of low-level processing indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN) elicited from a passive auditory oddball task. Larger MMNs are associated with greater prediction error when the input stimulus conflicts with expectation. Self-control traits were measured by effortful control, perfectionism, impulsiveness, procrastination, perceived stress, and anxiety scales. We assumed personali

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Fan T, Li G (2025)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usActa psychologica

The effect and mechanism of physical exercise on ego depletion in college students.

Background: Amid rising academic pressures and heightened job market demands, college students increasingly experience mental health challenges. Aims: This study explores how physical exercise affects ego depletion among college students, using the self-control resource model to understand the underlying processes. Methods: The study included two parts. First, we surveyed 1032 college students (average age: 20.29 years; 592 males, 440 females) to examine the relationships among negative life events, self-control, physical exercise, and ego depletion. In the second part, 104 students (average age: 19.89 years; 54 males, 50 females) participated in a four-week exercise intervention. They completed three 18-minute high-intensity exercise sessions per week, totaling 12 sessions, to assess changes in self-control and ego depletion. Results: The survey results showed that negative life events

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Xu L, Yin Y, Wang X, Xu T, Zhang X, Feng T (2025)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNeuroImage

Early wounds, delayed consequences: Brain-behavior modeling reveals neural pathways linking childhood trauma to procrastination.

Childhood trauma has enduring effects on emotional and cognitive functioning, yet its impact on procrastination, particularly from a neurodevelopmental perspective, remains poorly understood. To achieve this, we employed resting-state functional MRI in conjunction with standardized behavioral assessments of childhood trauma, trait anxiety, self-control, and procrastination across two datasets (discovery dataset: n = 760; validation dataset: n = 429). By leveraging the advanced predictive analytics-including connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression-we aimed to elucidate the neural basis linking childhood trauma to procrastination. Our behavioral results revealed that childhood trauma was a significant predictor of elevated procrastination tendencies, with this association mediated by increased trait anxiety and reduc

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Qu Y (2025)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsychological reports2 citations

The Relationship Between Dispositional Awe and Reactive Aggression: The Serial Mediation Role of Trait Anger and Self-Control.

Previous research has shown that state awe will decrease aggressive behavior in individuals and reduce implicit trait aggression. However, hardly any studies have been conducted to show the relationship between individual dispositional awe and reactive aggression as well as the underlying psychological mechanisms. Based on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotion and the expanded model of awe, this study explored the effects of trait anger and self-control on the relationship between dispositional awe predicting reactive aggression. The trait anger, self-control, dispositional awe, and reactive aggression scales were completed by a total of 611 college students who were recruited from universities. The findings demonstrated a negative correlation between dispositional awe and reactive aggression (r = -.35, p < .01). The link between dispositional awe and reactive aggression is me

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Wang W, Zhu Y, Yu H, Wu C, Li T, Ji C, Jiang Y, Ding D (2024)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMC public health28 citations

The impact of sleep quality on emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents: a chained mediation model involving daytime dysfunction, social exclusion, and self-control.

Objective: Previous studies have revealed associations between sleep quality and mental health, yet the comprehensive role of sleep quality, daytime dysfunction, social exclusion, and self-control in difficulties with emotion regulation remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate how sleep quality affects emotion regulation difficulties among middle school students through pathways involving daytime dysfunction, social exclusion, and self-control, thereby providing a more comprehensive theoretical basis for mental health interventions. Methods: Utilizing the pittsburgh sleep quality index, the adolescent social exclusion scale, the brief self-control scale, and emotion regulation scale-short form, we assessed 1067 students randomly selected from four middle schools from October to November 2023. After the removal of extreme values (those exceeding 3 standard deviations), 806 students

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O'Bryan SR, Price MM, Alquist JL, Davis T, Scolari M (2024)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usExperimental brain research1 citations

Changes in pupil size track self-control failure.

People are more likely to perform poorly on a self-control task following a previous task requiring self-control (ego-depletion), but the mechanism for this effect remains unclear. We used pupillometry to test the role of attentional effort in ego-depletion. We hypothesized that an elevated pupil diameter (PD)-a common physiological measure of effort-during an initial task requiring self-control should be negatively associated with performance on a subsequent control task. To test this hypothesis, participants were first assigned to either a high- or low-demand attention task (manipulation; a standard ego-depletion paradigm), after which all participants completed the same Stroop task. We then separately extracted both sustained (low-frequency) and phasic (high-frequency) changes in PD from both tasks to evaluate possible associations with lapses of cognitive control on the Stroop task.

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Wang J, Sun Y (2023)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMC psychology2 citations

Time flies, but you're in control: the mediating effect of self-control between time attitude and academic procrastination.

Background: Academic procrastination has become an increasing concern in the educational sector. Prior studies identified various correlations among academic procrastination, time attitude and self-control. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the past time attitude and the mechanism underlying those relationships, and the existing studies have been implemented during regular school time. To fill those gaps, the present study includes all three dimensions of time attitude (past-oriented, present-oriented and future-oriented in both positive and negative perspectives), and proposes self-control as a mediator between academic procrastination and time attitude. The study was carried out during an extraordinary winter holiday in China, with final exams waiting at the end of the holiday. Methods: A total of 323 middle school students in China (178 girls and 145 boys, 12-19 years old) compl

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Schweitzer DR, Baumeister R, Laakso EL, Ting J (2023)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternal medicine journal11 citations

Self-control, limited willpower and decision fatigue in healthcare settings.

We argue that willpower as well as its depletion may, in some circumstances, adversely impact on clinical decision-making and patient care. This psychological phenomenon has been dubbed ego depletion in social psychology. Willpower and its depletion which is known as 'ego depletion' are well-established and validated theoretical constructs in social psychology and have been studied across a range of experimental contexts. Willpower is closely related to the concept of self-control, which refers to the ability to regulate one's own behaviour and actions in order to pursue and achieve either a short- or long-term goal. We outline the clinical relevance of willpower and its depletion in relation to clinical case examples drawn from three of the authors' clinical experience with the view of developing a clinical-research agenda for future research studies. We examine willpower and its deplet

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Gülseven Z, Yu MVB, Zarrett N, Vandell DL, Simpkins SD (2023)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usDevelopment and psychopathology4 citations

Self-control and cooperation in childhood as antecedents of less moral disengagement in adolescence.

Moral disengagement is a social cognition people use to engage in wrongdoings even when they know it is wrong. However, little is known about the antecedents that predict moral disengagement. The current study focuses on the development of self-control and cooperation during middle childhood as two antecedents of moral disengagement among 1,103 children (50% female; 77% White, 12% Black, 6% Hispanic, and 5% other). Children's self-control at age 8 and growth in self-control from age 8 to 11 were positively linked to adolescents seeing themselves as having self-control at age 15, which then predicted less moral disengagement at age 18. Children's cooperation at age 8 also was positively linked to adolescents' self-views of cooperation at age 15, which in turn, was associated with less moral disengagement at age 18. These findings demonstrate the potential of self-control and cooperation a

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Chen S, Liao J, Wang X, Wei M, Liu Y (2023)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usSleep medicine8 citations

Bidirectional relations between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination among Chinese university students: Self-control as a mediator.

Objective: Based on theoretical and empirical evidence, this study examined the longitudinal relationship between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination and the potential mediating role of self-control. Methods: Between November 2021 and November 2022, a three waves longitudinal design was employed. Wave 1 included 622 Chinese college students (46.95% male, Mage = 18.16, SD = 0.73), with 6-month intervals between waves. The data was collected using self-report assessments. Results: The results of the cross-lagged panel models show that problematic smartphone use positively predicted later bedtime procrastination, and the bedtime procrastination also positively predicted later problematic smartphone use among college students. More importantly, self-control played a mediating role in their bidirectional predictive relationship. Conclusions: These findings add to the unders

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Zhang C, Meng D, Zhu L, Ma X, Guo J, Fu Y, Zhao Y, Xu H, Mu L (2023)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of behavioral medicine12 citations

The Effect of Trait Anxiety on Bedtime Procrastination: the Mediating Role of Self-Control.

Background: Bedtime procrastination (BP), a special type of health behavior procrastination, is considered to be a failure of self-control. Notably, self-control may mediate the effect of trait anxiety on general procrastination. However, there is no evidence demonstrating the role of self-control in the relationship between trait anxiety and BP. Moreover, the association between BP and trait anxiety has not yet been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the direct relationship between them as well as the mediating role of self-control in this relationship. Methods: This cross-sectional survey included 718 college students enrolled in Chinese universities between October 2018 and January 2020. The Chinese versions of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale, the Self-Control Scale, and the Trait Anxiety Inventory were used to evaluate BP, self-control, and trait anxi

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Calvillo DP, Rodriguez K, Nguyen TN (2022)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe Journal of general psychology4 citations

A within-subjects test of ego depletion and potential moderators.

Ego depletion, the finding that initial exertion of self-control hinders performance on subsequent self-control tasks, has become a controversial topic. There have been discrepant results from empirical studies and different conclusions drawn from meta-analyses and multilab studies. We examined ego depletion and three potential moderators in a preregistered experiment using a within-subjects design in order to overcome limitations of the standard between-subjects design. In two sessions separated by 1 week, participants (N = 214) completed an ego depletion or control version of a Stroop task. Each Stroop task was followed by manipulation check questions and an antisaccade task. Participants also completed measures of lay theory of willpower, trait self-control, and action orientation. There was no significant evidence for ego depletion, and Bayes factors strongly favored the null hypothe

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Wei X, Yu F (2022)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of environmental research and public health3 citations

Envy and Environmental Decision Making: The Mediating Role of Self-Control.

Emotions have strong impacts on decision making, yet research on the association between social interpersonal emotion and environmental decisions is limited. The present study uses experimental manipulation and cross-sectional investigation to examine how envy state and personality trait envy influence environmental actions. In Study 1, participants were manipulated to elicit benign and malicious envy, and it was found that benign envy acts as an antecedent of pro-environmental behavior, while malicious envy could contribute to behavior harmful to the environment. Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1 and examined the mediator of self-control through a correlational study. Consequently, people who are high in malicious envy tend to engage in more environmentally harmful activities rather than living a sustainable life, while dispositional benign envy could significantly predict pro-e

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Brucks D, Petelle M, Baldoni C, Krasheninnikova A, Rovegno E, von Bayern AMP (2022)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAnimal cognition9 citations

Intra- and interspecific variation in self-control capacities of parrots in a delay of gratification task.

Forgoing immediate satisfaction for higher pay-offs in the future (delayed gratification) could be adaptive in situations that wild animals may encounter. To explain species-differences in self-control, hypotheses based on social complexity, feeding ecology, brain size and metabolic rate have been proposed. To explore these hypotheses in a comparative setting, we tested three macaw species (neotropical parrots)-great green macaws (N = 8), blue-throated macaws (N = 6), blue-headed macaws (N = 6)-and the distantly related African grey parrots (afrotropical parrots; N = 8) in a modified rotating tray task, in which subjects are required to inhibit consuming a constantly available low-quality reward in favour of a high-quality reward that becomes available only after an increasing delay (min. 5 s, max. 60 s). All four species successfully waited for a minimum of 8.3 s ± 11.7 s (group level m

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Li X, Gao Q, Sun L, Gao W (2022)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsychology, health & medicine19 citations

Effect of self-control on health promotion behavior in patients with coronary heart disease: mediating effect of ego-depletion.

The present study used a cross-sectional survey design to explore the role of ego-depletion in the relationship between self-control and health-promoting behaviors in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). This study recruited 277 patients with CHD to measure the levels of ego-depletion, self-control and health-promotion (HP) behavior using Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale (SRF-s), Dual-Mode of Self-Control Scale (DMSD-s) and Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II) to examine the relationship between the three. Study found that self-control improved the patients' HP behaviors to some extent. Self-control in patients with CHD uses ego-depletion as the mediating variable to indirectly and positively predict the level of HP behavior, and the mediating effects account for 47.76% (impulsive system) and 15.6% (control system) of the total effects, respectively.

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Li J, Zhan D, Zhou Y, Gao X (2021)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAddictive behaviors83 citations

Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control.

In this cross-sectional study, we explored the relationship between loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the effects of escape motivation and self-control. We recruited 1034 adolescents (mean age 15.76 ± 1.20 years) from China. The results showed that loneliness was positively associated with escape motivation and adolescent problematic mobile phone use. Furthermore, when controlling for gender, escape motivation mediated the relationship between loneliness and problematic mobile phone use, and self-control moderated the relationship between escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use. Specifically, as self-control increased, escape motivation was less likely to induce problematic mobile phone use. Thus, loneliness and escape motivation may be factors that increase the risk of problematic mobile phone use,

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Geng Y, Gu J, Wang J, Zhang R (2021)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of affective disorders156 citations

Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control.

Background: Owing to the widespread use of smartphones, researchers have an increasing interest in smartphone addiction. The purpose of this study is to look into the outcomes of smartphone addiction while answering when and how smartphone addiction may predict university students' depression and anxiety. Methods: Primary data were collected from 355 students studying in different universities in China. Participants completed Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), Self-control Scale (SCS) and Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS). PROCESS macros in SPSS24.0 were used to examine the moderated mediating effects. Results: Smartphone addiction Scale scores were positively correlated with depression, anxiety among university students through bedtime procrastination. Self-control was found to play the moderating role such that the mediated rela

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To PY, Lo BC, Ng TK, Wong BP, Choi AW (2021)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of environmental research and public health9 citations

Striving to Avoid Inferiority and Procrastination among University Students: The Mediating Roles of Stress and Self-Control.

The current study intended to examine whether the relationship between university students' striving to avoid inferiority (SAI) and procrastination was serially mediated by stress and self-control. The sample consisted of 154 Hong Kong university students. Their levels of striving to avoid inferiority, stress, self-control, and procrastination were measured by the Striving to Avoid Inferiority Scale (SAIS), the stress subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ), and the General Procrastination Scale (GPS), respectively. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that SAI positively predicted stress, stress negatively predicted self-control, and self-control negatively predicted procrastination. SAI did not directly predict procrastination. The results of bootstrapping analyses supported the hypotheses that the effec

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Zheng X, Chen H, Wang Z, Xie F, Bao Z (2021)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAggressive behavior6 citations

Online violent video games and online aggressive behavior among Chinese college students: The role of anger rumination and self-control.

Online aggressive behavior (OAB) has received increasing attention in recent years, and that playing online violent video games (OVVG) is an important predictor of OAB. However, little is known of the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship. This study aims to investigate (a) the mediating role of anger rumination in the association between OVVG and OAB and (b) the moderating role of self-control in the relationship between anger rumination and OAB. A total of 595 Chinese college students (M age = 19.59 years, SD age = 1.40) completed measurements regarding OVVG, anger rumination, self-control, and OAB. The correlation analyses showed that OVVG was significantly positively associated with anger rumination and OAB. Mediation analyses revealed anger rumination partially mediated the link between OVVG and OAB. Moderated mediation further indicated that anger ruminat

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García-Vázquez FI, Valdés-Cuervo AA, Parra-Pérez LG (2020)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of environmental research and public health13 citations

The Effects of Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Self-Control on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Bullying.

The social cognitive approach to moral development posits that moral self-schemas encourage character strengths and reduce adolescents' aggression. However, limited research has examined the influence of positive personal characteristics on proactive behaviors and reactive aggression in bullying. This study examined direct and mediational relationships between forgiveness, gratitude, self-control, and both proactive and reactive aggression in bullying. The extent to which the structural relations of this model were invariant by gender and stage of adolescence were also evaluated. Participants in this study were 1000 Mexican students, 500 early adolescents (M age = 12.36, SD = 0.77 years) and 500 middle adolescents (M age = 16.64, SD = 0.89 years), between 12 and 17 years old. Structural equation and multi-group invariance analysis were performed. Results indicate that gratitude and forgi

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Bernecker K, Job V (2020)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBritish journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)37 citations

Too exhausted to go to bed: Implicit theories about willpower and stress predict bedtime procrastination.

While most people are aware of the importance of sleep for their health, well-being, and performance, bedtime procrastination is a pervasive phenomenon that can be conceptualized as a case of self-control failure (Kroese et al., Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 2014, 1). Two daily diary studies (N1  = 185, N2  = 137) investigated beliefs about willpower and stress as interactive predictors of bedtime procrastination. Beliefs about willpower capture whether people think of their willpower as limited resource that gets easily depleted (limited theory) or as something that remains regardless of previous acts of self-control (non-limited theory). Results show that after a stressful day, people with a limited versus non-limited theory procrastinate more on going to bed, while there is no difference in bedtime procrastination on less stressful days. Thus, ironically, limited theorists who should be

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Liu CJ, Hao F (2020)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of psychoactive drugs

Effect of Ego Depletion on Interpersonal Trust among Individuals with Substance Use Disorders.

Individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) undergo treatment to recover from addiction. However, exerting self-control, which is essential for successful abstinence from drug addiction, can cause ego depletion. This study experimentally investigated the effect of ego depletion on interpersonal trust and examined possible changes in the ego depletion effect across different abstinence periods. This study employed a 2 (ego depletion: high vs. low) × 2 (partners: non-SUD vs. SUD) mixed factorial design. The participants were 273 male individuals with SUD and with periods of drug abstinence ranging from several days to 2 years, who resided in a compulsory drug rehabilitation center. The participants were first asked to complete an ego depletion task, followed by a decision-making task in a trust game, first with a non-SUD stranger, and then with a SUD stranger. Ego depletion was not rela

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Jeong H, Yim HW, Lee SY, Lee HK, Potenza MN, Jo SJ, Son HJ, Kim G (2020)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of behavioral addictions25 citations

Low self-control and aggression exert serial mediation between inattention/hyperactivity problems and severity of internet gaming disorder features longitudinally among adolescents.

Objectives: We examined serial mediating roles of low self-control and aggression in explaining relationships between levels of inattention and hyperactivity problems (IHPs) and severity of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) features when exposed to online games among adolescents without Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stratified by gender using three-wave longitudinal study. Method: The sample comprised a total of 1,732 family dyads from a study that was conducted among seventh graders without diagnoses of ADHD at baseline. Levels of IHPs were assessed by the parent reported Korean version of the ADHD rating scale at baseline (wave1). Severity of IGD features was assessed by the Internet Game Use-Elicited Symptom Screen (IGUESS) at wave3. Both levels of self-control (wave1) and aggression (wave2) were assessed by self-report. The mediating role of low self-control and aggres

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Li JB, Yang A, Dou K, Cheung RYM (2020)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of environmental research and public health116 citations

Self-Control Moderates the Association Between Perceived Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Mental Health Problems Among the Chinese Public.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused thousands of deaths in China. Prior research suggests that individuals' perceived severity of COVID-19 is related to a range of negative emotional and behavioral reactions among the Chinese public. However, scant research has examined the underlying mechanisms. Drawing upon the risk-resilience model, this study proposes that self-control, as a resilient factor, would potentially moderate the association between perceived severity of COVID-19 and mental health problems. Data from a national survey was used to examine this idea. Participants were 4607 citizens from 31 regions in China (Mage = 23.71 years, 72.5% female) who completed a national survey at the beginning of February 2020. Results of hierarchical regression showed that after controlling for a number of demographic variables, perceived severity of COVID-19 and self-control were posi

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