The hormonal stress response and its measurement.
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526 to 550 of 897Liu PY, Reddy RT (2022)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usReviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders55 citations Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men.
Sleep serves important biological functions, and influences health and longevity through endocrine and metabolic related systems. Sleep debt, circadian misalignment and sleep disruption from obstructive sleep apnea is widespread in modern society and accumulates with life because recovery sleep is not completely restorative. Accumulated disordered sleep throughout life impacts the ageing process and the development of age-related diseases. When epidemiological and interventional studies are considered collectively, sleep loss and lower sleep duration are associated with lower morning, afternoon and 24-h testosterone; as well as higher afternoon, but not morning or 24-h cortisol. These reciprocal changes imbalances anabolic-catabolic signaling because testosterone and cortisol are respectively the main anabolic and catabolic signals in man. Fixing testosterone-cortisol balance by means of…
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Maternal Psychological Distress and Lactation and Breastfeeding Outcomes: a Narrative Review.
Purpose: Despite recommendations from the World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics to exclusively breastfeed infants for their first 6 months of life, 75% of women do not meet exclusive breastfeeding guidelines, and 60% do not meet their own breastfeeding goals. Numerous observational studies have linked maternal psychological distress (eg, perceived stress, anxiety, and depression) with nonoptimal breastfeeding outcomes, such as decreased proportion and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. The physiological mechanisms underlying these associations, however, remain unclear.
Methods: For this narrative review, we evaluated the evidence of relationships between maternal psychological distress and lactation and breastfeeding outcomes in pregnancy and post partum and the possible physiological mechanisms that facilitate these relationships. We searched PubMed using th…
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Physiological linkage in pregnancy: Couples' cortisol, negative conflict behavior, and postpartum depression.
Within-couple concordance in momentary cortisol levels ("cortisol linkage") may reflect meaningful relationship dynamics. In this study, we examined couple cortisol linkage during pregnancy, associations with negative conflict couple behavior, and subsequent postpartum depressive symptoms. Eighty-two opposite-sex couples expecting their first child engaged in a conflict discussion, provided six salivary cortisol samples over the course of a laboratory visit, and then reported on depressive symptoms six months after their baby's birth. Couples' cortisol levels were significantly positively associated with each other, indicating linkage. When mothers and fathers behaved less negatively during the prenatal conflict discussion, they exhibited stronger couple cortisol linkage. Stronger cortisol linkage also predicted fewer postpartum depressive symptoms for fathers. Negative conflict behavior…
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Molecular links between endocrine, nervous and immune system during chronic stress.
Introduction: The stress response is different in various individuals, however, the mechanisms that could explain these distinct effects are not well known and the molecular correlates have been considered one at the time. Particular harmful conditions occur if the subject, instead to cope the stressful events, succumb to them, in this case, a cascade reaction happens that through different signaling causes a specific reaction named "sickness behaviour." The aim of this article is to review the complex relations among important molecules belonging to Central nervous system (CNS), immune system (IS), and endocrine system (ES) during the chronic stress response.
Methods: After having verified the state of art concerning the function of cortisol, norepinephrine (NE), interleukin (IL)-1β and melatonin, we describe as they work together.
Results: We propose a speculative hypothesis concerning…
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The use of hair cortisol for the assessment of stress in animals.
The hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is assumed to be a retrospective marker of integrated cortisol secretion and stress over longer periods of time. Its quantification is increasingly used in psychoneuroendocrinological studies in humans, but also in animal stress and welfare research. The measurement of HCCs for the assessment of stress offers many considerable benefits for use in domesticated and wild animals, especially due to the easy and minimally invasive sampling procedure and the representation of longer time periods in one sample. This review aims to outline the different fields of application and to assess the applicability and validity of HCC as an indicator for chronic stress or long-term activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in wild and domesticated animals. Specific hair characteristics are presented and the advantages and limitations of using HCC are discus…
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Sex Differences and Gender Diversity in Stress Responses and Allostatic Load Among Workers and LGBT People.
Measuring biological sex differences and socio-cultural gender diversity provides insights into individual variation in stress physiology and the development of "sex-specific" diseases. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this selective review, we summarize recent findings that assess sex and gender in relation to the stress hormone cortisol and multi-systemic physiological dysregulation called allostatic load. The focus of this research centers on workers as well as sexual and gender minorities as these populations provide unique insights into sex and gender at various levels of analysis from the micro-level to the macro-level. RECENT FINDINGS: Male/female sex, sex hormones, gender identity, gender roles, and sexual orientation are all variables that are distinctly correlated with stress physiology. Beyond identifying patterns of vulnerability to stress-related diseases, pathways towards resilience a…
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Hong W, Zhang Q (2019)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAdvances in experimental medicine and biology14 citations Biological Rhythms Advance in Depressive Disorder.
Most processes of human body, such as brain function, are regulated by biological rhythms. Disturbance of biological rhythms impairs mood, behavior, cognition, sleep, and social activity and may lead to mental disorders. Disturbed rhythms are widely observable in patients with major depressive disorders (MDD) and make risk of onset, comorbidity, response of antidepressants, recurrence, cognition, social function, and complications of physical health. Therefore, it is crucial to assess and manage focus on biological rhythms for patients with MDD. There are several validated ways of assessing the biological rhythms, including 24 h fluctuations in cortisol or melatonin, sleep monitoring, actigraphy, and self-report scales. Chronotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, sleep deprivation, and bright light therapy was widely reported for treatmen…
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Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health.
Background: Over half of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and this proportion is expected to increase. While there have been numerous reviews of empirical studies on the link between nature and human health, very few have focused on the urban context, and most have examined almost exclusively cross-sectional research. This review is a first step toward assessing the possibility of causal relationships between nature and health in urban settings. Methods: Through systematic review of published literature, we explored the association between urban green space and human health. Results: We found consistent negative association between urban green space exposure and mortality, heart rate, and violence, and positive association with attention, mood, and physical activity. Results were mixed, or no association was found, in studies of urban green space exposure and general heal…
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In the search for integrative biomarker of resilience to psychological stress.
Psychological resilience can be defined as individual's ability to withstand and adapt to adverse and traumatic events. Resilience is traditionally assessed by subjective reports, a method that is susceptible to self-report bias. An ideal solution to this challenge is the introduction of standardised and validated physiological and/or biological predictors of resilience. We provide a summary of the major concepts in the field of resilience followed by a detailed critical review of the literature around physiological, neurochemical and immune markers of resilience. We conclude that in future experimental protocols, biological markers of resilience should be assesses both during baseline and during laboratory stressors. In the former case the most promising candidates are represented by heart rate variability and by in vitro immune cells assay; in the latter case-by startle responses (espe…
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Cortisol and DHEA in development and psychopathology.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and cortisol are the most abundant hormones of the human fetal and adult adrenals released as end products of a tightly coordinated endocrine response to stress. Together, they mediate short- and long-term stress responses and enable physiological and behavioral adjustments necessary for maintaining homeostasis. Detrimental effects of chronic or repeated elevations in cortisol on behavioral and emotional health are well documented. Evidence for actions of DHEA that offset or oppose those of cortisol has stimulated interest in examining their levels as a ratio, as an alternate index of adrenocortical activity and the net effects of cortisol. Such research necessitates a thorough understanding of the co-actions of these hormones on physiological functioning and in association with developmental outcomes. This review addresses the state of the science in unders…
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Technical and clinical aspects of cortisol as a biochemical marker of chronic stress.
Stress is now recognized as a universal premorbid factor associated with many risk factors of various chronic diseases. Acute stress may induce an individual's adaptive response to environmental demands. However, chronic, excessive stress causes cumulative negative impacts on health outcomes through "allostatic load". Thus, monitoring the quantified levels of long-term stress mediators would provide a timely opportunity for prevention or earlier intervention of stress-related chronic illnesses. Although either acute or chronic stress could be quantified through measurement of changes in physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and levels of various metabolic hormones, it is still elusive to interpret whether the changes in circulating levels of stress mediators such as cortisol can reflect the acute, chronic, or diurnal variations. Both serum and salivary cortisol lev…
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Phillips AC, Ginty AT, Hughes BM (2013)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology193 citations The other side of the coin: blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity are associated with negative health outcomes.
A cornerstone for research into the link between stress and health has been the reactivity hypothesis; cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stressors, if prolonged or exaggerated, can promote the development of cardiovascular disease. However, it has recently been argued that low or blunted reactivity is also associated with negative health outcomes. As such, in this special issue we present further evidence implicating that cardiovascular and stress hormone responses to acute stress at the other end of the response spectrum can also be considered a pathway to ill health. In this introductory article, we explore and review the origins of and potential mechanisms underlying blunted responses to acute stress. In so doing, we aim to highlight: what is currently known regarding this new conceptualization of the reactivity hypothesis; the potential explanations for blunted reactivity; t…
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Martel MM (2013)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsychological bulletin190 citations Sexual selection and sex differences in the prevalence of childhood externalizing and adolescent internalizing disorders.
Despite the well-established sex difference in prevalence of many childhood and adolescent psychopathological conditions, no integrative metatheory of sex differences in psychopathology exists. This review attempts to provide a metatheoretical framework to guide empirical examination of sex differences in prevalence of childhood-onset "externalizing" and adolescent-onset "internalizing" disorders, based on sexual selection evolutionary theory. Sexual selection theory suggests important between-sex differences in markers, mechanisms, etiology, and developmental timing of risk and resilience relevant to psychopathology. Namely, sexual selection theory hypothesizes that disinhibition and sensation-seeking may be important proximate risk markers for childhood-onset externalizing disorders in males. The theory suggests that these male-biased markers may be a product of their higher exposure t…
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Mechanisms of age-related cognitive change and targets for intervention: social interactions and stress.
Background: The effects of biological and physical factors on cognitive aging are widely studied. Less is known about the role of psychosocial factors such as stress and social relationships for cognitive functioning.
Methods: Speakers in Session IV of the Summit focused on possible mechanisms linking social interactions and stressful experiences to cognitive changes with aging.
Results: Elevated cortisol, repetitive thinking, negative emotions, neuroticism, chronic stress, and early life adversity were negatively associated with memory and other cognitive dimensions in later life. In contrast, supportive social relationships were found to be positively related to cognitive functioning. Some evidence was provided for multidirectional, causal relationships involving stress and negative affect as both antecedents and consequences of cognitive decline.
Conclusions: The findings contribute t…
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Cortisol and finfish welfare.
Previous reviews of stress, and the stress hormone cortisol, in fish have focussed on physiology, due to interest in impacts on aquaculture production. Here, we discuss cortisol in relation to fish welfare. Cortisol is a readily measured component of the primary (neuroendocrine) stress response and is relevant to fish welfare as it affects physiological and brain functions and modifies behaviour. However, we argue that cortisol has little value if welfare is viewed purely from a functional (or behavioural) perspective-the cortisol response itself is a natural, adaptive response and is not predictive of coping as downstream impacts on function and behaviour are dose-, time- and context-dependent and not predictable. Nevertheless, we argue that welfare should be considered in terms of mental health and feelings, and that stress in relation to welfare should be viewed as psychological, rath…
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Stress transcriptomics in fish: a role for genomic cortisol signaling.
The physiological responses to stressors, including hormonal profiles and associated tissue responsiveness have been extensively studied in teleosts, but the molecular mechanisms associated with this adaptive response are not well understood. The advent of cDNA microarray technology has transformed the field of functional genomics by revealing global gene expression changes in response to stressor exposures even in non-mammalian vertebrates, including fish. A unifying response in studies related to stressor exposure is activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis in fish, leading to cortisol release into the circulation. Here we will discuss the implications of some of the gene expression changes observed in response to acute stress in fish, while highlighting a role for cortisol in this adaptive stress response. As liver is a key organ for metabolic adjustments to stre…
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Marik PE (2009)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usChest163 citations Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.
The diagnosis of adrenal failure and the indications for corticosteroid therapy in critically ill patients are controversial. This controversy is fueled by the complexity of the issues and the paucity of data from high quality clinical trials. Nevertheless, while the use of high-dose corticosteroids in patients with severe sepsis and ARDS failed to improve outcome and was associated with increased complications, an extended course of stress-dose corticosteroids has been reported to increase the occurrence of ventilator-free days and survival in select groups of ICU patients. These patients typically have an exaggerated proinflammatory response. Until recently the exaggerated proinflammatory response that characterizes critically ill patients with systemic inflammation has focused on suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and adrenal failure. However, experimental and clin…
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Transgenerational transmission of cortisol and PTSD risk.
Parental posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appears to be a relevant risk factor for the development of PTSD, as evidenced by a greater prevalence of PTSD, but not trauma exposure, in adult offspring of Holocaust survivors with PTSD, compared to children of Holocaust-exposed parents without PTSD. This paper summarizes recent neuroendocrine studies in offspring of parents with PTSD. Offspring of trauma survivors with PTSD show significantly lower 24-h mean urinary cortisol excretion and salivary cortisol levels as well as enhanced plasma cortisol suppression in response to low dose dexamethasone administration than offspring of survivors without PTSD. In all cases, neuroendocrine measures were negatively correlated with severity of parental PTSD symptoms, even after controlling for PTSD and even other symptoms in offspring. Though the majority of our work has focused on adult offspring …
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Sleep, rhythms and women's mood. Part II. Menopause.
This review summarizes studies of sleep and other biological rhythms in menopausal women with major depression compared with healthy control subjects. Where feasible, we focused on studies in women who met DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) criteria for a major depressive episode (MDE) compared with matched normal control subjects and the Staging System for Reproductive Aging in Women (STRAW) criteria. The aim was to review supporting evidence for the hypothesis that a disruption of the normal temporal relationship between sleep and other biological rhythms, such as melatonin, cortisol, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or prolactin, occur during the menopausal transition. As a result, depressive disorders occur in predisposed women. Treatment strategies, designed to correct these altered phase (timing) or amplitude abnormalities, thereby impro…
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Using social risk factors to predict allostatic biotypes of depression: A latent profile and multinomial regression analysis.
Objective: Major depression is often difficult to treat, particularly among individuals exposed to psychosocial risks like childhood maltreatment, loneliness, and recent stress. These experiences may lead to biological dysregulation consistent with allostatic load theory. This study explored whether distinct biological profiles among adults with depression are associated with specific psychosocial and health-related factors.
Method: Data were drawn from the Midlife in the United States study (MIDUS), including 367 participants with clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16). Latent profile analysis identified biological profiles based on 23 biomarkers across seven systems: inflammation, glucose, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, HPA-axis, cardiovascular, and lipids. Multinomial regression models examined associations between profile membership and psychosocial…
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A P2X7 receptor antagonist reverses behavioural alterations, microglial activation and neuroendocrine dysregulation in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model of depression in mice.
A polymorphism in the P2RX7 gene that encodes for the P2X7 ionotropic ATP-gated receptor (P2X7R) protein has been shown to be associated with an increased risk for developing depressive illnesses. However, the role of P2X7R in depression is still unclear. To better understand the role of P2X7R and its subsequent impact on microglial activation, we compared the effect of the P2X7R antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) with that of fluoxetine in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model of depression in mice. Our results indicate that BBG (50 mg/kg body weight in 0.9% NaCl, 10 ml/kg/day) successfully reversed the degradation of coat states and nest-building scores induced by exposure to UCMS, similar to the conventional antidepressant fluoxetine (15 mg/kg body weight in 0.9% NaCl, 10 ml/kg/day). BBG also reversed the UCMS-induced microglial activation in cortical and hippocampal region…
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Robertson RC, Seira Oriach C, Murphy K, Moloney GM, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Paul Ross R, Stanton C (2017)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBrain, behavior, and immunity184 citations Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids critically regulate behaviour and gut microbiota development in adolescence and adulthood.
Background: Neurodevelopment is strongly influenced by maternal and early-postnatal diet. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are vital structural and functional components of the developing brain. The gut microbiota is also influenced by n-3 PUFA status, however, little is known about the role of maternal and early-life n-3 PUFA intake on offspring gut microbiota development and subsequent interactions with central nervous system functioning and behavioural outcomes.
Methods: Pregnant female C57BL/6 mice and their male offspring were fed a control (CON), omega-3 deficient (O3-) or omega-3 supplemented (O3+) diet. Cognitive, depressive and social behaviours were assessed through a battery of behaviour tests in the male offspring at both adolescence (week 4-5) and adulthood (week 11-13). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activation was assessed by analysis of stress-ind…
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Walker CD, Bath KG, Joels M, Korosi A, Larauche M, Lucassen PJ, Morris MJ, Raineki C, Roth TL, Sullivan RM, Taché Y, Baram TZ (2017)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usStress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)332 citations Chronic early life stress induced by limited bedding and nesting (LBN) material in rodents: critical considerations of methodology, outcomes and translational potential.
The immediate and long-term effects of exposure to early life stress (ELS) have been documented in humans and animal models. Even relatively brief periods of stress during the first 10 days of life in rodents can impact later behavioral regulation and the vulnerability to develop adult pathologies, in particular an impairment of cognitive functions and neurogenesis, but also modified social, emotional, and conditioned fear responses. The development of preclinical models of ELS exposure allows the examination of mechanisms and testing of therapeutic approaches that are not possible in humans. Here, we describe limited bedding and nesting (LBN) procedures, with models that produce altered maternal behavior ranging from fragmentation of care to maltreatment of infants. The purpose of this paper is to discuss important issues related to the implementation of this chronic ELS procedure and t…
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Elevated paternal glucocorticoid exposure alters the small noncoding RNA profile in sperm and modifies anxiety and depressive phenotypes in the offspring.
Recent studies have suggested that physiological and behavioral traits may be transgenerationally inherited through the paternal lineage, possibly via non-genomic signals derived from the sperm. To investigate how paternal stress might influence offspring behavioral phenotypes, a model of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation was used. Male breeders were administered water supplemented with corticosterone (CORT) for 4 weeks before mating with untreated female mice. Female, but not male, F1 offspring of CORT-treated fathers displayed altered fear extinction at 2 weeks of age. Only male F1 offspring exhibited altered patterns of ultrasonic vocalization at postnatal day 3 and, as adults, showed decreased time in open on the elevated-plus maze and time in light on the light-dark apparatus, suggesting a hyperanxiety-like behavioral phenotype due to paternal CORT treatment. I…
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Developmental minocycline treatment reverses the effects of neonatal immune activation on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, hippocampal inflammation, and HPA axis activity in adult mice.
Neonatal infection is associated with increased lifetime risk for neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression, with evidence showing that dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-(HPA)-axis system may be partly responsible. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that minocycline exhibits antidepressant effects through inhibition of microglial activation and anti-inflammatory actions, and of interest is that recent studies suggest that minocycline alleviates the behavioral abnormalities induced by early-life insults. The current study was designed to determine if developmental minocycline treatment attenuates the neonatal immune activation-induced anxiety- and depression-like symptoms and HPA-axis-dysregulation later in life. To this end, neonatal mice were treated to either lipopolysaccharide or saline on postnatal days (PND) 3-5, then dams during lactati…
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