Neighbourhood and place

۞وَٱعۡبُدُواْ ٱللَّهَ وَلَا تُشۡرِكُواْ بِهِۦ شَيۡـࣰٔ اۖ وَبِٱلۡوَٰلِدَيۡنِ إِحۡسَٰنࣰ ا وَبِذِي ٱلۡقُرۡبَىٰ وَٱلۡيَتَٰمَىٰ وَٱلۡمَسَٰكِينِ وَٱلۡجَارِ ذِي ٱلۡقُرۡبَىٰ وَٱلۡجَارِ ٱلۡجُنُبِ وَٱلصَّاحِبِ بِٱلۡجَنۢبِ وَٱبۡنِ ٱلسَّبِيلِ وَمَا مَلَكَتۡ أَيۡمَٰنُكُمۡۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ مَن كَانَ مُخۡتَالࣰ ا فَخُورًا

Worship God; join nothing with Him. Be good to your parents, to relatives, to orphans, to the needy, to neighbours near and far, to travellers in need, and to your slaves. God does not like arrogant, boastful people

إِنَّا لَمَّا طَغَا ٱلۡمَآءُ حَمَلۡنَٰكُمۡ فِي ٱلۡجَارِيَةِ

But when the Flood rose high, We saved you in the floating ship

وَفِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِ قِطَعࣱ مُّتَجَٰوِرَٰتࣱ وَجَنَّٰتࣱ مِّنۡ أَعۡنَٰبࣲ وَزَرۡعࣱ وَنَخِيلࣱ صِنۡوَانࣱ وَغَيۡرُ صِنۡوَانࣲ يُسۡقَىٰ بِمَآءࣲ وَٰحِدࣲ وَنُفَضِّلُ بَعۡضَهَا عَلَىٰ بَعۡضࣲ فِي ٱلۡأُكُلِۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَأٓيَٰتࣲ لِّقَوۡمࣲ يَعۡقِلُونَ

There are, in the land, neighbouring plots, gardens of vineyards, cornfields, palm trees in clusters or otherwise, all watered with the same water, yet We make some of them taste better than others: there truly are signs in this for people who reason

۞لَّئِن لَّمۡ يَنتَهِ ٱلۡمُنَٰفِقُونَ وَٱلَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِم مَّرَضࣱ وَٱلۡمُرۡجِفُونَ فِي ٱلۡمَدِينَةِ لَنُغۡرِيَنَّكَ بِهِمۡ ثُمَّ لَا يُجَاوِرُونَكَ فِيهَآ إِلَّا قَلِيلࣰ ا

If the hypocrites, the sick at heart, and those who spread lies in the city do not desist, We shall rouse you [Prophet] against them, and then they will only be your neighbours in this city for a short while

مَا كَانَ لِأَهۡلِ ٱلۡمَدِينَةِ وَمَنۡ حَوۡلَهُم مِّنَ ٱلۡأَعۡرَابِ أَن يَتَخَلَّفُواْ عَن رَّسُولِ ٱللَّهِ وَلَا يَرۡغَبُواْ بِأَنفُسِهِمۡ عَن نَّفۡسِهِۦۚ ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمۡ لَا يُصِيبُهُمۡ ظَمَأࣱ وَلَا نَصَبࣱ وَلَا مَخۡمَصَةࣱ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ وَلَا يَطَـُٔونَ مَوۡطِئࣰ ا يَغِيظُ ٱلۡكُفَّارَ وَلَا يَنَالُونَ مِنۡ عَدُوࣲّ نَّيۡلًا إِلَّا كُتِبَ لَهُم بِهِۦ عَمَلࣱ صَٰلِحٌۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يُضِيعُ أَجۡرَ ٱلۡمُحۡسِنِينَ

The people of Medina and their neighbouring desert Arabs should not have held back from following God’s Messenger, nor should they have cared about themselves more than him: if ever they suffer any thirst, weariness, or hunger in God’s cause, take any step that angers the disbelievers, or cause any harm to an enemy, a good deed is recorded in their favour on account of it- God never wastes the reward of those who do good

Worship God, and associate nothing with Him, and act beautifully toward parents, and toward kinsfolk, orphans, the indigent, and the neighbor who is of kin, and the neighbor who is a stranger, and the companion at your side, and the son of the road, and what your right hands own. This verse begins by mentioning tawḤīd, which is the root of the sciences, the secret of the recogni- tions, the basis of the religion, the foundation of being a Muslim, and the partition between enemy and friend. Any act of obedience without tawḤīd has no value or weight, and its outcome will be nothing but darkness and captivity. Any act of disobedience along with tawḤīd will yield nothing other than familiarity and brightness. TawḤīd is that you say that God is one and that you be one for Him. Saying one is the submit- ter's tawḤīd, and being one is the basis of the recognizer's tawḤīd. The submitter's tawḤīd

And worship God declare His Oneness and associate nothing with Him. Be kind to parents being dutiful and gentle-mannered and near kindred and to orphans and to the needy and to the neighbour who is near to you in terms of physical vicinity or kinship and to the neighbour who is a stranger the one far from you in terms of physical vicinity or kinship; and to the friend at your side a travelling companion or a colleague at work and it is also said one’s wife; and to the wayfarer the one cut off during a journey and to what your right hands own of bondsmen. Surely God loves not the conceited the arrogant and the boastful the one who boasts before people of what he has been given.

Truly when the waters rose high when they rose above all things including mountains and otherwise at the time of the Flood We carried you meaning your forefathers you being in their loins in the sailing vessel the ark which Noah built and by which he and those with him were saved while all the others drowned

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. الْحَاقَّةُ - مَا الْحَاقَّةُ - وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا الْحَاقَّةُ - كَذَّبَتْ ثَمُودُ وَعَادٌ بِالْقَارِعَةِ - فَأَمَّا ثَمُودُ فَأُهْلِكُوا بِالطَّاغِيَةِ - وَأَمَّا عَادٌ فَأُهْلِكُوا بِرِيحٍ صَرْصَرٍ عَاتِيَةٍ - سَخَّرَهَا عَلَيْهِمْ سَبْعَ لَيَالٍ وَثَمَانِيَةَ أَيَّامٍ حُسُومًا فَتَرَى الْقَوْمَ فِيهَا صَرْعَىٰ كَأَنَّهُمْ أَعْجَازُ نَخْلٍ خَاوِيَةٍ - فَهَلْ تَرَىٰ لَهُمْ مِنْ بَاقِيَةٍ - وَجَاءَ فِرْعَوْنُ وَمَنْ قَبْلَهُ وَالْمُؤْتَفِكَاتُ بِالْخَاطِئَةِ - فَعَصَوْا رَسُولَ رَبِّهِمْ فَأَخَذَهُمْ أَخْذَةً رَابِيَةً - إِنَّا لَمَّا طَغَى الْمَاءُ حَمَلْنَاكُمْ فِي الْجَارِيَةِ - لِنَجْعَلَهَا لَكُمْ تَذْكِرَةً وَتَعِيَهَا أُذُنٌ وَاعِيَةٌ (1. Al-Haqqah!)(2. What is Al-Haqqah?)(3. And what will make you know what Al-Haqqah is?)(4. Thamud and 'Ad denied the Qari'ah!)(5. As for Thamud,

It is not for the people of Medina and for the Bedouins who dwell around them to stay behind God’s Messenger when he sets out on a campaign and to prefer their lives to his life by guarding them against hardships which he the Prophet is content to suffer himself this statement is a prohibition expressed as a predicate; that prohibition against staying behind is because neither thirst nor toil nor hunger afflicts them in the way of God nor tread they any tread mawti’an is a verbal noun meaning wat’an that enrages the disbelievers nor gain any gain from the enemy of God be it through slaughter capture or plunder but a righteous deed is therefore recorded for them that they may be rewarded for it. Truly God does not leave the wage of the virtuous to go to waste that is the wage of those mentioned rather He rewards them.

It was neither befitting for the people of Al-Madinah and the bedouins of the neighborhood to remain behind Allah's Messenger nor to prefer their own lives to his life. That is because they suffer neither Zama' nor Nasab, nor Makhmasah in the cause of Allah, nor did they take any step to raise the anger of disbelievers nor inflict any injury upon an enemy, but is written to their credit as a deed of righteousness. Surely, Allah wastes not the reward of the doers of good (120) Rewards of Jihad Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored, criticizes the people of Al-Madinah and the bedouins around it, who did not participate in the battle of Tabuk with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. They sought to preserve themselves rather than comfort the Messenger ﷺ during the hardship that he suffered in that battle. They incurred a loss in their share of the reward, since, لَا يُصِيبُهُمْ ظَمَأٌ (they suffer n

أَخْبَرَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ عَمْرٍو، ح وَأَنْبَأَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ آدَمَ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ، عَنِ ابْنِ الْمُبَارَكِ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ بْنِ عُيَيْنَةَ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ أَوْسٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏"‏ إِنَّ الْمُقْسِطِينَ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى عَلَى مَنَابِرَ مِنْ نُورٍ عَلَى يَمِينِ الرَّحْمَنِ الَّذِينَ يَعْدِلُونَ فِي حُكْمِهِمْ وَأَهْلِيهِمْ وَمَا وَلُوا ‏"‏‏.‏ قَالَ مُحَمَّدٌ فِي حَدِيثِهِ ‏"‏ وَكِلْتَا يَدَيْهِ يَمِينٌ ‏"‏‏.‏

It was narrated from 'Abdullah bin 'Amr bin Al-'As that:The Prophet [SAW] said: "Those who are just and fair will be with Allah, Most High, on thrones of light, at the right hand of the Most Merciful, those who are just in their rulings and in their dealings with their families and those of whom they are in charge." Muhammad (one of the narrators) said in his Hadith: "And both of His hands are right hands

أَخْبَرَنَا سُوَيْدُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، قَالَ أَنْبَأَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ، عَنْ خُبَيْبِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، عَنْ حَفْصِ بْنِ عَاصِمٍ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏ "‏ سَبْعَةٌ يُظِلُّهُمُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ يَوْمَ لاَ ظِلَّ إِلاَّ ظِلُّهُ إِمَامٌ عَادِلٌ وَشَابٌّ نَشَأَ فِي عِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَرَجُلٌ ذَكَرَ اللَّهَ فِي خَلاَءٍ فَفَاضَتْ عَيْنَاهُ وَرَجُلٌ كَانَ قَلْبُهُ مُعَلَّقًا فِي الْمَسْجِدِ وَرَجُلاَنِ تَحَابَّا فِي اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَرَجُلٌ دَعَتْهُ امْرَأَةٌ ذَاتُ مَنْصِبٍ وَجَمَالٍ إِلَى نَفْسِهَا فَقَالَ إِنِّي أَخَافُ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَرَجُلٌ تَصَدَّقَ بِصَدَقَةٍ فَأَخْفَاهَا حَتَّى لاَ تَعْلَمَ شِمَالُهُ مَا صَنَعَتْ يَمِينُهُ ‏"‏‏.‏

It was narrated from Abu Hurairah that :The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: "There are seven whom Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, will shade with His shade on the Day of Resurrection, the Day when there will be no shade but His: A just ruler, a young man who grows up worshipping Allah, the Mighty and Sublime; a man who remembers Allah when he is alone and his eyes flow (with tears); a man whose heart is attached to the Masjid; two men who love each other for the sake of Allah, the Mighty and Sublime; a man who is called (to commit sin) by a woman of high status and beauty, but he says: 'I fear Allah'; and a man who gives charity and conceals it, so that his left hand does not know what his right hand is doing

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ، مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مَيْمُونٍ الْمَكِّيُّ حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ بْنُ عُيَيْنَةَ، عَنْ عُمَارَةَ بْنِ الْقَعْقَاعِ، عَنْ أَبِي زُرْعَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالُوا يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَنْ أَبَرُّ قَالَ ‏"‏ أُمَّكَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ ثُمَّ مَنْ قَالَ ‏"‏ أُمَّكَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ ثُمَّ مَنْ قَالَ ‏"‏ أَبَاكَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ ثُمَّ مَنْ قَالَ ‏"‏ الأَدْنَى فَالأَدْنَى ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Abu Hurairah, may Allah be pleased with them, said that:Allah's Messenger said: "They said: 'O Messenger of Allah, whom should I treat kindly?' He said: 'Your mother.' He said: 'Then who?' He said :'Your mother." He said: 'Then who?' He said: 'Your father'. He said : 'Then who?' He said: 'The next closest and the next closest

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا جَرِيرٌ، عَنْ سُهَيْلٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ ‏ "‏ لاَ يَجْزِي وَلَدٌ وَالِدَهُ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَجِدَهُ مَمْلُوكًا فَيَشْتَرِيَهُ فَيُعْتِقَهُ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Abu Hurairah, may Allah be pleased with them, narrated that:Allah's Messenger said: "No child can compensate his father unless he finds a slave, and buys him and sets him free

حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُوسَى الْمَخْزُومِيُّ الْمَدَنِيُّ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْمَقْبُرِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ لِلْمُؤْمِنِ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِ سِتُّ خِصَالٍ يَعُودُهُ إِذَا مَرِضَ وَيَشْهَدُهُ إِذَا مَاتَ وَيُجِيبُهُ إِذَا دَعَاهُ وَيُسَلِّمُ عَلَيْهِ إِذَا لَقِيَهُ وَيُشَمِّتُهُ إِذَا عَطَسَ وَيَنْصَحُ لَهُ إِذَا غَابَ أَوْ شَهِدَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ ‏.‏ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُوسَى الْمَخْزُومِيُّ الْمَدَنِيُّ ثِقَةٌ رَوَى عَنْهُ عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ وَابْنُ أَبِي فُدَيْكٍ ‏.‏

Narrated Abu Hurairah:that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "There are six things due from the believer to another believer: Visiting him when he is ill, attending (his funeral) to him when he dies, accepting his invitation when he invites, giving him Salam when he meets him, replying to him when he sneezes, and wishing him well when he is absent and when he is present

حَدَّثَنَا حُمَيْدُ بْنُ مَسْعَدَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا زِيَادُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ، حَدَّثَنَا حَضْرَمِيٌّ، مَوْلَى آلِ الْجَارُودِ عَنْ نَافِعٍ، أَنَّ رَجُلاً، عَطَسَ إِلَى جَنْبِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ فَقَالَ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ وَالسَّلاَمُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ‏.‏ قَالَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ وَأَنَا أَقُولُ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ وَالسَّلاَمُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ وَلَيْسَ هَكَذَا عَلَّمَنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم عَلَّمَنَا أَنْ نَقُولَ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ ‏.‏ قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى هَذَا حَدِيثٌ غَرِيبٌ لاَ نَعْرِفُهُ إِلاَّ مِنْ حَدِيثِ زِيَادِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ ‏.‏

Narrated Hadrami, the freed slave of the family of Al-Jarud:from Nafi: "A man sneezed beside Ibn 'Umar and said: 'Al-Hamdulillah Was-Salamu 'Ala Rasulillah. (All praise is due to Allah, and peace upon the Messenger of Allah)'. So Ibn 'Umar said: 'I too say Al-Hamdulillah Was-Salamu 'Ala Rasulillah, but this is not what the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) taught us. He taught us to say: "Al-Hamdulillah 'Ala Kulli Hal (All praise is due to Allah in every circumstance)

وأما حقوق الجار: فاعلم أن الجوار يقتضى حقا وراء ما تقتضيه أخوة الإسلام فيستحق ما يستحقه كل مسلم وزيادة، وجاء في الحديث: "إن الجيران ثلاثة: جار له حق واحد. وجار له حقان: فالجار المسلم، له حق الإسلام، وحق الجوار. وأما الذي له حق واحد: فالجار المشرك" (1).

فيستحق الجار المسلم ما يستحقه كل مسلم وزيادة إذ قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم الجيران ثلاثة جار له حق واحد وجار له حقان وجار له ثلاثة حقوق فالجار الذي له ثلاثة حقوق الجار المسلم ذو الرحم فله حق الجوار وحق الإسلام وحق الرحم وأما الذي له حقان فالجار المسلم له حق الجوار وحق الإسلام وأما الذي له حق واحد فالجار المشرك + حديث الجيران ثلاثة جار له حق وجار له حقان وجار له ثلاثة حقوق الحديث أخرجه الحسن بن سفيان والبزار في مسنديهما وأبو الشيخ في كتاب الثواب وأبو نعيم في الحلية من حديث جابر و ابن عدي من حديث عبد الله بن عمر وكلاهما ضعيف +

أربعون دارا وقيل مستدار أربعين دارا من كل جانب وفي مراسيل الزهري أن رجلا أتى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يشكو جارا له فأمر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بعض أصحابه أن ينادي ألا إن أربعين دارا جار وقال الزهري وأربعون هكذا وأربعون هكذا وأربعون هكذا وأربعون هكذا يعني ما بين يديه ومن خلفه وعن يمينه وعن شماله وسئل الإمام أحمد عمن يطبخ قدرا وهو في دار السبيل ومعه في الدار نحو ثلاثين أو أربعين نفسا يعني أنهم سكان معه في الدار قال يبدأ بنفسه وبمن يعول فإن فضل أعطي الأقرب إليه وكيف يمكنه أن يعطيهم كلهم قيل له لعل الذي هو جاره يتهاون بذلك القدر ليس له عنده موقع فرأى أنه لا يبعث إليه وأما الصاحب بالجنب ففسره طائفة بالزوجة وفسره طائفة منهم ابن عباس بالرفيق في السفر ولم يريدوا إخراج الصاحب الملازم في الحضر وإنما أرادوا أن صحبة السفر تكفي فالصحبة الدائمة في الحضر أولى ولهذا قال سعيد بن جبير هو الرفيق الصالح وقال زيد بن أسلم هو جليسك في الحضر ورفيقك في السفر وقال ابن زيد هو الرجل يعتريك ويلم بك لتنفعه وفي المس

الخراساني عن عمرو بن شعيب عن أبيه عن جده عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال من أغلق بابه دون جاره مخافة على أهله وماله فليس ذلك بمؤمن وليس مؤمنا من لا يأمن جاره بوائقه أتدري ما حق الجار إذا استعانك أعنته وإذا استقرضك أقرضته وإذا افتقر عدت عليه وإذا مرض عدته وإذا أصابه خير هنيته وإذا أصابته مصيبة عزيته وإذا مات اتبعت جنازته ولا تستطل عليه بالبناء فتحجب عنه الريح إلا بإذنه ولا تؤذيه بقتار قدرك إلا أن تغرف له وإن اشتريت فاكهة فاهد له فإن لم تفعل فأدخلها سرا ولا يخرج بها ولدك ليغيظ بها ولده ورفع هذا الكلام منكر ولعله من تفسير عطاء الخراساني وقد روي أيضا عن عطاء عن الحسن عن جابر مرفوعا أدنى حق الجوار أن لا تؤذي جارك بقتار قدرك إلا أن تقدح له منها وفي صحيح مسلم عن أبي ذر قال أوصاني خيلي صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا طبخت مرقا فأكثر ماءه ثم انظر إلى أهل بيت جيرانك فأصبهم منها بمعروف وفي رواية أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال يا أبا ذر إذا طبخت مرقة فأكثر ماءها وتعاهد جيرانك وفي المسند والترمذي عن عبدالله

جحيفة قال جاء رجل إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يشكو جاره فقال له اطرح متاعك في الطريق قال فجعل الناس يمرون به فيلعنونه فجاء إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال يا رسول الله ما لقيت من الناس قال وما لقيت قال يلعنوني قال فقد لعنك الله قبل الناس قال يا رسول الله فإني لا أعود وخرجه أبو داود بمعناه من حديث أبي هريرة ولم يذكر فيه فقد لعنك الله قبل الناس وخرج الخرائطي من حديث أم سلمة قالت دخلت شاة لجارة لنا فأخذت قرصة لنا فقمت إليها فأخذتها من بين لحييها فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إنه لا قليل من أذى الجار فأما إكرام الجار والإحسان إليه فمأمور به وقد قال الله تعالى واعبدوا الله ولا تشركوا به شيئا وبالوالدين إحسانا وبذي القربى واليتامى والمساكين والجار ذي القربى والجار الجنب والصاحب بالجنب وابن السبيل وما ملكت أيمانكم إن الله لا يحب من كان مختالا فخورا النساء فجمع الله تعالى في هذه الآية بين ذكر حقه على العبد وحقوق العباد على العباد أيضا وجعل العباد الذين أمر بالإحسان إليهم خمسة أنواع أحدها

ومن عقوباتها أنها تباعد عن العبد وليه وأنصح الخلق له وأنفعهم له ومن سعادته في قربه منه وهو الملك الموكل به وتدنى منه عدوه وأغش الخلق له وأعظمهم ضررا له وهو الشيطان فان العبد إذا عصى الله تباعد منه الملك بقدر تلك المعصية حتي أنه يتباعد منه بالكذبة الواحدة مسافة بعيدة وفي بعض الآثار إذا كذب العبد تباعد منه الملك ميلا من نتن ريحه فاذا كان هذا تباعد الملك منه من كذبة واحدة فماذا يكون قدر تباعده منه مما هو أكبر من ذلك وأفحش منه وقال بعض السلف إذا ركب الذكر عجت الأرض إلى الله وهربت الملائكة إلى ربها وشكت إليه عظم ما رأت وقال بعض السلف إذا أصبح ابن آدم ابتدره الملك والشيطان فان ذكر الله وكبره وحمده وهلله طرد الملك الشيطان وتولاه وإن افتتح بغير ذلك ذهب الملك عنه وتولاه الشيطان ولا يزال الملك يقرب من العبد حتي يصير الحكم والطاعة والغلبة له فتتولاه الملائكة فى حياته وعند موته وعند مبعثه قال الله تعالى إن الذين قالوا ربنا الله ثم استقاموا تتنزل عليهم الملائكة أن لا تخافوا ولا تحزنوا وأبشروا بالجنة

Impulsive and callous traits are more strongly associated with delinquent behavior in higher risk neighborhoods among boys and girls.: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the effect of impulsive and callous personality traits on delinquent behavior varied across neighborhood context in a population-based, statewide sample of 85,000 Iowa schoolchildren ages 10-19. Two previous studies examining the association between impulsivity and delinquency across disadvantaged and affluent neighborhoods have yielded contrasting findings. Results of the present study suggested a robust moderating effect of neighborhood

Neighbourhood deprivation and the price and availability of fruit and vegetables in Scotland.: Background: Previous research has suggested that fruits and vegetables are more expensive and less readily available in more deprived communities. However, this evidence is mainly based on small samples drawn from specific communities often located in urban settings and thus is not generalisable to national contexts. The present study explores the influence of neighbourhood deprivation and local retail structure on the price and availability of fruit and vegetables in a sample of areas represent

Do urban environments increase the risk of anxiety, depression and psychosis? An epidemiological study.: Background: The present study aimed to investigate whether there is an association between type of living environment (urban versus rural) and anxiety, depression and psychosis in the Scottish population. Methods: Data were obtained from the Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics database on Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and urban-rural classifications for 6505 data zones across Scotland. Multiple regression was used to test the association between prescriptions for psychotropic medication f

Relationships between the neighborhood environment and depression in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.: ABSTRACTBackground:While depression is a growing public health issue, the percentage of individuals with depression receiving treatment is low. Physical and social attributes of the neighborhood may influence the level of depressive symptoms and the prevalence of depression in older adults. Methods: This review systematically examined the literature on neighborhood environmental correlates of depression in older adults. Findings were analyzed according to three depression outcomes: depressive sy

A systematic review of built environment and health.: The built environment can be considered a foundation for health and wellness. This structure, whether it be neighborhood layout or safe walking trails, impacts decisions relating to individual and community health outcomes. This review compiled the published research that examined the relationship between built environment and health. Findings from the 23 articles reviewed indicate that neighborhoods that are characterized as more walkable, either leisure-oriented or destination-driven, are asso

The impact of the natural environment on the promotion of active living: an integrative systematic review.: Background: An understanding of how the living environment influences physical activity (PA) is of great importance for health promotion. Researchers have reported increased PA when there is a greater availability of nature within people's living environment. However, little has been said about underlying motivational processes. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature on the relationship between the natural environment (NE) and PA, integrating it into a conceptual model that

Green qualities in the neighbourhood and mental health - results from a longitudinal cohort study in Southern Sweden.

Background: Poor mental health is a major issue worldwide and causality is complex. For diseases with multifactorial background synergistic effects of person- and place- factors can potentially be preventive. Nature is suggested as one such positive place-factor. In this cohort study we tested the effect of defined green qualities (Serene, Space, Wild, Culture, Lush) in the environment at baseline on mental health at follow-up. We also studied interaction effects on mental health of those place factors and varied person factors (financial stress, living conditions, and physical activity). Methods: Data on person factors were extracted from a longitudinal (years 1999/2000 and 2005) population health survey (n = 24945). The participants were geocoded and linked to data on green qualities from landscape assessments, and stored in the Geographical Information System (GIS). Crude odds ratios …

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

The association between socio-demographic characteristics and perceived stress among residents in a deprived neighbourhood in Denmark.

Background: It is known that stress is associated with various negative health outcomes, and higher levels are found among people with low socio-economic status (SES) compared with those better-off. Evidence of the characteristics of deprived neighbourhoods with negative impact on health and stress is accumulating while little is known about the stress variation by the socio-demographic characteristics of the dwellers. The present study aimed to investigate how stress varies by socio-demographic characteristics of the residents in a deprived neighbourhood. Methods: The data used in this article were collected in the spring 2009. The 1160 participants, aged 16-104 years were randomly selected among the residents in a deprived neighbourhood in Esbjerg, Denmark. The survey was conducted through telephone and face to face interviews. Multiple linear regression analyses were carried on to exa…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Variety and quality of healthy foods differ according to neighbourhood deprivation.

This study addresses a gap in the food environment literature by investigating spatial differences in the inter relationship of price, variety and quality of food in southern England. We conducted a survey of all grocery stores (n=195) in the city of Southampton, UK, and ranked neighbourhoods according to national quintiles of deprivation. We found no difference in availability or cheapest price across neighbourhoods. However, the poorest neighbourhoods had less variety of healthy products and poorer quality fruit and vegetables than more affluent neighbourhoods. Dietary inequalities may be exacerbated by differences in the variety and quality of healthy foods sold locally; these factors may influence whether or not consumers purchase healthy foods.

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

The effects of exposure to particulate matter and neighbourhood deprivation on gestational hypertension.

Gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are conditions that affect the health of both mothers and infants during and after pregnancy. Recent research indicates the importance of considering environmental, social and individual contributors to poor pregnancy outcomes. Our research examined particulate matter (PM) concentrations as one measure of environmental exposure and neighbourhood quality as one measure of the social environment. We used these measures, as well as maternal characteristics, to predict the risk of gestational hypertension (including pre-eclampsia and eclampsia). North Carolina Detailed Birth Record data for 2000-2003 were obtained and geocoded for all singleton births. Levels of PM(10) and PM(2.5) were determined using air quality data from the US Environmental Protection Agency. Information on a woman's residential neighbourhood was determined from 2000 …

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

A photovoice documentation of the role of neighborhood physical and social environments in older adults' physical activity in two metropolitan areas in North America.

A substantial body of evidence indicates that regular engagement in moderate-intensity physical activity on most days of the week is sufficient for older adults to achieve positive health outcomes. Although there is a growing body of literature that examines the affect of neighborhood environment on physical activity in older adults, the research tends to overlook social aspects that potentially shape the relationship between physical environment and physical activity. This article presents qualitative themes related to the role of the physical and social environments in influencing physical activity among older adults as identified through the photovoice method with sixty-six older adults in eight neighborhoods in metropolitan Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and Greater Portland, Oregon, USA. The photovoice data generated seven themes: being safe and feeling secure, getting there, c…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Neighborhood characteristics associated with access to patient-centered medical homes for children.

Understanding social determinants of health, such as the social and physical conditions under which children and their families live, work, and play, is essential to reducing disparities and improving the quality of primary care. We studied the relationship between perceptions of neighborhood characteristics such as cohesion, safety, physical environment, and whether children receive care from a patient-centered medical home. We found that place matters. Children were less likely to have access to a medical home if they were from less socially cohesive neighborhoods, less safe neighborhoods, or neighborhoods with fewer amenities. These associations persisted even after adjustment for socioeconomic factors and proved to be more strongly associated than race and income. Our findings underscore the need to foster medical practice models that make use of trusted community partners, such as c…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Neighbourhood deprivation and physical activity in UK older adults.

The benefits of regular physical activity for older adults are now well-established but this group remain the least active sector of the population. In this paper, the association between levels of neighbourhood deprivation and physical activity was assessed. A sample of 125 males with a mean age of 77.5 (±5.6) years, and 115 females with a mean age of age 78.6 (±8.6) underwent 7-day accelerometry, a physical performance battery, and completed a daily journeys log. Univariate associations between physical activity parameters and level of deprivation of neighbourhood were extinguished in regression models controlling for age, gender, and level of educational attainment. Age, gender, educational attainment, body mass index, physical function, and frequency of journeys from the home explained between 50% and 54% of variance in activity parameters. These results suggest the importance of str…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Neighbourhood deprivation and regional inequalities in self-reported health among Canadians: are we equally at risk?

Individual-level data from the Canadian Community Health Survey was combined with area-level data from the 2001 Canada Census to explore the relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and regional inequalities in self-reported health (n=120,290). While neighbourhood deprivation was a significant predictor of fair/poor health in all geographic regions (OR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.14), living on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts exacerbated the detrimental effects of neighbourhood deprivation on the perceived health of respondents (OR=1.21; 1.28). By failing to explore regional variations in risk, we could fail to identify areas where provincial policies may interact with neighbourhood factors to reinforce health inequalities amongst deprived communities.

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Perceived environmental risk as a predictor of teenage motherhood in a British population.

Previous studies have shown that strong relationships exist between deprived environments and teenage motherhood. However, such studies have predominantly identified deprivation using neighbourhood-wide measures of socio-economic status. Few studies of teenage parenthood have examined how individuals perceive their environment and the importance of this perception on reproductive behaviour and timing. Using data collected from a sample of women living the county of Gloucestershire, UK, this paper explores the predictive value of two methods of assessing the environment: (1) the structural component-deprivation at the neighbourhood level and (2) the individual's subjective experience of her pre-pregnancy environment, when examining how the wider environmental context can influence the decision of becoming a teenage mother. The results indicate that a woman's perception of her neighbourhoo…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Neighbourhood chronic stress and gender inequalities in hypertension among Canadian adults: a multilevel analysis.

Background: A growing body of literature regarding the contextual influences of 'place' effects on health increasingly demonstrates that living in neighbourhoods with high levels of deprivation is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes; however, little research has explored whether neighbourhood deprivation has a differential impact on the cardiovascular health of men and women. The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences in the association between neighbourhood deprivation and the prevalence of hypertension among non-institutionalised Canadian adults. Methods: Individual-level data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2000-2005) were combined with area-level data from the 2001 Canada Census to assess the relationship between gender, neighbourhood deprivation and hypertension using multilevel regression. Results: Of the 103,419 respondents, 20 705 reported ha…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Neighbourhood design and fear of crime: a social-ecological examination of the correlates of residents' fear in new suburban housing developments.

This study explored the relationship between neighbourhood design and residents' fear of crime in new suburban housing developments. Self-report and objective data were collected as part of the RESIDential Environments (RESIDE) Project. A neighbourhood form index based on the planning and land-use characteristics that draw people into public space, facilitate pedestrian movement and ensure the presence of 'territorial guardians' was developed for each participant (n=1059) from objective environmental data. With each additional index attribute, the odds of being fearful reduced (trend test p value=0.001), and this persisted even after progressive adjustment for demographics, victimisation, collective efficacy and perceived problems. The findings support the notion that a more walkable neighbourhood is also a place, where residents feel safer, and provides further evidence endorsing a shif…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

The school effect on children's school time physical activity: the PEACH Project.

Objective: The school-setting is a potentially important environment for influencing children's physical activity. However limited research has focused on whether children's school-time physical activity is associated with the school they attend. This paper investigates the school effect on children's physical activity. Method: Participants were 1307 pupils aged 10-11 years recruited from 23 primary schools in Bristol, UK during 2006-2008. Multilevel modelling (MLM) (MLwin 2.02) was used to asses between school differences in children's physical activity, measured using accelerometry (ActiGraph GT1M), adjusting for both individual and school variables. Results: A significant school effect (p=0.001) was found accounting for 14.5% of the total variance in physical activity. Boys were significantly more active than girls (p<0.001), and the school attended accounted for a greater proportion …

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

The association between green space and cause-specific mortality in urban New Zealand: an ecological analysis of green space utility.

Background: There is mounting international evidence that exposure to green environments is associated with health benefits, including lower mortality rates. Consequently, it has been suggested that the uneven distribution of such environments may contribute to health inequalities. Possible causative mechanisms behind the green space and health relationship include the provision of physical activity opportunities, facilitation of social contact and the restorative effects of nature. In the New Zealand context we investigated whether there was a socioeconomic gradient in green space exposure and whether green space exposure was associated with cause-specific mortality (cardiovascular disease and lung cancer). We subsequently asked what is the mechanism(s) by which green space availability may influence mortality outcomes, by contrasting health associations for different types of green spa…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Neighborhood social cohesion and disorder in relation to walking in community-dwelling older adults: a multilevel analysis.

Objectives. To examine the role of neighborhood social conditions and walking in community-dwelling older adults. Methods. A multi-level analysis of data from 4,317 older adults (mean age = 74.5; 73% black) from a geographically-defined urban community. Participants completed structured interviews including 14 questions on neighborhood conditions and self-reported walking. The neighborhood questions were summarized into individual-level measures of perceived neighborhood social cohesion and disorder. These measures were aggregated by neighborhood to construct neighborhood-level measures of social cohesion and disorder. Results. Neighborhood-level disorder, but not social cohesion, was significantly associated with walking, independent individual-level neighborhood perceptions and other correlates of walking. Further adjustment for race weakened this association to a marginally significan…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Fear of walking outdoors. A multilevel ecologic analysis of crime and disorder.

Background: Although a number of studies have tested ecologic models that postulate relationships among social networks, the built environment, and active living, few neighborhood-based studies have considered the role of crime and violence. This study investigates the degree to which individual-level demographic characteristics and neighborhood-level physical and social characteristics are associated with increased fear of crime. Methods: Data were analyzed in 2007 from a 2005 survey of 901 randomly selected individuals living in 55 neighborhoods in Washington DC. Multilevel ordered logit regression was used to examine associations between individual-level and neighborhood-level characteristics and how often fear of crime prevents a respondent from walking outdoors. Results: Age and female gender were associated with an increase in fear; the percentage of a resident's life spent in the …

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Are perceptions of the local environment related to neighbourhood satisfaction and mental health in adults?

Background: Perceptions of environmental attributes can influence satisfaction with where people live and mental health status. We examined the association between perceived environmental characteristics, neighbourhood satisfaction, and self-rated mental health. Methods: We report cross-sectional data from the Physical Activity in Localities and Community Environments (PLACE) study in Australia (n=2194). Self-report data included socio-demographics, perceived attributes of the environment, neighbourhood satisfaction (NS) and mental health status. Neighbourhood SES was obtained through census data. Factor analysis was used to identify dimensions of NS. Generalized linear models were used to examine associations between NS and perceived environment characteristics and whether aspects of NS were independently associated with mental health. Results: NS factors identified were safety and walk…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

The weight of place: a multilevel analysis of gender, neighborhood material deprivation, and body mass index among Canadian adults.

This study examined the impact of neighborhood material deprivation on gender differences in body mass index (BMI) for urban Canadians. Data from a national health survey of adults (Canadian Community Health Survey Cycles 1.1/2.1) were combined with census tract-level neighborhood data from the 2001 census. Using multilevel analysis we found that living in neighborhoods with higher material deprivation was associated with higher BMI. Compared to women living in the most affluent neighborhoods, women living in the most deprived neighborhoods had a BMI score 1.8 points higher. For women 1.65 m in height (5'4'' inches), this translated into a 4.8 kg or 11 lb difference. For men, living in affluent neighborhoods was associated with higher BMI (7 lb) relative to men living in deprived neighborhoods. The relative disadvantage for men living in pockets of affluence and women living in pockets o…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighborhood (text)

The built environment and collective efficacy.

Collective efficacy, i.e., perception of mutual trust and willingness to help each other, is a measure of neighborhood social capital and has been associated with positive health outcomes including lower rates of assaults, homicide, premature mortality, and asthma. Collective efficacy is frequently considered a "cause", but we hypothesized that environmental features might be the foundation for or the etiology of personal reports of neighborhood collective efficacy. We analyzed data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Study (LAFANS) together with geographical data from Los Angeles County to determine which social and environmental features were associated with personal reports of collective efficacy, including presence of parks, alcohol outlets, elementary schools and fast food outlets. We used multi-level modeling controlling for age, education, annual family income, sex, marit…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Neighbourhood access to open spaces and the physical activity of residents: a national study.

Objective: Increasing population levels of physical activity is high on the health agenda in many countries. There is some evidence that neighbourhood access to public open space can increase physical activity by providing easier and more direct access to opportunities for exercise. This national study examines the relationship between travel time access to parks and beaches, BMI and physical activity in New Zealand neighbourhoods. Methods: Access to parks and beaches, measured in minutes taken by a car, was calculated for 38,350 neighbourhoods nationally using Geographic Information Systems. Multilevel regression analyses were used to establish the significance of access to these recreational amenities as a predictor of BMI, and levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the 12,529 participants, living in 1178 neighbourhoods, of the New Zealand Health Survey 2002/3. Results:…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Neighborhood and individual factors in activity in older adults: results from the neighborhood and senior health study.

This study examined whether features of the built environment and residents' perceptions of neighborhood walkability, safety, and social cohesion were associated with self-reported physical activity (PA) and community-based activity among a sample of 190 older adults (mean age 74) residing in 8 Denver neighborhoods. Neighborhood walking audits were conducted to assess walkability and social capital. In multilevel analyses, a few walkability variables including curb cuts, crosswalks, and density of retail predicted greater frequency of walking for errands (p < .05), but mean frequency of walking for errands for this sample was low (<1/wk). Contrary to expectations, total PA and community-based activity were highest in neighborhoods with fewer walkability variables but higher respondent perceptions of safety and social cohesion (p < .01). For seniors, the importance of characteristics of t…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Perceptions of the neighbourhood environment and self rated health: a multilevel analysis of the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Study.

Background: In this study we examined whether (1) the neighbourhood aspects of access to amenities, neighbourhood quality, neighbourhood disorder, and neighbourhood social cohesion are associated with people's self rated health, (2) these health effects reflect differences in socio-demographic composition and/or neighbourhood deprivation, and (3) the associations with the different aspects of the neighbourhood environment vary between men and women. Methods: Data from the cross-sectional Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Survey were analysed using multilevel modelling, with individuals nested within enumeration districts. In this study we used the responses of people under 75 years of age (n = 10,892). The response rate of this subgroup was 62.3%. All individual responses were geo-referenced to the 325 census enumeration districts of Caerphilly county borough. Results: The neighbourhood…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Neighbourhood socioeconomic status and cardiovascular risk factors: a multilevel analysis of nine cities in the Czech Republic and Germany.

Background: Previous studies have shown that deprived neighbourhoods have higher cardiovascular mortality and morbidity rates. Inequalities in the distribution of behaviour related risk factors are one possible explanation for this trend. In our study, we examined the association between cardiovascular risk factors and neighbourhood characteristics. To assess the consistency of associations the design is cross-national with data from nine industrial towns from the Czech Republic and Germany. Methods: We combined datasets from two population based studies, one in Germany ('Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) Study'), and one in the Czech Republic ('Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) Study'). Participation rates were 56% in the HNR and 55% in the HAPIEE study. The subsample for this particular analysis consists of 11,554 men and women from nine German and Czech town…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Using GIS-based methods of multicriteria analysis to construct socio-economic deprivation indices.

Background: Over the past several decades researchers have produced substantial evidence of a social gradient in a variety of health outcomes, rising from systematic differences in income, education, employment conditions, and family dynamics within the population. Social gradients in health are measured using deprivation indices, which are typically constructed from aggregated socio-economic data taken from the national census--a technique which dates back at least until the early 1970's. The primary method of index construction over the last decade has been a Principal Component Analysis. Seldom are the indices constructed from survey-based data sources due to the inherent difficulty in validating the subjectivity of the response scores. We argue that this very subjectivity can uncover spatial distributions of local health outcomes. Moreover, indication of neighbourhood socio-economic …

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Neighbourhood environment and the incidence of depressive symptoms among middle-aged African Americans.

Aim: To investigate the association between attributes of subject location and incidence of clinically relevant levels of depressive symptoms (CRLDS), and to investigate whether an association remained after adjusting for individual-level factors using data from the population-based African American Health Study. Methods: An 11-item depression scale (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale) was obtained at baseline and 3 years later through in-home evaluations. Census tract and block group deprivation indices were obtained from the 2000 census. The external appearance of the block where the subject lived was rated during sample enumeration, and the interior and exterior of the subject's dwelling were observed during the initial in-home interview. Results: Of 998 subjects at baseline, 21.1% had CRLDS. Although 12.7% of the 672 people without CRLDS at baseline developed them by t…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Poverty Areas (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Perceptions of social capital and the built environment and mental health.

There has been much speculation about a possible association between the social and built environment and health, but the empirical evidence is still elusive. The social and built environments are best seen as contextual concepts but they are usually estimated as an aggregation of individual compositional measures, such as perceptions on trust or the desirability to live in an area. If these aggregated compositional measures were valid measures, one would expect that they would evince correlations at higher levels of data collection (e.g., neighbourhood). The aims of this paper are: (1) to investigate the factor structure of a self-administered questionnaire measuring individual perceptions of trust, social participation, social cohesion, social control, and the built environment; (2) to investigate variation in these factors at higher than the individual level (households and postcodes)…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), Environment Design (mesh), neighbourhood (text)