Migration and resettlement الهجرة

فَٱسۡتَجَابَ لَهُمۡ رَبُّهُمۡ أَنِّي لَآ أُضِيعُ عَمَلَ عَٰمِلࣲ مِّنكُم مِّن ذَكَرٍ أَوۡ أُنثَىٰۖ بَعۡضُكُم مِّنۢ بَعۡضࣲۖ فَٱلَّذِينَ هَاجَرُواْ وَأُخۡرِجُواْ مِن دِيَٰرِهِمۡ وَأُوذُواْ فِي سَبِيلِي وَقَٰتَلُواْ وَقُتِلُواْ لَأُكَفِّرَنَّ عَنۡهُمۡ سَيِّـَٔاتِهِمۡ وَلَأُدۡخِلَنَّهُمۡ جَنَّٰتࣲ تَجۡرِي مِن تَحۡتِهَا ٱلۡأَنۡهَٰرُ ثَوَابࣰ ا مِّنۡ عِندِ ٱللَّهِۚ وَٱللَّهُ عِندَهُۥ حُسۡنُ ٱلثَّوَابِ

Their Lord has answered them: ‘I will not allow the deeds of any one of you to be lost, whether you are male or female, each is like the other [in rewards]. I will certainly wipe out the bad deeds of those who emigrated and were driven out of their homes, who suffered harm for My cause, who fought and were killed. I will certainly admit them to Gardens graced with flowing streams, as a reward from God: the best reward is with God.’

إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَهَاجَرُواْ وَجَٰهَدُواْ بِأَمۡوَٰلِهِمۡ وَأَنفُسِهِمۡ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَاوَواْ وَّنَصَرُوٓاْ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ بَعۡضُهُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءُ بَعۡضࣲۚ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَلَمۡ يُهَاجِرُواْ مَا لَكُم مِّن وَلَٰيَتِهِم مِّن شَيۡءٍ حَتَّىٰ يُهَاجِرُواْۚ وَإِنِ ٱسۡتَنصَرُوكُمۡ فِي ٱلدِّينِ فَعَلَيۡكُمُ ٱلنَّصۡرُ إِلَّا عَلَىٰ قَوۡمِۭ بَيۡنَكُمۡ وَبَيۡنَهُم مِّيثَٰقࣱۗ وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُونَ بَصِيرࣱ‏

Those who believed and emigrated [to Medina] and struggled for God’s cause with their possessions and persons, and those who gave refuge and help, are all allies of one another. As for those who believed but did not emigrate, you are not responsible for their protection until they have done so. But if they seek help from you against persecution, it is your duty to assist them, except against people with whom you have a treaty: God sees all that you do

وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَهَاجَرُواْ وَجَٰهَدُواْ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَاوَواْ وَّنَصَرُوٓاْ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنُونَ حَقࣰّ اۚ لَّهُم مَّغۡفِرَةࣱ وَرِزۡقࣱ كَرِيمࣱ‏

Those who believed and emigrated, and struggled for God’s cause, and those who gave refuge and help- they are the true believers and they will have forgiveness and generous provision

وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ مِنۢ بَعۡدُ وَهَاجَرُواْ وَجَٰهَدُواْ مَعَكُمۡ فَأُوْلَٰٓئِكَ مِنكُمۡۚ وَأُوْلُواْ ٱلۡأَرۡحَامِ بَعۡضُهُمۡ أَوۡلَىٰ بِبَعۡضࣲ فِي كِتَٰبِ ٱللَّهِۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيۡءٍ عَلِيمُۢ

And those who came to believe afterwards, and emigrated and struggled alongside you, they are part of you, but relatives still have prior claim over one another in God’s Scripture: God has full knowledge of all things

إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَٱلَّذِينَ هَاجَرُواْ وَجَٰهَدُواْ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ يَرۡجُونَ رَحۡمَتَ ٱللَّهِۚ وَٱللَّهُ غَفُورࣱ رَّحِيمࣱ‏

But those who have believed, migrated, and striven for God’s cause, it is they who can look forward to God’s mercy: God is most forgiving and merciful

وَدُّواْ لَوۡ تَكۡفُرُونَ كَمَا كَفَرُواْ فَتَكُونُونَ سَوَآءࣰۖ فَلَا تَتَّخِذُواْ مِنۡهُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءَ حَتَّىٰ يُهَاجِرُواْ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِۚ فَإِن تَوَلَّوۡاْ فَخُذُوهُمۡ وَٱقۡتُلُوهُمۡ حَيۡثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمۡۖ وَلَا تَتَّخِذُواْ مِنۡهُمۡ وَلِيࣰّ ا وَلَا نَصِيرًا

They would dearly like you to reject faith, as they themselves have done, to be like them. So do not take them as allies until they migrate [to Medina] for God’s cause. If they turn [on you], then seize and kill them wherever you encounter them. Take none of them as an ally or supporter

And their Lord responded to them, “I will not waste the deed of any doer among you, male or female. The one of you is as the other. And those who emigrated, were expelled from their homes, were tormented in My path, who fought and were killed, I shall surely acquit them of their ugly deeds and enter them into Gardens under which rivers flow, a reward from God.” This is loyalty to the promise that He gave to the faithful: “Supplicate Me; I will respond to you” [40:60]. The verification of this loyalty is that He responded to the caller, He bestowed upon the asker, He assisted the striver, He gave increase to the grateful, He bestowed insight on the patient, He rewarded the obedient, He absolved the disobedient, He had mercy on the regretful, He honored the lover, He gave vision to the yearner. The command came, “O MuḤammad! There is no reason for despair. In triumph the work of the servan

Surely those who have faith, who have emigrated, and struggled with their possessions and their souls in God's path, and those who have given refuge and help, they are friends of one another. O chevalier! The pearl of union with Him is not something that falls into the hand of someone with low aspiration. It is a gem that comes to hand in the box of the self-purification of the purifiers, a jasmine that appears in the gardens of the realities of the passionate. Each of those who dove for this pearl became on his own the sun of desire, the lodging place of the covenant of good fortune, and was accepted by the Divine Presence. Their attribute is what the Exalted Lord says at the end of the surah: They " have faith, who have emigrated, and struggled with their possessions and their souls in God's path, and those who have given refuge and help. " Their decree is this: " They are friends of o

Those-they are the faithful in truth. Theirs is forgiveness and a generous provision. Their created nature is this: Those-they are the faithful in truth. Their reward is this: Theirs is forgiveness and a generous provision. The generous provision is that the sun of union shines forth from the east. It shines, and all of their hopes become hard cash, their increase becomes infinite, the story of water and clay is concealed, and the beginningless Friend is seen face-to-face. Both eyes and heart see through the Friend. When the light of self-disclosure appears in someone's heart, it's no great wonder that like Moses he finds comfort in the mountain.

And their Lord answers them their supplication by saying that ‘I do not let the labour of any labourer among you go to waste be you male or female — the one of you is as the other this statement is a reaffirmation of the previous one that is they are both equal when it comes to recompensing them for their deeds and for not neglecting them. When Umm Salama asked ‘O Messenger of God why is there no mention of women when it comes to the Emigration hijra?’ the following was revealed and those who emigrated from Mecca to Medina and were expelled from their habitations those who suffered hurt in My way for My religion and fought the disbelievers and were slain read qutilū or quttilū — them I shall surely absolve of their evil deeds concealing these with forgiveness and I shall admit them to Gardens underneath which river flow’. A reward thawāban is a verbal noun reaffirming the import of la-uk

Truly those who believed and emigrated and strove with their wealth and their lives in the way of God these being the Emigrants and those who provided refuge for the Prophet s and assisted these being the Helpers those are allies of one another in terms of mutual support and inheritance. And those who believed but did not emigrate — you have no duty to make an alliance read wilāya or walāya with them and so there is no inheriting between you and them and no share of the spoils for them until they emigrate this was abrogated by the end of this sūra; but if they ask you for assistance in the matter of religion then it is your duty to assist them against the disbelievers except against a folk between whom and you there is a covenant a pact in which case do not assist them against these others and so break your pact; and God sees what you do.

And those who believed and emigrated and strove for the way of God and those who provided refuge and assisted — those are the true believers and for them is forgiveness and a generous provision in Paradise.

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو النُّعْمَانِ، حَدَّثَنَا ثَابِتُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ، حَدَّثَنَا عَاصِمٌ أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الأَحْوَلُ، عَنْ أَنَسٍ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏ "‏ الْمَدِينَةُ حَرَمٌ، مِنْ كَذَا إِلَى كَذَا، لاَ يُقْطَعُ شَجَرُهَا، وَلاَ يُحْدَثُ فِيهَا حَدَثٌ، مَنْ أَحْدَثَ حَدَثًا فَعَلَيْهِ لَعْنَةُ اللَّهِ وَالْمَلاَئِكَةِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجْمَعِينَ ‏"‏‏.‏

Narrated Anas:The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Medina is a sanctuary from that place to that. Its trees should not be cut and no heresy should be innovated nor any sin should be committed in it, and whoever innovates in it an heresy or commits sins (bad deeds), then he will incur the curse of Allah, the angels, and all the people." (See Hadith No. 409, Vol)

حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَشَّارٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ، حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ، عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ التَّيْمِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَلِيٍّ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ قَالَ مَا عِنْدَنَا شَىْءٌ إِلاَّ كِتَابُ اللَّهِ، وَهَذِهِ الصَّحِيفَةُ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏"‏ الْمَدِينَةُ حَرَمٌ، مَا بَيْنَ عَائِرٍ إِلَى كَذَا، مَنْ أَحْدَثَ فِيهَا حَدَثًا، أَوْ آوَى مُحْدِثًا، فَعَلَيْهِ لَعْنَةُ اللَّهِ وَالْمَلاَئِكَةِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجْمَعِينَ، لاَ يُقْبَلُ مِنْهُ صَرْفٌ وَلاَ عَدْلٌ ‏"‏‏.‏ وَقَالَ ‏"‏ ذِمَّةُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَاحِدَةٌ، فَمَنْ أَخْفَرَ مُسْلِمًا فَعَلَيْهِ لَعْنَةُ اللَّهِ وَالْمَلاَئِكَةِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجْمَعِينَ، لاَ يُقْبَلُ مِنْهُ صَرْفٌ وَلاَ عَدْلٌ، وَمَنْ تَوَلَّى قَوْمًا بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِ مَوَالِيهِ، فَعَلَيْهِ لَعْنَةُ اللَّهِ وَالْمَلاَئِكَةِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجْمَعِينَ، لاَ يُقْبَلُ مِنْهُ صَرْفٌ وَلاَ عَدْلٌ ‏"‏‏.‏

Narrated `Ali:We have nothing except the Book of Allah and this written paper from the Prophet (wherein is written:) Medina is a sanctuary from the 'Air Mountain to such and such a place, and whoever innovates in it an heresy or commits a sin, or gives shelter to such an innovator in it will incur the curse of Allah, the angels, and all the people, none of his compulsory or optional good deeds of worship will be accepted. And the asylum (of protection) granted by any Muslim is to be secured (respected) by all the other Muslims; and whoever betrays a Muslim in this respect incurs the curse of Allah, the angels, and all the people, and none of his compulsory or optional good deeds of worship will be accepted, and whoever (freed slave) befriends (take as masters) other than his manumitters without their permission incurs the curse of Allah, the angels, and all the people, and none of his compulsory or optional good deeds of worship will be accepted

حَدَّثَنَا مُوسَى بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، حَدَّثَنَا مَهْدِيُّ بْنُ مَيْمُونٍ، حَدَّثَنَا غَيْلاَنُ بْنُ جَرِيرٍ، قَالَ قُلْتُ لأَنَسٍ أَرَأَيْتَ اسْمَ الأَنْصَارِ كُنْتُمْ تُسَمَّوْنَ بِهِ، أَمْ سَمَّاكُمُ اللَّهُ قَالَ بَلْ سَمَّانَا اللَّهُ، كُنَّا نَدْخُلُ عَلَى أَنَسٍ فَيُحَدِّثُنَا مَنَاقِبَ الأَنْصَارِ وَمَشَاهِدَهُمْ، وَيُقْبِلُ عَلَىَّ أَوْ عَلَى رَجُلٍ مِنَ الأَزْدِ فَيَقُولُ فَعَلَ قَوْمُكَ يَوْمَ كَذَا وَكَذَا كَذَا وَكَذَا‏.‏

Narrated Ghailan bin Jarir:I asked Anas, "Tell me about the name 'Al-Ansar.; Did you call yourselves by it or did Allah call you by it?" He said, "Allah called us by it." We used to visit Anas (at Basra) and he used to narrate to us the virtues and deeds of the Ansar, and he used to address me or a person from the tribe of Al-Azd and say, "Your tribe did so-and-so on such-and-such a day

حَدَّثَنِي عُبَيْدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو أُسَامَةَ، عَنْ هِشَامٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ـ رضى الله عنها ـ قَالَتْ كَانَ يَوْمُ بُعَاثَ يَوْمًا قَدَّمَهُ اللَّهُ لِرَسُولِهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَقَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم وَقَدِ افْتَرَقَ مَلَؤُهُمْ، وَقُتِلَتْ سَرَوَاتُهُمْ، وَجُرِّحُوا، فَقَدَّمَهُ اللَّهُ لِرَسُولِهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِي دُخُولِهِمْ فِي الإِسْلاَمِ‏.‏

Narrated `Aisha:The day of Bu'ath (i.e. Day of fighting between the two tribes of the Ansar, the Aus and Khazraj) was brought about by Allah for the good of His Apostle so that when Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) reached (Medina), the tribes of Medina had already divided and their chiefs had been killed and wounded. So Allah had brought about the battle for the good of H is Apostle in order that they (i.e. the Ansar) might embrace Islam

وههنا يوحشك الناس كلهم إلا الغرباء في العالم فإياك أن تستوحش من الاغتراب والتفرد فإنه والله عين العزة والصحبة مع الله ورسوله وروح الأنس به والرضى به ربا وبمحمد رسولا وبالإسلام دينا

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يعني سمة هذه الطائفة المسافرين إلى ربهم الذين ركبوا جناح السفر إليه ثم لم يفارقوه إلى حين اللقاء وهم الذين قعدوا على الحقائق وقعد من سواهم على الرسوم

فأخذ في أهبة السفر فانتقل إلى منزلة العزم وهو العقد الجازم على المسير ومفارقة كل قاطع ومعوق ومرافقة كل معين وموصل وبحسب كمال انتباهه ويقظته يكون عزمه وبحسب قوة عزمه يكون استعداده

والنية على سفر الهجرة إلى الله وعلم وتيقن أنه لابد له منه فأخذ في أهبة السفر وتعبئة الزاد ليوم المعاد والتجرد عن عوائق السفر وقطع العلائق التي تمنعه من الخروج

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An observational study of immigrant mortality differences in Norway by reason for migration, length of stay and characteristics of sending countries.: Background: Knowledge of mortality differentials in immigrant groups depending on their reason for migration, length of stay in host countries and characteristics of sending countries may be beneficial for policy interventions aimed to improve various immigrant groups' health and welfare. Methods: We employed discrete-time hazard regression models with time-varying covariates to compare the death risk of immigrants to those of Norwegian-born natives using linked register data on the Norwegian po

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Acculturation, social alienation, and depressed mood in midlife women from the former Soviet Union.

Level of acculturation has been linked to depressed mood in studies across culturally diverse immigrant groups. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acculturation, social alienation, personal and family stress, and demographic characteristics on depressed mood in midlife immigrant women from the former Soviet Union. Structural equation modeling showed that higher acculturation scores, measured by English language and American behavior, were indirectly related to lower scores for depressed mood. Higher acculturation levels promoted mental health indirectly by reducing social alienation and, subsequently, lowering family and personal stress, both of which had direct relationships to symptoms of depression. These findings support the ecological framework that guided our research and point to the importance of focusing on contextual factors in developing interventions fo…

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Scabies as a manifestation of structural violence in refugee communities: a case from Rwanda.

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Healing with Humility: Palliative Care for Refugee Communities.

Forced displacement has reached unprecedented levels, with over 120 million people uprooted globally and more than 100,000 refugees resettled in the United States in 2024. Refugees arrive with diverse cultural identities, prior professional roles, and experiences of trauma, yet often face systemic barriers, clinician bias, and unmet health needs. This article offers a practical framework grounded in holistic, person-centered values for delivering palliative nursing care to refugee communities. It outlines the complex resettlement journey and highlights how structural inequities, institutional racism, and communication barriers can undermine trust and care delivery. Cultural humility is defined and proposed as a guiding principle. Through real-world examples, communication strategies, and evidence-based insights, the authors demonstrate how care grounded in this principle can promote dign…

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Impact of early postmigration health and quality of life on later health and service use among Syrian refugees in Norway: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Previous studies indicate initial health improvements following resettlement for refugees, but the long-term trajectories remain unclear. This study explores health outcomes and healthcare use among Syrian refugees in Norway, focusing on the impact of early health and quality of life (QOL) on future outcomes. Methods: This prospective cohort study used data from the Changing Health and health care needs Along the Syrian Refugees' Trajectories to Norway and Integration for Health projects. Baseline factors, self-rated health (SRH) and QOL, were collected 1 year after arrival. Health outcomes and healthcare use were assessed at 1 and 4 years (2019-2023) post-resettlement. Changes over time were analysed with generalized estimating equations, and associations with baseline factors were assessed using generalized linear models, presenting relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence i…

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Loneliness as a mediator between family separation and life satisfaction among Ukrainian refugee women in Germany.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to one of the largest population displacements in Europe since World War II. Different from other recent refugee flows, Ukrainian refugees are predominantly women, often separated from partners who remained behind. Using data from the "IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Survey on Refugees from Ukraine in Germany," this cross-sectional study examines how separation-related loneliness and integration barriers are associated with life satisfaction among displaced women who arrived in Germany in 2022. Structural equation modeling showed that the association between forced family separation and life satisfaction operated entirely through indirect pathways involving loneliness and integration barriers. Loneliness accounted for the largest share of this indirect association and acted as a key intermediary, being linked to both lower life satisfaction and greater int…

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'Today, I'll manage, but not all days!' Adult refugees' meaning-making of learning and coping with trauma and other emotional distress while in language training programmes.

Background: Adverse life experiences evoke thoughts and emotions that may negatively affect adult refugees' language learning. This may significantly impact the ability to establish their lives in the resettlement country. However, little attention has been paid to adult refugee learners' own understandings of managing distress following trauma and forced migration while in language learning contexts. Objective: This qualitative study aims to explore how adult refugee learners deal with distressing memories, emotions, and thoughts, and how they make meaning of their coping and learning efforts, situated within a context increasingly shaped by political integration objectives. Methods: We interviewed 22 adult learners from diverse refugee backgrounds (12 men), aged 19-57, attending the Introduction Programme in Norway. We conducted a reflexive thematic analysis of the participants' narrat…

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Resettlement Workforce Perspectives on Mental Health Care of Refugees.

Background: To identify the mental health care needs of resettled refugees, researchers have studied the perspectives of mental health service providers but have paid limited attention to the perspectives of individuals who work directly in resettlement agencies or in agencies that exclusively provide services to promote refugees' self-sufficiency and integration-the refugee resettlement workforce-who routinely provide support, make referrals, and coordinate mental health care. To better inform programming and service delivery, this qualitative case study focuses on the perspectives of the resettlement workforce. Methods: Focus group interviews conducted with 48 refugee resettlement workforce members were analyzed for their perspectives on refugee mental health needs and care. Results: Thematic analysis revealed that their perspectives centered on barriers to (i.e., resettlement challeng…

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Social Interactions and Self-Reported Health Among Resettled Refugees.

The goal of this research is to investigate the relationship between social interactions and self-reported mental and physical health of resettled refugees. Social relationships and interactions consist of different layers extending from individual personal relations to social networking activities to collective engagement. Using data from a public opinion survey of recently resettled Bhutanese and Rohingya refugees in Michigan (N=352), we find that along with their socioeconomic situations, such as employment, social integration is an important determinant of mental and physical health. Resettled refugees tend to report better health if they are more socially engaged. This study contributes to the literature on refugee resettlement and integration through a quantitative analysis of a variety of measures of social interactions and their relationship to resettled refugee health. The findi…

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Perceptions of Health in the Denver Refugee Community: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Refugees often face significant barriers to healthcare access and integration, contributing to poor health outcomes. Although perceptions of health are known predictors of self-reported health status, little is known about how refugees themselves conceptualize health. This study employed a community-engaged, transformative mixed-methods design to explore refugee health perceptions in the Denver-metro area. Data collection included 149 surveys and 27 interviews with refugees and asylum seekers conducted between November 2018 and March 2019. Hierarchical linear regression was used to assess associations between social determinants of health (SDoH) and self-reported health, while qualitative data were analyzed using a constant comparative approach. The final regression model explained 75.8% of the variance in self-reported health (R2 = 0.758, p < 0.001). Significant predictors included coun…

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Perspectives of refugee parents and unaccompanied minors on initial health assessment and access to care.

To explore the needs, expectations, and experiences of asylum-seeking parents and unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years on the initial health assessment for children and adolescents and access to care upon entry in the Netherlands, We conducted five semi-structured focus group discussions with asylum-seeking parents and unaccompanied minors, from Syria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, and other Middle-East and African countries, supported by professional interpreters. To triangulate findings, semi-structured interviews with health care professionals involved in care for refugee children were conducted. Transcripts of focus group discussions were inductively and deductively coded and content analyzed; transcripts of interviews were deductively coded and content analyzed. In total, 31 asylum-seeking participants: 23 parents of 101 children (between 0 and 18 years old), 8 unaccompanied minor…

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Does country of resettlement influence the risk of labor market marginalization among refugees? A cohort study in Sweden and Norway.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the risk of labor market marginalization among refugees across different host countries of resettlement and examine the moderating role of birth country and length of stay on these associations. Methods: Cohorts of refugees and native-born individuals aged 19-60 in Sweden (N=3 605 949, 3.5% refugees) and Norway (N=1 784 861, 1.7% refugees) were followed during 2010-2016. Rates (per 1000 person-years) of long-term unemployment, long-term sickness absence, and disability pension were estimated for refugees and the host populations. Cox regression models estimated crude and adjusted (for sex, age, educational level, and civil status) hazard ratio (HRadj) for refugees compared to their respective host population, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Analyses were also stratified by birth country and length of stay. Results: Refugees in Norway and Sweden…

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A Qualitative Inquiry of Older Afghan Refugee Women's Individual and Sociocultural Factors of Health and Health Care Experiences in the United States.

Introduction: Approximately 132,000 Afghans have resettled in the United States since the 1980s and are now aging. As older adults, sociocultural factors influence health and health-related behaviors. This study aimed to explore older Afghan refugee women's perceptions of individual and sociocultural factors of health and health care experiences. Methods: A focused ethnography methodology was conducted with 27 semi-structured interviews with older Afghan refugee women, family members, and community key informants in Southern California. Recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Five themes were identified as key to health promotion in the post-migration setting: (a) health promotion through Islam, (b) the centrality of family, (c) ongoing stressors that impact health, (d) needing support in navigating health services, and (e) miscommuni…

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Social Capital and Rural Health for Refugee Communities in Australia.

Refugee resettlement significantly contributes to Australia's migration programs, with recent policy directives prioritising rural resettlement. As a result, the cultural diversity of populations of several Australian rural towns has substantially expanded. Newcomers may encounter challenges becoming part of closed social networks and accessing the resources they need for a healthy life in resettlement. However, there are also benefits that stem from positive integration for newcomers and for receiving populations. As part of a larger study, which aimed to explore facilitators and barriers to successful resettlement in a rural setting, the objective of this paper was to show how social ties were important for participants' health, both facilitating access to resources, including health services, and connecting people to health-promoting living conditions. In-depth individual interviews w…

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"Step by Step We Were Okay Now": An Exploration of the Impact of Social Connectedness on the Well-Being of Congolese and Iraqi Refugee Women Resettled in the United States.

Little is known about the gendered impacts of the displacement and resettlement process. Women are known to struggle more with feelings of belonging and the creation of social networks to access essential information, resources, and social and emotional support to enhance their overall health and well-being. The purpose of the present study was to qualitatively explore female refugee perceptions of belongingness and social connectedness post-resettlement into their U.S. host community. Conducted between January and June of 2016, through the partnership of multiple governmental, nonprofit, and community-based organizations, two female focus groups were conducted among Congolese (n = 6) and Iraqi (n = 6) U.S. resettled refugees. Descriptive surveys were distributed to participants, providing valuable insights into participant demographics and indicators that could impact the integration pr…

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Characterization of Premigration and Postmigration Multidomain Factors and Psychosocial Health Among Refugee Children and Adolescents After Resettlement in Australia.

Importance: A better understanding of the psychosocial health of resettled child and adolescent refugees and associated premigration and postmigration factors may help this population integrate effectively. Objective: To estimate the associations of premigration and postmigration multidomain factors with psychosocial health after resettlement among young refugees of different ages. Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study used wave 3 data from the Building a New Life in Australia (BNLA) cohort study, as they represented the first time a BNLA study included a child module targeting children and adolescents in the migrating unit as a nested component of the broader study. The study population consisted of children aged 5 to 10 years and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. The caregivers of the children, the adolescents themselves, and the adolescents' caregivers were invi…

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Do refugees with better mental health better integrate? Evidence from the Building a New Life in Australia longitudinal survey.

Hardly any evidence exists on the effects of mental distress on refugee labor outcomes. We offer the first study on this topic in the context of Australia, one of the host countries with the largest number of refugees per capita in the world. Analyzing the Building a New Life in Australia longitudinal survey, we exploit the variations in traumatic experiences of refugees interacted with post-resettlement time periods to causally identify the impacts of refugee mental health. We find that worse mental health, as measured by a one-standard-deviation increase in the Kessler mental health score, reduces the probability of employment by 11.9% and labor income by 22.8%. These effects appear more pronounced for refugees that newly arrive or are without social networks, but they may be ameliorated with government support. These findings have significant implications for the development of health…

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Use of participatory action research to support Syrian refugee mothers in the resettlement period in Canada: A longitudinal study.

Research has shown that refugees in a foreign country often experience physical and mental health challenges upon resettlement (Ahmad et al., 2021; Salam et al., 2022). In Canada, refugee women experience a range of physical and mental barriers, including poor access to interpreter services and transportation, and a lack of accessible childcare, all of which can negatively affect their successful integration (Stirling Cameron et al., 2022). Social factors that support Syrian refugees to settle successfully in Canada have been unexplored systematically. This study examines these factors from the perspectives of Syrian refugee mothers living in the province of British Columbia (BC). Framed by principles of intersectionality and community-based participatory action research (PAR), the study draws on Syrian mothers' perspectives of social support in early, middle, and later phases of resettl…

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Mental Wellbeing and Social Resilience of Eritrean Refugees Living in Germany.

Mental health and social resilience play a significant role in refugees' adaptation during the resettlement process in the host country. Maintaining good mental wellbeing helps the refugees to respond to stressful experiences with healthy life choices. This study aimed to explore the mental wellbeing and social resilience of Eritrean refugees living in Germany and to identify social conditions and enablers to foster adaptation. This study employs a qualitative approach with a semi-structured, in-depth interview data collection method. Informants were identified among mostly young adult refugees living in Heidelberg, Germany, with a migration history of 3-6 years. In total, 15 informants were recruited through snowball sampling. Data were sorted and analyzed using the five pillars of the Adaptation and Development after Persecution and Trauma (ADAPT) model. The findings suggest that Eritr…

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Psychological distress, exhaustion, and work-related correlates among interpreters working in refugee care: results of a nationwide online survey in Germany.

Background: Due to language barriers, interpreters are crucial for refugee care in the countries of resettlement. However, interpreters are often faced with distressing working conditions, such as precarious work circumstances, lack of supervision, or exposure to their clients' traumatic experiences. Recent studies examining interpreters' mental health focussed primarily on secondary traumatic stress. The present study aimed to gain a better understanding of psychological distress and exhaustion among interpreters in refugee care by examining these factors in the work context as well as their possible work-related correlates. Method: An online survey was carried out in Germany, which included several standardized questionnaires regarding distress, work- and client-related exhaustion, job satisfaction, and trauma exposure (BSI-18, CBI, JSS, HTQ, PCL-5). Interpreters were recruited primari…

matched on resettlement (text), Refugees (mesh)

The postnatal experiences of resettled Syrian refugee women: Access to healthcare and social support in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Aim: The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand Syrian refugee women's perceptions and experiences of access to formal health services and informal supports during the postpartum period in Nova Scotia, Canada and to identify valued and missing services and supports in the community. Background: The postnatal period is a critical time when mothers may need access to health services (e.g., family physicians, psychologists) and informal supports (e.g., friends, family) to support their positive mental and physical health after birth. Resettled refugee women commonly encounter barriers when accessing care during the postnatal period and often have limited social supports. Methods: Semi-structured, telephone or virtual interviews were conducted with 11 resettled Syrian refugee women who gave birth in Nova Scotia, Canada within the past five years. Data were collected in the summe…

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"That is not my country anymore": Pre- and postdisplacement trauma, stressors, and distress in war-affected Syrian civilians.

Objective: This mixed-methods study assessed the prevalence of pre-and postmigration trauma and stressors as determinants of refugee mental health in resettlement. Method: Forty-four war-affected Syrian civilians arriving in Portugal through four streams-UNHCR resettlement, EU relocation, spontaneous asylum, and higher education programs for refugees-participated in focus groups and individual interviews. Participants completed self-report measures of trauma and torture and PTSD symptoms, and narrated pre- and postmigration experiences and distress through semistructured interviews. We used descriptive statistics to characterize incidence of trauma and distress, and thematic analysis to identify themes of pre- and postflight stressors. Results: Participants reported a mean 12.9 (SD = 7.2) war trauma events, with six men also disclosing having been tortured. Twenty-five percent met diagno…

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Social Workers' Views of Ways to Engage Communities in Refugee Resettlement.

The refugee crisis has been keenly felt by communities as they perceive the new arrivals as threats to the community's resources. Preparing the community for future arrivals can help, as can involving the community in the welcoming of refugees. This study explores how social workers engage communities to support refugee resettlement programs. Social workers are on the frontlines of providing services to refugees while also managing the fears and needs of the community members. A community that was once welcoming can become reactionary and xenophobic. This is a qualitative study using the content analysis of 32 social workers in four countries: the United States, Iceland, Switzerland, and Germany. Key factors influenced social workers' facilitation of community integration among new arrivals and community members: prior experiences with displaced populations, social workers' expectations,…

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Mental Health and Integration: A Qualitative Study on the Struggles of Recently Arrived Refugees in Germany.

Introduction: Forcibly displaced people are at particular risk of mental health problems and also face specific integration challenges upon resettlement. Existing literature suggests that there may be a bidirectional relationship between mental health and integration. The present study seeks to understand the relationship between integration processes and mental health problems or significant negative emotional experiences among adult refugees in Germany. Method: Applying a qualitative approach, we conducted 54 semi-structured interviews with refugees and asylum seekers who arrived in Germany between 2013 and 2018 currently residing in Berlin, Leipzig, or the Duisburg area in North Rhine-Westphalia. Data was collected between December 2018 and September 2019. We analyzed transcripts inductively using thematic analysis. Results: Five themes covering the various links between integration a…

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"Mental Health Is for Crazy People": Perceptions and Barriers to Mental Health Service Use among Refugees from Burma.

Good mental health is essential to successful integration for refugee populations that resettle in the U.S. We explored perceptions of mental illnesses and barriers to mental health service use as well as solutions to current mental health problems from the perspective of refugees. The interviews with a convenience sampling of 11 community leaders (6 men and 5 women) from various Burmese ethnic communities revealed three major categories, including sources of mental illnesses (e.g. traumatic experiences and post-resettlement challenges), barriers to service use (e.g. lack of understanding about mental health, linguistic challenges, cultural stigma, alternative treatments, and unresponsive system), and proposed community solutions (e.g. community education, culturally-competent providers, and beyond mental health treatment). The findings suggest that the ethnic community can be a source o…

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Service Evaluation of the English Refugee Health Information System: Considerations and Recommendations for Effective Resettlement.

Since 2015, the UK has resettled over 25,000 refugees. To support resettlement and integration, refugees undergo a pre-arrival medical health assessment (MHA), which is used for healthcare planning by local government in England. This study aimed to understand the utility and effectiveness of the MHA and flow of data to support resettlement planning. Seven local government representatives were interviewed regarding their experiences and perceptions of the refugee health information system (HIS) and the MHA for resettlement in England. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The three themes indicated that the HIS was perceived to be effective, however, issues on governance, timeliness of information and access were identified. Findings showed that for the MHA to be more useful for planning, assessments for mental health issues and child special educational needs (SEN) are needed. Find…

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