Releasing a grievance and restoring a relationship.
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451 to 475 of 561Spiritual concerns in hindu cancer patients undergoing palliative care: a qualitative study.
Aims: Spiritual concerns are being identified as important components of palliative care. The aim of this study was to explore the nature of spiritual concerns in cancer patients undergoing palliative care in a hospice in India.
Materials and methods: THE METHODOLOGY USED WAS A QUALITATIVE METHOD: Interpretive phenomenological analysis. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data, based on Indian and western literature reports. Certain aspects like karma and pooja, relevant to Hindus, were included. Theme saturation was achieved on interviewing 10 participants.
Results: The seven most common spiritual concerns reported were benefit of pooja, faith in God, concern about the future, concept of rebirth, acceptance of one's situation, belief in karma, and the question Why me? No participant expressed four of the concerns studied: Loneliness, need of seeking forgiveness from ot…
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Forgiver triumphs in alternating Prisoner's Dilemma.
Cooperative behavior, where one individual incurs a cost to help another, is a wide spread phenomenon. Here we study direct reciprocity in the context of the alternating Prisoner's Dilemma. We consider all strategies that can be implemented by one and two-state automata. We calculate the payoff matrix of all pairwise encounters in the presence of noise. We explore deterministic selection dynamics with and without mutation. Using different error rates and payoff values, we observe convergence to a small number of distinct equilibria. Two of them are uncooperative strict Nash equilibria representing always-defect (ALLD) and Grim. The third equilibrium is mixed and represents a cooperative alliance of several strategies, dominated by a strategy which we call Forgiver. Forgiver cooperates whenever the opponent has cooperated; it defects once when the opponent has defected, but subsequently F…
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Trust and biased memory of transgressions in romantic relationships.
Relative to people with low trust in their romantic partner, people with high trust tend to expect that their partner will act in accordance with their interests. Consequently, we suggest, they have the luxury of remembering the past in a way that prioritizes relationship dependence over self-protection. In particular, they tend to exhibit relationship-promoting memory biases regarding transgressions the partner had enacted in the past. In contrast, at the other end of the spectrum, people with low trust in their partner tend to be uncertain about whether their partner will act in accordance with their interests. Consequently, we suggest, they feel compelled to remember the past in a way that prioritizes self-protection over relationship dependence. In particular, they tend to exhibit self-protective memory biases regarding transgressions the partner had enacted in the past. Four longitu…
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Low self-control promotes the willingness to sacrifice in close relationships.
Although previous theories and research have suggested that human behavior is automatically driven by selfish impulses (e.g., vengeance rather than forgiveness), the present research tested the hypothesis that in close relationships, people's impulsive inclination is to be prosocial and to sacrifice for their partner-to pursue the interests of the partner or of the relationship at some costs for the self. Results from four studies demonstrated that people with low self-control, relative to those with high self-control, reported greater willingness to sacrifice for their close others. Furthermore, Study 4 demonstrated that communal orientation was more strongly associated with sacrifice among participants with low self-control than participants with high self-control. This moderational pattern supports the hypothesis that communal orientation functions as a default approach to sacrifice i…
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Trajectories of change in dimensions of forgiveness among older adults and their association with religious commitment.
Forgiveness is a complex construct with an important role in religious traditions worldwide, and is associated with mental and physical health outcomes. This seven-year longitudinal study examined changes within individuals during, and differences based on birth cohort, in forgiveness during late life. Growth curve analysis was used to analyze the general pattern of change across the course of older adulthood in eight dimensions related to forgiveness. Increases over time were observed in forgiveness of others, conditionality of forgiveness of others, forgiveness of self, feelings of being forgiven by God, and feelings of being forgiven by others. Decreases over time were observed in difficulty forgiving oneself, and perceptions of conditionality in God's forgiveness. Religious commitment was related to reporting more a more forgiving attitude on seven of these dimensions, but also to mo…
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Spirituality and hearing voices: considering the relation.
For millennia, some people have heard voices that others cannot hear. These have been variously understood as medical, psychological and spiritual phenomena. In this article we consider the specific role of spirituality in voice-hearing in two ways. First, we examine how spirituality may help or hinder people who hear voices. Benefits are suggested to include offering an alternative meaning to the experience which can give more control and comfort, enabling the development of specific coping strategies, increasing social support, and encouraging forgiveness. Potential drawbacks are noted to include increased distress and reduced control resulting from placing frightening or coercive constructions on voices, social isolation, the development of dysfunctional beliefs, and missed/delayed opportunities for successful mental health interventions. After examining problems surrounding classifyi…
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Vaillant GE (2013)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAsian journal of psychiatry7 citations Psychiatry, religion, positive emotions and spirituality.
This paper proposes that eight positive emotions: awe, love/attachment, trust/faith, compassion, gratitude, forgiveness, joy and hope constitute what we mean by spirituality. These emotions have been grossly ignored by psychiatry. The two sciences that I shall employ to demonstrate this definition of spirituality will be ethology and neuroscience. They are both very new. I will argue that spirituality is not about ideas, sacred texts and theology. Rather, spirituality is all about emotion and social connection that are more dependent on the limbic system than the cortex. Specific religions, for all their limitations, are often the portal through which positive emotions are brought into conscious attention. Neither Freud nor psychiatric textbooks ever mention emotions like joy and gratitude. Hymns and psalms give these emotions pride of place. Our whole concept of psychotherapy might chan…
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McNulty, J.; Fincham, F (2012)reviewed by us, tier BAmerican Psychologist490 citations
Beyond positive psychology? Toward a contextual view of psychological processes and well-being.
The field of positive psychology rests on the assumption that certain psychological traits and processes are inherently beneficial for well-being. We review evidence that challenges this assumption. First, we review data from 4 independent longitudinal studies of marriage revealing that 4 ostensibly positive processes-forgiveness, optimistic expectations, positive thoughts, and kindness-can either benefit or harm well-being depending on the context in which they operate. Although all 4 processes predicted better relationship well-being among spouses in healthy marriages, they predicted worse relationship well-being in more troubled marriages. Then, we review evidence from other research that reveals that whether ostensibly positive psychological traits and processes benefit or harm well-being depends on the context of various noninterpersonal domains as well. Finally, we conclude by argu…
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George E. Vaillant (2012)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usWorld Psychiatry199 citations
Positive mental health: is there a cross‐cultural definition?
The great epidemiological studies of the past half century have focused upon who was mentally ill and not who was well. Mental illness, after all, is a condition that can be defined reliably, and its limits are relatively clear. Until recently, only the Sterling County Studies by A. Leighton 1 came close to defining positive mental health operationally. In addition, it has been argued that achieving above average mental or physical health is not the province of medicine, but of education. Early in the past century, internists began studying physiology at high altitude and devise measures of positive physical health for athletes, pilots, and finally astronauts. In 1929–30, at the University of California at Berkeley, the Institute of Human Development was founded by H. Jones, N. Bayley and J. McFarlane 2,3. Originally created to study healthy child development, the Institute was to provid…
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Taylor C (2012)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of pain and symptom management4 citations Rethinking hopelessness and the role of spiritual care when cure is no longer an option.
Increasingly in the U.S., health care clinicians fail to recognize and accept when curative goals are no longer realistic. At this point, futile efforts at cure can fuel false hopes in patients and their loved ones. The clinician's need to be "doing something" may result in treatment that violates the dignity and well-being of the patient and this can lead to the patient's ultimate hopelessness and despair. This article uses a personal narrative to explore the hopelessness of a patient diagnosed with nonresectable pancreatic cancer and the challenge it raised for the author, who was a friend and a nurse to the patient. Hope is described as a virtue that takes as its object "a future good, difficult but possible to obtain," and that sits squarely between false hopes and despair. Spiritual care that addresses three universal spiritual needs (meaning and purpose, love and relatedness, and f…
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Medical student characteristics predictive of intent for rural practice.
Introduction: The shortage of physicians in rural areas of the USA has led medical schools to focus on recruiting and selecting students who will choose to work in non-urban settings. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of student characteristics previously correlated to choosing rural practice (ie being older, being male, being raised in a rural community, having a spouse or significant other who was raised in a rural community, having a spouse or significant other whose parents live in a rural community, having parents with high school education or less, and graduating from a smaller college) on osteopathic medical students' intent to practice in a rural setting. This study also examined the correlation between personality type and intent for rural practice using the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Finally, this study examined factors that would increase interest in…
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Relationships among spirituality, religious practices, personality factors, and health for five different faith traditions.
To determine: (1) differences in spirituality, religiosity, personality, and health for different faith traditions; and (2) the relative degree to which demographic, spiritual, religious, and personality variables simultaneously predict health outcomes for different faith traditions. Cross-sectional analysis of 160 individuals from five different faith traditions including Buddhists (40), Catholics (41), Jews (22), Muslims (26), and Protestants (31). Brief multidimensional measure of religiousness/spirituality (BMMRS; Fetzer in Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research, Fetzer Institute, Kalamazoo, 1999); NEO-five factor inventory (NEO-FFI; in Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and the NEO-five factor inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual, Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, Costa and McCrae 1992); Medical outcomes scale-sho…
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When suffering begets suffering: the psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts.
Inter-group competitive victimhood (CV) describes the efforts of members of groups involved in violent conflicts to establish that their group has suffered more than their adversarial group. Such efforts contribute to conflicts' escalation and impede their peaceful resolution. CV stems from groups' general tendency to compete with each other, along with the deep sense of victimization resulting from conflicts. The authors point to biases that contribute to groups' engagement in CV, describe five dimensions of victimhood over which groups may compete, and contend that such competition serves various functions that contribute to the maintenance of conflicts. Drawing on the Needs-Based Model, they suggest that CV may reflect groups' motivations to restore power or moral acceptance. They then review evidence of the negative consequences of CV for inter-group forgiveness and suggest potential…
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A proposal for enhancing the general surgical workforce and access to surgical care.
Objective(s): The goals of this focused meeting were to verify and clarify the causes and extent of the general surgery (GS) workforce shortfalls. We also sought to define workable solutions within the existing framework of medical accreditation and certification.
Background: Numerous peer-reviewed and lay reports describe a current and worsening availability of GS services, affecting rural areas as well as large cities, academia, and the military.
Method: Primary recommendations were broadly agreed upon by attendee surgeons who were selected from numerous different professional scenarios and included 2 nonmedical observers.
Results:
Recommendations: (1) enhance the number of GS trainees and the breadth of training, (2) incorporate more flexibility and breadth in residency, (3) minimally invasive surgery should largely return to GS, (4) broader use of community hospitals in these efforts…
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Religious practices, beliefs, and mental health: variations across ethnicity.
Objectives: We examined whether Black Americans and Hispanic Americans experienced greater mental health benefits from religious involvement than White Americans, and whether these benefits would be mediated through three psychosocial factors--social support, meaning, and forgiveness.
Methods: Utilizing data from a probability sample of Chicago-based adults (n=3103), ethnicity-stratified multivariate regression models estimated the association of religiosity with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and major depressive disorder (MDD). Models controlled for potential confounders and psychosocial mediators.
Results: Contrary to our hypotheses, religiously involved Black Americans and Hispanic Americans did not experience greater mental health benefits than their White counterparts. For White Americans alone, service attendance was inversely related to depressive symptoms, anxiety sympto…
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Patients' satisfaction with health care chaplaincy and affecting factors: an exploratory study in the German part of Switzerland.
Surveying patients' satisfaction with chaplaincy services contributes to improving the quality of health care chaplaincy. Therefore, 679 patients from 32 general hospitals and psychiatric clinics in the German part of Switzerland were surveyed in a cross-sectional design. Seven factors influencing patients' satisfaction with health care chaplaincy were identified. They pertain, on one hand, to the chaplain-patient relationship ("Respect and friendliness," "Empathy," "Negative relationship") and, on the other hand, to the evaluation of chaplains' interventions ("Religious/spiritual interventions," "Religious/spiritual issues," "Clarification, coping and support," "Conflict management and forgiveness"). Whereas the patient-chaplain relationship was significantly associated with the patient's age and religiosity, the apprehension of pastoral intervention was significantly associated with th…
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Elliott BA (2011)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of religion and health4 citations Forgiveness therapy: a clinical intervention for chronic disease.
Every year, chronic illnesses result in significant costs, disability and deaths. Efforts to understand the causes, treatments and management possibilities for chronic illnesses are ongoing. Some chronic conditions, including addictions, obesity, mental health circumstances, COPD and cirrhosis, have been identified as health conditions with social and interpersonal etiologies. Recent research documents that these conditions are related to adverse early life experience; treatment and prevention of these chronic conditions remains challenging. Concurrent research investigating forgiveness interventions has been reported in the counseling therapy literature, which may have enormous personal and public health impact.
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Better With Age: Social Relationships Across Adulthood.
Older adults typically report higher levels of satisfaction with their social relationships than younger adults. The present paper integrates current developmental research to explain why social relationships are generally more positive with age. We discuss actions by older adults that contribute to more positive social experiences. We also include social role changes that may provide advantages for older adults when navigating their relationships. Next, we turn to interactional processes between older adults with their social partners. We review literature indicating that: (a) older adults engage in strategies that optimize positive social experiences and minimize negative ones by avoiding conflicts, and (b) social partners often reciprocate by treating older adults more positively and with greater forgiveness than they do younger adults.
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Discussing life story, forgiveness, heritage, and legacy with patients with life-limiting illnesses.
Aim: To explore the perceptions that individuals with life-limiting illnesses have about their lives, both positive and negative, and their messages to future generations.
Methods: A preparation and life completion intervention (Outlook) was assessed for acceptability and feasibility in an Australian palliative care setting. This paper reports a qualitative analysis of the participants' responses to the intervention. The intervention sessions were audiotaped, transcribed, and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Results: Eleven participants were recruited from inpatient and outpatient hospital and hospice settings. Three overarching themes were identified: life review, current situation, and legacy/principles.
Conclusions: The intervention provided insights into individual palliative care patients' sense of self, views of their current situation, hopes, and how they w…
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The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and validation of a multi-dimensional instrument to measure servant leadership. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Based on an extensive literature review and expert judgment, 99 items were formulated. In three steps, using eight samples totaling 1571 persons from The Netherlands and the UK with a diverse occupational background, a combined exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis approach was used. This was followed by an analysis of the criterion-related validity. FINDINGS: The final result is an eight-dimensional measure of 30 items: the eight dimensions being: standing back, forgiveness, courage, empowerment, accountability, authenticity, humility, and stewardship. The internal consistency of the subscales is good. The results show that the Servant Leadership Survey (SLS) has convergent validity with other leadership mea…
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McNulty, J (2011)reviewed by us, tier BPersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin196 citations
The Dark Side of Forgiveness: The Tendency to Forgive Predicts Continued Psychological and Physical Aggression in Marriage
Despite a burgeoning literature that documents numerous positive implications of forgiveness, scholars know very little about the potential negative implications of forgiveness. In particular, the tendency to express forgiveness may lead offenders to feel free to offend again by removing unwanted consequences for their behavior (e.g., anger, criticism, rejection, loneliness) that would otherwise discourage reoffending. Consistent with this possibility, the current longitudinal study of newlywed couples revealed a positive association between spouses' reports of their tendencies to express forgiveness to their partners and those partners' reports of psychological and physical aggression. Specifically, although spouses who reported being relatively more forgiving experienced psychological and physical aggression that remained stable over the first 4 years of marriage, spouses who reported …
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The effects of Medicaid and CHIP policy changes on receipt of preventive care among children.
Objective: To examine changes in children's receipt of well-child and preventive dental care in Medicaid/Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in two states that adopted policies aimed at promoting greater preventive care receipt.
Data sources: The 2004-2008 Medicaid/CHIP claims and enrollment data from Idaho and Kentucky.
Study design: Logistic and hazard pre-post regression models, controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and eligibility category.
Data extraction methods: Claims and enrollment data were de-identified and merged.
Principal findings: Increased reimbursement had a small, positive association with well-child care in Idaho, but no consistent effects were found in Kentucky. A premium forgiveness program in Idaho was associated with a substantial increase (between 20 and 113 percent) in receipt of any well-child care and quicker receipt of well-child care following e…
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Neural evidence for "intuitive prosecution": the use of mental state information for negative moral verdicts.
Moral judgment depends critically on theory of mind (ToM), reasoning about mental states such as beliefs and intentions. People assign blame for failed attempts to harm and offer forgiveness in the case of accidents. Here we use fMRI to investigate the role of ToM in moral judgment of harmful vs. helpful actions. Is ToM deployed differently for judgments of blame vs. praise? Participants evaluated agents who produced a harmful, helpful, or neutral outcome, based on a harmful, helpful, or neutral intention; participants made blame and praise judgments. In the right temporo-parietal junction (right TPJ), and, to a lesser extent, the left TPJ and medial prefrontal cortex, the neural response reflected an interaction between belief and outcome factors, for both blame and praise judgments: The response in these regions was highest when participants delivered a negative moral judgment, i.e., a…
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Continuing bonds in bereaved Pakistani Muslims: effects of culture and religion.
This study explores the bereavement process and continuing bond in Pakistani Muslims with the focus on how culture and religion influence these processes. Ten participants were interviewed and their transcribed interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Three main domains were identified from the narratives expressed by the participants: death and the process of grieving, continuing the link with the deceased, and influencing agents. The findings indicated that Pakistani Muslims maintained their link with the deceased through cultural and religious rituals, such as performing prayers, reciting holy verses, talking and dreaming about the deceased, doing charity, visiting graves, and arranging communal gatherings. The prime purpose of many of these practices was the forgiveness of the deceased. Grief reactions seemed to be determined by the nature of death, prior relationsh…
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Hill RD (2011)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBehavior therapy25 citations A positive aging framework for guiding geropsychology interventions.
This article characterizes the human aging process from the perspectives of normal, pathological, usual, successful, and positive aging. Positive aging is described based on four characteristics: the mobilizing of latent resources, psychological flexibility, an affirmative decision-making style, and the propensity to generate an optimistic response to stressors inherent in age-related decline. A positive aging strategy framework is proposed, inclusive of recent developments in intervention research employing gratitude, forgiveness, and altruism to preserve subjective well-being. The role of positive aging strategies in conjunction with behavioral intervention approaches to promote well-being in one's later years is recommended for addressing the complex needs of our graying population.
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