Planning, inhibition and self-control.
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Tafsīr
التفسير6 shownCommentary on the verses above, at most two editions per verse.
en-asbab-al-nuzul-by-al-wahidi on 24:58en-asbab-al-nuzul-by-al-wahidicommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
(O ye who believe! Let your slaves, and those of you who have not come to puberty, ask leave of you�) [24:58]. Said ibn �Abbas: �The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, sent a boy from the Helpers, called Mudlij ibn �Amr, to �Umar ibn al-Khattab, May Allah be pleased with him, after noon to summon him. When he entered in, he saw �Umar in a state which the latter disliked to be seen in. And so he said to the Prophet: �O Messenger of Allah, I wish that Allah, exalted is He, give us some commands and prohibitions regarding asking permission before entering�. And so Allah, exalted is He, revealed this verse�. Said Muqatil: �This verse was revealed about Asma� bint Marthid. She had a slave-boy who was quite old and he happened to enter in on her one day at a time in which she disliked him to enter in on her. She went to the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him
en-al-jalalayn on 24:58en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
O you who believe let those whom your right hands own of male slaves and female slaves and those of you who have not reached puberty from among the free men and who have not become sexually aware of women ask leave of you three times at three times of the day before the dawn prayer and when you put off your garments at noon and after the night prayer. These are three periods of privacy for you read thalāthu ‘awrātin lakum with nominative inflection as the predicate of an implied subject followed by a genitive annexation with the annexed term standing in place thereof of the predicate in other words the implied predicate followed by the annexation is hiya awqāt ‘these are times of …’; or read thalātha ‘awrātin lakum in the accusative the implication being that awqāta is itself in the accusative as a substitute for the syntactical status of what precedes it in place of which stands the ann
en-al-jalalayn on 24:59en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
And when the children among you O free men reach puberty let them seek permission at all times just as those now older free men sought permission before them. So God clarifies His signs for you and God is Knower Wise.
en-tafisr-ibn-kathir on 24:59en-tafisr-ibn-kathircommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
O you who believe! Let your slaves and slave-girls, and those among you who have not come to the age of puberty ask your permission on three occasions: before the Fajr prayer, and while you put off your clothes during the afternoon, and after the 'Isha' prayer. (These) three (times) are of privacy for you; other than these times there is no sin on you or on them to move about, attending to each other. Thus Allah makes clear the Ayat to you. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise (58)And when the children among you come to puberty, then let them (also) ask for permission, as those senior to them (in age) ask permission. Thus Allah makes clear His Ayat for you. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise (59)And the Qawa'id among women who do not hope for marriage, it is no sin on them if they discard their (outer) clothing in such a way as not to show their adornment. But to refrain is better for them
en-al-jalalayn on 12:44en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
They said this is ‘A jumble a mixture of dreams! And we are not knowledgeable in the interpretation of dreams’.
en-tafisr-ibn-kathir on 12:44en-tafisr-ibn-kathircommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced
And the king (of Egypt) said: "Verily, I saw (in a dream) seven fat cows, whom seven lean ones were devouring, and seven green ears of corn, and (seven) others dry. O notables! Explain to me my dream, if it be that you can interpret dreams (43)They said: "Mixed up false dreams and we are not skilled in the interpretation of dreams. (44)Then the man who was released, now at length remembered and said: "I will tell you its interpretation, so send me forth. (45)(He said): "O Yusuf, the man of truth! Explain to us seven fat cows whom seven lean ones were devouring, and seven green ears of corn, and (seven) others dry, that I may return to the people, and that they may know. (46)[Yusuf] said: "For seven consecutive years, you shall sow as usual and that which you reap you shall leave it in the ears, (all) except a little of it which you may eat. (47)"Then will come after that, seven hard (yea
Research library, full list
826 to 850 of 1,075Beliefs about losing control, obsessions, and caution: An experimental investigation.
Fear of acting on unwanted impulses (e.g., stabbing a loved one) and avoidance of threatening stimuli (e.g., knives) are common phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cognitive models of OCD suggest that maladaptive beliefs underlie the development and maintenance of symptoms. The goal of this experiment was to determine whether beliefs about losing control over one's behaviour lead to experiencing anxiety and intrusive thoughts while approaching stimuli that are commonly feared in OCD, and to behaving more cautiously while interacting with the stimuli. Undergraduate participants (N = 128) were provided with false feedback about the meaning of their intrusive thoughts: "having intrusive thoughts means that you are likely to lose control over your behaviour" versus "intrusive thoughts are normal". Participants were then asked to approach sharp knives in a stepwise manner (i.e.,…
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How mindfulness affects benign and malicious envy from the perspective of the mindfulness reperceiving model.
At present, mindfulness is a hotspot in psychological research. Mindfulness is an effective tool that enables people to effectively inhibit negative emotions. Previous studies have shown that envy is a typical negative emotion; however, envy can be divided into two completely different types: benign envy and malicious envy. The question then arises, how does mindfulness affect both types of envy? Using a mindfulness reperceiving model, we explored the effect of mindfulness on these two different types of envy and on the mediating mechanism of psychological resilience. To accomplish this, we recruited 676 Chinese undergraduates to complete the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Benign and Malicious Envy Scale (BEMAS) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The results we obtained showed that mindfulness and psychological resilience significantly and negatively predi…
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Mobile phone addiction and cognitive failures in daily life: The mediating roles of sleep duration and quality and the moderating role of trait self-regulation.
Previous studies have reported well-documented findings that mobile phone addiction (MPA) is associated with negative emotion-related consequences; however, sporadic research has investigated the associations between MPA and cognitive outcomes related to daily cognitive functioning. Sleep duration, sleep quality, and trait self-regulation are thought to be linked to this association. The present study aimed to examine the mediating roles of sleep duration and quality and the moderating role of trait self-regulation between MPA and daily cognitive failures. A total of 1721 secondary school students were recruited to complete four self-reported questionnaires. The model results indicated that sleep quality (but not sleep duration) partially mediated the association between MPA and daily cognitive failures, and high levels of trait self-regulation could attenuate the potential impact of MPA…
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Effects of smartphone addiction on sleep quality among Chinese university students: The mediating role of self-regulation and bedtime procrastination.
The steep rise of smartphone use has raised public concerns about smartphone addiction and its associated negative health consequences, such as poor sleep quality; however, limited research has examined the psychological mechanisms underlying these associations. The current study tested the effects of smartphone addiction on poor sleep quality, through self-regulation and bedtime procrastination, among 427 Chinese undergraduate students, aged 18 or older (M = 19.36; female = 66%), who voluntarily completed an anonymous online questionnaire. The results showed that 1/3 of participants reported poor subjective sleep quality. Smartphone addiction and bedtime procrastination had a significant positive relationship, whereas self-regulation had a significant negative association, with poor sleep quality (which was assessed by sleep latency, sleep duration, and subjective sleep quality). Despit…
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A Dyadic Analysis of the Associations Between Cumulative Childhood Trauma and Psychological Intimate Partner Violence: The Mediating Roles of Negative Urgency and Communication Patterns.
Prior research has suggested associations between cumulative childhood trauma (CCT), negative urgency, communication patterns, and psychological intimate partner violence (P-IPV), but no study has examined these links using a dyadic approach. This study examined the sequential mediation of negative urgency and communication patterns in the link uniting CCT and P-IPV in a sample of 501 heterosexual couples. Results suggest that more CCT events are associated with higher levels of negative urgency, which in turn are associated with a higher tendency to endorse a demand/withdraw and/or demand/demand communication pattern, and to perpetrate P-IPV. Findings support the need to assess CCT, emotional self-control, dyadic and communication patterns, and P-IPV perpetration and victimization in couples seeking help in order to select interventions that will take into account the individual and dya…
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Self-regulation mechanisms in health behavior change: a systematic meta-review of meta-analyses, 2006-2017.
Self-regulation is one primary mechanism in interventions for health behavior change and has been examined in numerous recent meta-analyses. This pre-registered meta-review (PROSPERO CRD42017074018) examined Mmeta-analyses of any intervention and health behavior/outcome were eligible if they quantitatively assessed self-regulation and appeared between January 2006 and August 2017. In total, 66 meta-analyses were ultimately eligible; 27% reported a protocol, 11% used GRADE; 58% focused on RCTs. Reviews satisfied only a moderate number of items on the AMSTAR 2 (M = 45.45%, SD = 29.57%). Only 6% of meta-analyses directly examined whether changes in self-regulation predicted the behavior change (i.e., self-efficacy and physical activity, l = 2; frequency of self-monitoring and goal attainment, l = 1; cognitive bias modification and addiction, l = 1). Meta-analyses more routinely assessed sel…
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Household food insecurity and early childhood development: Longitudinal evidence from Ghana.
The burden of food insecurity is large in Sub-Saharan Africa, yet the evidence-base on the relation between household food insecurity and early child development is extremely limited. Furthermore, available research mostly relies on cross-sectional data, limiting the quality of existing evidence. We use longitudinal data on preschool-aged children and their households in Ghana to investigate how being in a food insecure household was associated with early child development outcomes across three years. Household food insecurity was measured over three years using the Household Hunger Score. Households were first classified as "ever food insecure" if they were food insecure at any round. We also assessed persistence of household food insecurity by classifying households into three categories: (i) never food insecure; (ii) transitory food insecurity, if the household was food insecure only …
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Toward operationalizing deficient emotional self-regulation in newly referred adults with ADHD: A receiver operator characteristic curve analysis.
Background: A growing body of research suggests that deficient emotional self-regulation (DESR) is common and morbid among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. The main aim of the present study was to assess whether high and low levels of DESR in adult ADHD patients can be operationalized and whether they are clinically useful.
Methods: A total of 441 newly referred 18- to 55-year-old adults of both sexes with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth Edition (DSM-5) ADHD completed self-reported rating scales. We operationalized DESR using items from the Barkley Current Behavior Scale. We used receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves to identify the optimal cut-off on the Barkley Emotional Dysregulation (ED) Scale to categorize patients as having high- versus low-level DESR and compared demographic and clinical characteristics between the grou…
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Impaired Learning From Errors and Punishments and Maladaptive Avoidance-General Mechanisms Underlying Self-Regulation Disorders?
Self-regulation (SR) is an important human function that relates to quality of life in multiple domains including mental health. Previous studies have found important correlates of low SR including impulsivity and poor emotional regulation; however, underpinnings of low SR are incompletely understood. Individuals low in SR frequently engage in maladaptive behaviors (substance abuse, procrastination, etc.) despite negative consequences. This phenomenon suggests that impaired learning from errors and punishments may be important mechanisms underlying low SR. Consistently, previous studies observed impaired error processing in a wide spectrum of individuals with low SR and impaired learning from errors and punishments in SR-related disorders. We also note a possible role for poor emotional regulation and refer to concepts suggesting that engaging in maladaptive behaviors may serve as short …
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Evaluating the associations between personality psychopathology and heterogeneous eating disorder behaviors: A dimensional approach.
Studies examining the associations between categorical assessments of eating disorders (ED) and personality have produced some inconsistent findings. The present study aimed to clarify these inconsistencies by implementing a dimensional approach when assessing ED behaviors and personality psychopathology. Associations between pathological personality trait facets and heterogeneous ED behaviors (i.e., restriction, compensatory behaviors, and binge eating) were examined. Participants were 570 community adults (247 women) recruited through Mechanical Turk. The Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PID-5), was used to assess the pathological personality trait facets. Items from two validated eating pathology scales were used to measure ED behaviors. Two structural equation models-an exploratory model and a theoretical model-were teste…
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Exposure to parental and community violence and the relationship to bullying perpetration and victimization among early adolescents: A parallel process growth mixture latent transition analysis.
This study examined heterogeneity in parental and community violence exposure during middle school and its association with bullying perpetration and victimization in high school. Youth (N = 1,611) in four Midwestern middle schools participated. Parallel process growth mixture latent transition analysis was used to understand how trajectory profiles of middle school violence exposure was associated with high school bullying profiles. Impulsivity, depression, school belonging, and delinquency were assessed as moderators of the transition probabilities. A three class solution was found for violence exposure: decreasing parental violence/increasing community violence (n = 103; 6.4%), stable high parental violence and low community violence (n = 1,027; 63.7%), and increasing parental violence and stable high community violence (n = 481; 29.8%). Similarly, a three class solution was found for…
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The paradoxical relationship between emotion regulation and gambling-related cognitive biases.
Background: Gambling behavior presents substantial individual variability regarding its severity, manifestations, and psychological correlates. Specifically, differences in emotion regulation, impulsivity, and cognitive distortions have been identified as crucial to describe individual profiles with implications for the prevention, prognosis, and treatment of gambling disorder (GD).
Aims and method: The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations of gambling-related cognitions (measured according to the GRCS model) with impulsivity (UPPS-P model) and emotion regulation (CERQ model), in a sample of 246 gamblers with different levels of gambling involvement, using mixed-effects modelling to isolate theoretically relevant associations while controlling for the potentially confounding effects of sociodemographic and clinical covariates.
Results: Affective/motivational dimens…
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Linking Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) constructs to developmental psychopathology: The role of self-regulation and emotion knowledge in the development of internalizing and externalizing growth trajectories from ages 3 to 10.
Identifying Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) constructs in early childhood is essential for understanding etiological pathways of psychopathology. Our central goal was to identify early emotion knowledge and self-regulation difficulties across different RDoC domains and examine how they relate to typical versus atypical symptom trajectories between ages 3 and 10. Particularly, we assessed potential contributions of children's gender, executive control, delay of gratification, and regulation of frustration, emotion recognition, and emotion understanding at age 3 to co-occurring patterns of internalizing and externalizing across development. A total of 238 3-year-old boys and girls were assessed using behavioral tasks and parent reports and reassessed at ages 5 and 10 years. Results indicated that very few children developed "pure" internalizing or externalizing symptoms relative to various…
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Emotion regulation in supervisory interactions and marital well-being: A spillover-crossover perspective.
When interacting with supervisors, employees often engage in emotion regulation (i.e., surface acting and deep acting), and the consequences may extend beyond work boundaries. Based on the spillover-crossover model and the strength model of self-control, we examined the relationship between employee emotion regulation during supervisory interactions and marital well-being (i.e., spouse's perceived marriage quality and satisfaction). Two survey studies using Chinese employee-spouse dyads showed that employees' surface acting was positively related to ego depletion. Surface acting was found to be negatively related to spouses' perceived marital well-being through the serial mediating roles of both ego depletion and social undermining behavior. Moreover, leader-member exchange (LMX) relationship quality moderated the association between surface acting and ego depletion such that the relatio…
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Individual differences in visual attention and self-regulation: A multimethod longitudinal study from infancy to toddlerhood.
Given the importance of self-regulation for a broad range of developmental outcomes, identifying reliable precursors of self-regulation early in development is important for early prevention of developmental problems. The aim of this study was to examine whether three visual attention measures (fixation duration, variation in fixation duration, and disengagement) in infancy (9.10-11.43 months of age) predicted effortful control and compliance in toddlerhood (26.71-31.80 months). The sample consisted of 74 children (50% boys). In infancy, two eye-tracking tasks were conducted: a visual search task to assess fixation duration and variation in fixation duration (n = 58) and the gap-overlap task to assess disengagement (n = 49). In toddlerhood, children's effortful control (n = 65) and compliance (n = 65) were assessed by parent reports and observed during a delay of gratification task and a…
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Pilot study of a personality-based approach to assessing eating disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder symptom risk in college men and women.
Objective: To conduct a pilot test of the validity of using empirically derived personality types to characterize eating disorder (ED) risk in college students and resolve discrepancies regarding the role of perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Participants: Man and woman undergraduate students (N = 169) at a small, private university. Data were collected from February to May 2016 and 2018. Methods: Participants completed self-report measures of personality (perfectionism, impulsivity, and effortful control) and psychopathology (EDs, OCD). Results: Our analyses replicated three validated personality types: overcontrolled, undercontrolled, and resilient. Analysis of variances demonstrated perfectionism, ED, and OCD symptoms were significantly elevated in the overcontrolled subtype. There was no interaction by sex. Conclusions: These findings suggest that persona…
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Different Food Odors Control Brain Connectivity in Impulsive Children.
Background: Impulsivity is a complex multi-dimensional combination of behaviors which include: ineffective impulse control, premature decision-making and inability to delay gratification.
Objective: The aim of this work was to explore how food odor perception and its emotional value is affected in impulsive children.
Methods: Here we compared two cohorts of impulsive and control children with ages between 10 and 16 years. Both groups underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, in which foodrelated odor-cues were presented to all of them.
Results: Differences in regions of blood oxygen level dependent activation, as well as connectivity, were calculated. Activations were significant for all odors in the impulsive group in the temporal lobe, cerebellum, supplementary motor area, frontal cortex, medial cingulate cortex, insula, precuneus, precentral, para-hippocampal and c…
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The Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Traits, Impulsivity, and Anabolic Steroid Use.
Background: The increase in the prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) use has been the subject of study in the last decades. Several studies indicated a strong association between the use of AAS and the performance of risky behaviors mediated by factors such as aggression, impulsivity, depression, and anxiety.
Objective: This study aimed to identify differences in personality trait, impulsivity, and the ability to delay gratification between AAS users and non-users that predispose or serve as a buffering mechanism against its usage and whether it is related to an increased likelihood of engaging in infidelity.
Methods: Two hundred and twelve male volunteers (88 AAS users), aged between 21 and 36 years (M = 28.22), completed self-report measures of personality, impulsivity, delayed gratification, and attitudes toward infidelity. Multivariate analysis of variance and logistic re…
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Risky decision-making is associated with impulsive action and sensitivity to first-time nicotine exposure.
Excessive risk-taking is common in multiple psychiatric conditions, including substance use disorders. The risky decision-making task (RDT) models addiction-relevant risk-taking in rats by measuring preference for a small food reward vs. a large food reward associated with systematically increasing risk of shock. Here, we examined the relationship between risk-taking in the RDT and multiple addiction-relevant phenotypes. Risk-taking was associated with elevated impulsive action, but not impulsive choice or habit formation. Furthermore, risk-taking predicted locomotor sensitivity to first-time nicotine exposure and resilience to nicotine-evoked anxiety. These data demonstrate that risk preference in the RDT predicts other traits associated with substance use disorder, and may have utility for identification of neurobiological and genetic biomarkers that engender addiction vulnerability.
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Objective Predictors of Grit, Self-Control, and Conscientiousness in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Applicants.
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify objective predictors of grit, self-control, and conscientiousness in orthopaedic surgery residency applicants.
Methods: The following attributes were assessed in 455 applicants: grit, self-control, conscientiousness, consistency of interest, perseverance of effort, and ambition. These measures were correlated with standard, objective demographics obtained during the application process.
Results: Alpha Omega Alpha status, additional degrees, and number of publications did not predict any of the studied attributes. Grit increased with age (P < 0.001) but decreased with increasing board scores (P = 0.004). Former collegiate athletes demonstrated greater grit (P < 0.001), consistency of interest (P = 0.007), perseverance (P = 0.006), and self-control (P = 0.019). Female applicants demonstrated more grit (P = 0.044), consistency of inter…
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Zhou X, Zimmermann K, Xin F, Zhao W, Derckx RT, Sassmannshausen A, Scheele D, Hurlemann R, Weber B, Kendrick KM, Becker B (2019)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBiological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging56 citations Cue Reactivity in the Ventral Striatum Characterizes Heavy Cannabis Use, Whereas Reactivity in the Dorsal Striatum Mediates Dependent Use.
Background: Animal models of addiction suggest that the transition from incentive-driven drug use to habitual and ultimately compulsive drug use is mediated by a shift from ventral to dorsal striatal cue control over drug seeking. Previous studies in human cannabis users reported elevated trait impulsivity and neural cue reactivity in striatal circuits; however, these studies were not able to separate addiction-related from exposure-related adaptations.
Methods: To differentiate the adaptive changes, the current functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined behavioral and neural cue reactivity in dependent (n = 18) and nondependent (n = 20) heavy cannabis users and a nonusing reference group (n = 44).
Results: Irrespective of dependence status, cannabis users demonstrated elevated trait impulsivity as well as increased ventral striatal reactivity and striatal frontal coupling in r…
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Mallorquí-Bagué N, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Verdejo-García A, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Magaña P, Mena-Moreno T, Aymamí N, Gómez-Peña M, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Mestre-Bach G, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S (2019)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usEuropean psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists48 citations Impulsivity and cognitive distortions in different clinical phenotypes of gambling disorder: Profiles and longitudinal prediction of treatment outcomes.
Background: Impulsivity and cognitive distortions are hallmarks of gambling disorder (GD) but it remains unclear how they contribute to clinical phenotypes. This study aimed to (1) compare impulsive traits and gambling-related distortions in strategic versus non-strategic gamblers and online versus offline gamblers; (2) examine the longitudinal association between impulsivity/cognitive distortions and treatment retention and relapse.
Methods: Participants seeking treatment for GD (n = 245) were assessed for gambling modality (clinical interview), impulsive traits (Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance and Sensation Seeking [UPPS] scale) and cognitive distortions (Gambling Related Cognitions Scale) at treatment onset, and for retention and relapse (as indicated by the clinical team) at the end of treatment. Treatment consisted of 12-week standardized cognitive behavioral therapy, conducted…
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Attribution of weight regain to emotional reasons amongst European adults with overweight and obesity who regained weight following a weight loss attempt.
Purpose: Despite the wide availability of effective weight loss programmes, maintenance of weight loss remains challenging. Difficulties in emotion regulation are associated with binge eating and may represent one barrier to long-term intervention effectiveness in obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and the extent of weight regain in a sample of adults who had lost, and then regained, weight, and to examine the characteristics associated with emotional difficulties.
Methods: 2000 adults from three European countries (UK, Portugal, and Denmark) completed an online survey assessing self-reported weight loss and regain following their most recent weight loss attempt. They also completed a binge eating disorder screening questionnaire and, if they had regained weight, were asked if they attributed it to any emotional fa…
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Ma H, Li Y, Liang H, Chen S, Pan S, Chang L, Li S, Zhang Y, Liu X, Xu Y, Shao Y, Yang Y, Guo J (2019)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usFASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology13 citations Sleep deprivation and a non-24-h working schedule lead to extensive alterations in physiology and behavior.
Most organisms on Earth possess circadian rhythms in their physiology and behaviors that allow them to resonate with the cycling environment over a 24-h period. However, in human society, a substantial quantity of jobs requires non-24-h working and rest or shift schedules, which causes more or less misalignment in circadian rhythms and disorders as a consequence. In this work, we conducted a sleep deprivation (SD) and non-24-h working and rest schedule (8 h on and 4 h off) experiment over 10 d in total and measured the changes in a series of physiologic and cognitive parameters. The results show that although the subjects could sleep during the schedule, their sleepiness increased significantly. Actigraphy data suggest that a 12-h schedule might result in chronic SD. Along with the increased sleepiness revealed by the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale questionnaire, the neurobehavioral psychom…
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Evaluating a scale of excessive mind wandering among males and females with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from a population sample.
Recent studies highlight the role of excessive mind wandering in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its association with impairment. We believe assessing mind wandering could be especially relevant to individuals, including many females, who present with less externalising manifestations of ADHD. Using a new measure based on ADHD patient reports, the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS), we previously found adults with ADHD had elevated levels of mind wandering that contributed to impairment independently of core ADHD symptoms. Using data from an online general population survey, the current study assessed the factor-structure, reliability, validity and measurement invariance of the MEWS. We also investigated sex differences in mind wandering, as well as ADHD symptoms, impairment and wellbeing in those with and without ADHD. The MEWS had a unidimensional structure, wa…
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