Neighbourhood and place

۞وَٱعۡبُدُواْ ٱللَّهَ وَلَا تُشۡرِكُواْ بِهِۦ شَيۡـࣰٔ اۖ وَبِٱلۡوَٰلِدَيۡنِ إِحۡسَٰنࣰ ا وَبِذِي ٱلۡقُرۡبَىٰ وَٱلۡيَتَٰمَىٰ وَٱلۡمَسَٰكِينِ وَٱلۡجَارِ ذِي ٱلۡقُرۡبَىٰ وَٱلۡجَارِ ٱلۡجُنُبِ وَٱلصَّاحِبِ بِٱلۡجَنۢبِ وَٱبۡنِ ٱلسَّبِيلِ وَمَا مَلَكَتۡ أَيۡمَٰنُكُمۡۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ مَن كَانَ مُخۡتَالࣰ ا فَخُورًا

Worship God; join nothing with Him. Be good to your parents, to relatives, to orphans, to the needy, to neighbours near and far, to travellers in need, and to your slaves. God does not like arrogant, boastful people

إِنَّا لَمَّا طَغَا ٱلۡمَآءُ حَمَلۡنَٰكُمۡ فِي ٱلۡجَارِيَةِ

But when the Flood rose high, We saved you in the floating ship

وَفِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِ قِطَعࣱ مُّتَجَٰوِرَٰتࣱ وَجَنَّٰتࣱ مِّنۡ أَعۡنَٰبࣲ وَزَرۡعࣱ وَنَخِيلࣱ صِنۡوَانࣱ وَغَيۡرُ صِنۡوَانࣲ يُسۡقَىٰ بِمَآءࣲ وَٰحِدࣲ وَنُفَضِّلُ بَعۡضَهَا عَلَىٰ بَعۡضࣲ فِي ٱلۡأُكُلِۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَأٓيَٰتࣲ لِّقَوۡمࣲ يَعۡقِلُونَ

There are, in the land, neighbouring plots, gardens of vineyards, cornfields, palm trees in clusters or otherwise, all watered with the same water, yet We make some of them taste better than others: there truly are signs in this for people who reason

۞لَّئِن لَّمۡ يَنتَهِ ٱلۡمُنَٰفِقُونَ وَٱلَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِم مَّرَضࣱ وَٱلۡمُرۡجِفُونَ فِي ٱلۡمَدِينَةِ لَنُغۡرِيَنَّكَ بِهِمۡ ثُمَّ لَا يُجَاوِرُونَكَ فِيهَآ إِلَّا قَلِيلࣰ ا

If the hypocrites, the sick at heart, and those who spread lies in the city do not desist, We shall rouse you [Prophet] against them, and then they will only be your neighbours in this city for a short while

مَا كَانَ لِأَهۡلِ ٱلۡمَدِينَةِ وَمَنۡ حَوۡلَهُم مِّنَ ٱلۡأَعۡرَابِ أَن يَتَخَلَّفُواْ عَن رَّسُولِ ٱللَّهِ وَلَا يَرۡغَبُواْ بِأَنفُسِهِمۡ عَن نَّفۡسِهِۦۚ ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمۡ لَا يُصِيبُهُمۡ ظَمَأࣱ وَلَا نَصَبࣱ وَلَا مَخۡمَصَةࣱ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ وَلَا يَطَـُٔونَ مَوۡطِئࣰ ا يَغِيظُ ٱلۡكُفَّارَ وَلَا يَنَالُونَ مِنۡ عَدُوࣲّ نَّيۡلًا إِلَّا كُتِبَ لَهُم بِهِۦ عَمَلࣱ صَٰلِحٌۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يُضِيعُ أَجۡرَ ٱلۡمُحۡسِنِينَ

The people of Medina and their neighbouring desert Arabs should not have held back from following God’s Messenger, nor should they have cared about themselves more than him: if ever they suffer any thirst, weariness, or hunger in God’s cause, take any step that angers the disbelievers, or cause any harm to an enemy, a good deed is recorded in their favour on account of it- God never wastes the reward of those who do good

Worship God, and associate nothing with Him, and act beautifully toward parents, and toward kinsfolk, orphans, the indigent, and the neighbor who is of kin, and the neighbor who is a stranger, and the companion at your side, and the son of the road, and what your right hands own. This verse begins by mentioning tawḤīd, which is the root of the sciences, the secret of the recogni- tions, the basis of the religion, the foundation of being a Muslim, and the partition between enemy and friend. Any act of obedience without tawḤīd has no value or weight, and its outcome will be nothing but darkness and captivity. Any act of disobedience along with tawḤīd will yield nothing other than familiarity and brightness. TawḤīd is that you say that God is one and that you be one for Him. Saying one is the submit- ter's tawḤīd, and being one is the basis of the recognizer's tawḤīd. The submitter's tawḤīd

And worship God declare His Oneness and associate nothing with Him. Be kind to parents being dutiful and gentle-mannered and near kindred and to orphans and to the needy and to the neighbour who is near to you in terms of physical vicinity or kinship and to the neighbour who is a stranger the one far from you in terms of physical vicinity or kinship; and to the friend at your side a travelling companion or a colleague at work and it is also said one’s wife; and to the wayfarer the one cut off during a journey and to what your right hands own of bondsmen. Surely God loves not the conceited the arrogant and the boastful the one who boasts before people of what he has been given.

Truly when the waters rose high when they rose above all things including mountains and otherwise at the time of the Flood We carried you meaning your forefathers you being in their loins in the sailing vessel the ark which Noah built and by which he and those with him were saved while all the others drowned

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. الْحَاقَّةُ - مَا الْحَاقَّةُ - وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا الْحَاقَّةُ - كَذَّبَتْ ثَمُودُ وَعَادٌ بِالْقَارِعَةِ - فَأَمَّا ثَمُودُ فَأُهْلِكُوا بِالطَّاغِيَةِ - وَأَمَّا عَادٌ فَأُهْلِكُوا بِرِيحٍ صَرْصَرٍ عَاتِيَةٍ - سَخَّرَهَا عَلَيْهِمْ سَبْعَ لَيَالٍ وَثَمَانِيَةَ أَيَّامٍ حُسُومًا فَتَرَى الْقَوْمَ فِيهَا صَرْعَىٰ كَأَنَّهُمْ أَعْجَازُ نَخْلٍ خَاوِيَةٍ - فَهَلْ تَرَىٰ لَهُمْ مِنْ بَاقِيَةٍ - وَجَاءَ فِرْعَوْنُ وَمَنْ قَبْلَهُ وَالْمُؤْتَفِكَاتُ بِالْخَاطِئَةِ - فَعَصَوْا رَسُولَ رَبِّهِمْ فَأَخَذَهُمْ أَخْذَةً رَابِيَةً - إِنَّا لَمَّا طَغَى الْمَاءُ حَمَلْنَاكُمْ فِي الْجَارِيَةِ - لِنَجْعَلَهَا لَكُمْ تَذْكِرَةً وَتَعِيَهَا أُذُنٌ وَاعِيَةٌ (1. Al-Haqqah!)(2. What is Al-Haqqah?)(3. And what will make you know what Al-Haqqah is?)(4. Thamud and 'Ad denied the Qari'ah!)(5. As for Thamud,

It is not for the people of Medina and for the Bedouins who dwell around them to stay behind God’s Messenger when he sets out on a campaign and to prefer their lives to his life by guarding them against hardships which he the Prophet is content to suffer himself this statement is a prohibition expressed as a predicate; that prohibition against staying behind is because neither thirst nor toil nor hunger afflicts them in the way of God nor tread they any tread mawti’an is a verbal noun meaning wat’an that enrages the disbelievers nor gain any gain from the enemy of God be it through slaughter capture or plunder but a righteous deed is therefore recorded for them that they may be rewarded for it. Truly God does not leave the wage of the virtuous to go to waste that is the wage of those mentioned rather He rewards them.

It was neither befitting for the people of Al-Madinah and the bedouins of the neighborhood to remain behind Allah's Messenger nor to prefer their own lives to his life. That is because they suffer neither Zama' nor Nasab, nor Makhmasah in the cause of Allah, nor did they take any step to raise the anger of disbelievers nor inflict any injury upon an enemy, but is written to their credit as a deed of righteousness. Surely, Allah wastes not the reward of the doers of good (120) Rewards of Jihad Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored, criticizes the people of Al-Madinah and the bedouins around it, who did not participate in the battle of Tabuk with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. They sought to preserve themselves rather than comfort the Messenger ﷺ during the hardship that he suffered in that battle. They incurred a loss in their share of the reward, since, لَا يُصِيبُهُمْ ظَمَأٌ (they suffer n

أَخْبَرَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ عَمْرٍو، ح وَأَنْبَأَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ آدَمَ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ، عَنِ ابْنِ الْمُبَارَكِ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ بْنِ عُيَيْنَةَ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ أَوْسٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏"‏ إِنَّ الْمُقْسِطِينَ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى عَلَى مَنَابِرَ مِنْ نُورٍ عَلَى يَمِينِ الرَّحْمَنِ الَّذِينَ يَعْدِلُونَ فِي حُكْمِهِمْ وَأَهْلِيهِمْ وَمَا وَلُوا ‏"‏‏.‏ قَالَ مُحَمَّدٌ فِي حَدِيثِهِ ‏"‏ وَكِلْتَا يَدَيْهِ يَمِينٌ ‏"‏‏.‏

It was narrated from 'Abdullah bin 'Amr bin Al-'As that:The Prophet [SAW] said: "Those who are just and fair will be with Allah, Most High, on thrones of light, at the right hand of the Most Merciful, those who are just in their rulings and in their dealings with their families and those of whom they are in charge." Muhammad (one of the narrators) said in his Hadith: "And both of His hands are right hands

أَخْبَرَنَا سُوَيْدُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، قَالَ أَنْبَأَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ، عَنْ خُبَيْبِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، عَنْ حَفْصِ بْنِ عَاصِمٍ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏ "‏ سَبْعَةٌ يُظِلُّهُمُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ يَوْمَ لاَ ظِلَّ إِلاَّ ظِلُّهُ إِمَامٌ عَادِلٌ وَشَابٌّ نَشَأَ فِي عِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَرَجُلٌ ذَكَرَ اللَّهَ فِي خَلاَءٍ فَفَاضَتْ عَيْنَاهُ وَرَجُلٌ كَانَ قَلْبُهُ مُعَلَّقًا فِي الْمَسْجِدِ وَرَجُلاَنِ تَحَابَّا فِي اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَرَجُلٌ دَعَتْهُ امْرَأَةٌ ذَاتُ مَنْصِبٍ وَجَمَالٍ إِلَى نَفْسِهَا فَقَالَ إِنِّي أَخَافُ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَرَجُلٌ تَصَدَّقَ بِصَدَقَةٍ فَأَخْفَاهَا حَتَّى لاَ تَعْلَمَ شِمَالُهُ مَا صَنَعَتْ يَمِينُهُ ‏"‏‏.‏

It was narrated from Abu Hurairah that :The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: "There are seven whom Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, will shade with His shade on the Day of Resurrection, the Day when there will be no shade but His: A just ruler, a young man who grows up worshipping Allah, the Mighty and Sublime; a man who remembers Allah when he is alone and his eyes flow (with tears); a man whose heart is attached to the Masjid; two men who love each other for the sake of Allah, the Mighty and Sublime; a man who is called (to commit sin) by a woman of high status and beauty, but he says: 'I fear Allah'; and a man who gives charity and conceals it, so that his left hand does not know what his right hand is doing

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ، مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مَيْمُونٍ الْمَكِّيُّ حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ بْنُ عُيَيْنَةَ، عَنْ عُمَارَةَ بْنِ الْقَعْقَاعِ، عَنْ أَبِي زُرْعَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالُوا يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَنْ أَبَرُّ قَالَ ‏"‏ أُمَّكَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ ثُمَّ مَنْ قَالَ ‏"‏ أُمَّكَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ ثُمَّ مَنْ قَالَ ‏"‏ أَبَاكَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ ثُمَّ مَنْ قَالَ ‏"‏ الأَدْنَى فَالأَدْنَى ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Abu Hurairah, may Allah be pleased with them, said that:Allah's Messenger said: "They said: 'O Messenger of Allah, whom should I treat kindly?' He said: 'Your mother.' He said: 'Then who?' He said :'Your mother." He said: 'Then who?' He said: 'Your father'. He said : 'Then who?' He said: 'The next closest and the next closest

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا جَرِيرٌ، عَنْ سُهَيْلٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ ‏ "‏ لاَ يَجْزِي وَلَدٌ وَالِدَهُ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَجِدَهُ مَمْلُوكًا فَيَشْتَرِيَهُ فَيُعْتِقَهُ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Abu Hurairah, may Allah be pleased with them, narrated that:Allah's Messenger said: "No child can compensate his father unless he finds a slave, and buys him and sets him free

حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُوسَى الْمَخْزُومِيُّ الْمَدَنِيُّ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْمَقْبُرِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ لِلْمُؤْمِنِ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِ سِتُّ خِصَالٍ يَعُودُهُ إِذَا مَرِضَ وَيَشْهَدُهُ إِذَا مَاتَ وَيُجِيبُهُ إِذَا دَعَاهُ وَيُسَلِّمُ عَلَيْهِ إِذَا لَقِيَهُ وَيُشَمِّتُهُ إِذَا عَطَسَ وَيَنْصَحُ لَهُ إِذَا غَابَ أَوْ شَهِدَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ ‏.‏ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُوسَى الْمَخْزُومِيُّ الْمَدَنِيُّ ثِقَةٌ رَوَى عَنْهُ عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ وَابْنُ أَبِي فُدَيْكٍ ‏.‏

Narrated Abu Hurairah:that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "There are six things due from the believer to another believer: Visiting him when he is ill, attending (his funeral) to him when he dies, accepting his invitation when he invites, giving him Salam when he meets him, replying to him when he sneezes, and wishing him well when he is absent and when he is present

حَدَّثَنَا حُمَيْدُ بْنُ مَسْعَدَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا زِيَادُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ، حَدَّثَنَا حَضْرَمِيٌّ، مَوْلَى آلِ الْجَارُودِ عَنْ نَافِعٍ، أَنَّ رَجُلاً، عَطَسَ إِلَى جَنْبِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ فَقَالَ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ وَالسَّلاَمُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ‏.‏ قَالَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ وَأَنَا أَقُولُ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ وَالسَّلاَمُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ وَلَيْسَ هَكَذَا عَلَّمَنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم عَلَّمَنَا أَنْ نَقُولَ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ ‏.‏ قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى هَذَا حَدِيثٌ غَرِيبٌ لاَ نَعْرِفُهُ إِلاَّ مِنْ حَدِيثِ زِيَادِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ ‏.‏

Narrated Hadrami, the freed slave of the family of Al-Jarud:from Nafi: "A man sneezed beside Ibn 'Umar and said: 'Al-Hamdulillah Was-Salamu 'Ala Rasulillah. (All praise is due to Allah, and peace upon the Messenger of Allah)'. So Ibn 'Umar said: 'I too say Al-Hamdulillah Was-Salamu 'Ala Rasulillah, but this is not what the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) taught us. He taught us to say: "Al-Hamdulillah 'Ala Kulli Hal (All praise is due to Allah in every circumstance)

وأما حقوق الجار: فاعلم أن الجوار يقتضى حقا وراء ما تقتضيه أخوة الإسلام فيستحق ما يستحقه كل مسلم وزيادة، وجاء في الحديث: "إن الجيران ثلاثة: جار له حق واحد. وجار له حقان: فالجار المسلم، له حق الإسلام، وحق الجوار. وأما الذي له حق واحد: فالجار المشرك" (1).

فيستحق الجار المسلم ما يستحقه كل مسلم وزيادة إذ قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم الجيران ثلاثة جار له حق واحد وجار له حقان وجار له ثلاثة حقوق فالجار الذي له ثلاثة حقوق الجار المسلم ذو الرحم فله حق الجوار وحق الإسلام وحق الرحم وأما الذي له حقان فالجار المسلم له حق الجوار وحق الإسلام وأما الذي له حق واحد فالجار المشرك + حديث الجيران ثلاثة جار له حق وجار له حقان وجار له ثلاثة حقوق الحديث أخرجه الحسن بن سفيان والبزار في مسنديهما وأبو الشيخ في كتاب الثواب وأبو نعيم في الحلية من حديث جابر و ابن عدي من حديث عبد الله بن عمر وكلاهما ضعيف +

أربعون دارا وقيل مستدار أربعين دارا من كل جانب وفي مراسيل الزهري أن رجلا أتى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يشكو جارا له فأمر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بعض أصحابه أن ينادي ألا إن أربعين دارا جار وقال الزهري وأربعون هكذا وأربعون هكذا وأربعون هكذا وأربعون هكذا يعني ما بين يديه ومن خلفه وعن يمينه وعن شماله وسئل الإمام أحمد عمن يطبخ قدرا وهو في دار السبيل ومعه في الدار نحو ثلاثين أو أربعين نفسا يعني أنهم سكان معه في الدار قال يبدأ بنفسه وبمن يعول فإن فضل أعطي الأقرب إليه وكيف يمكنه أن يعطيهم كلهم قيل له لعل الذي هو جاره يتهاون بذلك القدر ليس له عنده موقع فرأى أنه لا يبعث إليه وأما الصاحب بالجنب ففسره طائفة بالزوجة وفسره طائفة منهم ابن عباس بالرفيق في السفر ولم يريدوا إخراج الصاحب الملازم في الحضر وإنما أرادوا أن صحبة السفر تكفي فالصحبة الدائمة في الحضر أولى ولهذا قال سعيد بن جبير هو الرفيق الصالح وقال زيد بن أسلم هو جليسك في الحضر ورفيقك في السفر وقال ابن زيد هو الرجل يعتريك ويلم بك لتنفعه وفي المس

الخراساني عن عمرو بن شعيب عن أبيه عن جده عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال من أغلق بابه دون جاره مخافة على أهله وماله فليس ذلك بمؤمن وليس مؤمنا من لا يأمن جاره بوائقه أتدري ما حق الجار إذا استعانك أعنته وإذا استقرضك أقرضته وإذا افتقر عدت عليه وإذا مرض عدته وإذا أصابه خير هنيته وإذا أصابته مصيبة عزيته وإذا مات اتبعت جنازته ولا تستطل عليه بالبناء فتحجب عنه الريح إلا بإذنه ولا تؤذيه بقتار قدرك إلا أن تغرف له وإن اشتريت فاكهة فاهد له فإن لم تفعل فأدخلها سرا ولا يخرج بها ولدك ليغيظ بها ولده ورفع هذا الكلام منكر ولعله من تفسير عطاء الخراساني وقد روي أيضا عن عطاء عن الحسن عن جابر مرفوعا أدنى حق الجوار أن لا تؤذي جارك بقتار قدرك إلا أن تقدح له منها وفي صحيح مسلم عن أبي ذر قال أوصاني خيلي صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا طبخت مرقا فأكثر ماءه ثم انظر إلى أهل بيت جيرانك فأصبهم منها بمعروف وفي رواية أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال يا أبا ذر إذا طبخت مرقة فأكثر ماءها وتعاهد جيرانك وفي المسند والترمذي عن عبدالله

جحيفة قال جاء رجل إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يشكو جاره فقال له اطرح متاعك في الطريق قال فجعل الناس يمرون به فيلعنونه فجاء إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال يا رسول الله ما لقيت من الناس قال وما لقيت قال يلعنوني قال فقد لعنك الله قبل الناس قال يا رسول الله فإني لا أعود وخرجه أبو داود بمعناه من حديث أبي هريرة ولم يذكر فيه فقد لعنك الله قبل الناس وخرج الخرائطي من حديث أم سلمة قالت دخلت شاة لجارة لنا فأخذت قرصة لنا فقمت إليها فأخذتها من بين لحييها فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إنه لا قليل من أذى الجار فأما إكرام الجار والإحسان إليه فمأمور به وقد قال الله تعالى واعبدوا الله ولا تشركوا به شيئا وبالوالدين إحسانا وبذي القربى واليتامى والمساكين والجار ذي القربى والجار الجنب والصاحب بالجنب وابن السبيل وما ملكت أيمانكم إن الله لا يحب من كان مختالا فخورا النساء فجمع الله تعالى في هذه الآية بين ذكر حقه على العبد وحقوق العباد على العباد أيضا وجعل العباد الذين أمر بالإحسان إليهم خمسة أنواع أحدها

ومن عقوباتها أنها تباعد عن العبد وليه وأنصح الخلق له وأنفعهم له ومن سعادته في قربه منه وهو الملك الموكل به وتدنى منه عدوه وأغش الخلق له وأعظمهم ضررا له وهو الشيطان فان العبد إذا عصى الله تباعد منه الملك بقدر تلك المعصية حتي أنه يتباعد منه بالكذبة الواحدة مسافة بعيدة وفي بعض الآثار إذا كذب العبد تباعد منه الملك ميلا من نتن ريحه فاذا كان هذا تباعد الملك منه من كذبة واحدة فماذا يكون قدر تباعده منه مما هو أكبر من ذلك وأفحش منه وقال بعض السلف إذا ركب الذكر عجت الأرض إلى الله وهربت الملائكة إلى ربها وشكت إليه عظم ما رأت وقال بعض السلف إذا أصبح ابن آدم ابتدره الملك والشيطان فان ذكر الله وكبره وحمده وهلله طرد الملك الشيطان وتولاه وإن افتتح بغير ذلك ذهب الملك عنه وتولاه الشيطان ولا يزال الملك يقرب من العبد حتي يصير الحكم والطاعة والغلبة له فتتولاه الملائكة فى حياته وعند موته وعند مبعثه قال الله تعالى إن الذين قالوا ربنا الله ثم استقاموا تتنزل عليهم الملائكة أن لا تخافوا ولا تحزنوا وأبشروا بالجنة

Impulsive and callous traits are more strongly associated with delinquent behavior in higher risk neighborhoods among boys and girls.: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the effect of impulsive and callous personality traits on delinquent behavior varied across neighborhood context in a population-based, statewide sample of 85,000 Iowa schoolchildren ages 10-19. Two previous studies examining the association between impulsivity and delinquency across disadvantaged and affluent neighborhoods have yielded contrasting findings. Results of the present study suggested a robust moderating effect of neighborhood

Neighbourhood deprivation and the price and availability of fruit and vegetables in Scotland.: Background: Previous research has suggested that fruits and vegetables are more expensive and less readily available in more deprived communities. However, this evidence is mainly based on small samples drawn from specific communities often located in urban settings and thus is not generalisable to national contexts. The present study explores the influence of neighbourhood deprivation and local retail structure on the price and availability of fruit and vegetables in a sample of areas represent

Do urban environments increase the risk of anxiety, depression and psychosis? An epidemiological study.: Background: The present study aimed to investigate whether there is an association between type of living environment (urban versus rural) and anxiety, depression and psychosis in the Scottish population. Methods: Data were obtained from the Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics database on Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and urban-rural classifications for 6505 data zones across Scotland. Multiple regression was used to test the association between prescriptions for psychotropic medication f

Relationships between the neighborhood environment and depression in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.: ABSTRACTBackground:While depression is a growing public health issue, the percentage of individuals with depression receiving treatment is low. Physical and social attributes of the neighborhood may influence the level of depressive symptoms and the prevalence of depression in older adults. Methods: This review systematically examined the literature on neighborhood environmental correlates of depression in older adults. Findings were analyzed according to three depression outcomes: depressive sy

A systematic review of built environment and health.: The built environment can be considered a foundation for health and wellness. This structure, whether it be neighborhood layout or safe walking trails, impacts decisions relating to individual and community health outcomes. This review compiled the published research that examined the relationship between built environment and health. Findings from the 23 articles reviewed indicate that neighborhoods that are characterized as more walkable, either leisure-oriented or destination-driven, are asso

The impact of the natural environment on the promotion of active living: an integrative systematic review.: Background: An understanding of how the living environment influences physical activity (PA) is of great importance for health promotion. Researchers have reported increased PA when there is a greater availability of nature within people's living environment. However, little has been said about underlying motivational processes. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature on the relationship between the natural environment (NE) and PA, integrating it into a conceptual model that

Relationship between perceptions about neighborhood environment and prevalent obesity: data from the Dallas Heart Study.

Objectives: Although psychosocial stress can result in adverse health outcomes, little is known about how perceptions of neighborhood conditions, a measure of environment-derived stress, may impact obesity. The association between perceptions of neighborhood environment and obesity (defined as body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m(2) ) among 5,907 participants in the Dallas Heart Study, a multi-ethnic, probability-based sample of Dallas County residents was examined. Design and methods: Participants were asked to respond to 18 questions about perceptions of their neighborhood. Factor analysis was used to identify three factors associated with neighborhood perceptions: neighborhood violence, physical environment, and social cohesion. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between each factor (higher quintile = more unfavorable perceptions) and the odds of obes…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

The association of neighbourhood and individual social capital with consistent self-rated health: a longitudinal study in Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women.

Background: Social conditions, social relationships and neighbourhood environment, the components of social capital, are important determinants of health. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of neighbourhood and individual social capital with consistent self-rated health in women between the first trimester of pregnancy and six months postpartum. Methods: A multilevel cohort study in 34 neighbourhoods was performed on 685 Brazilian women recruited at antenatal units in two cities in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Self-rated health (SRH) was assessed in the 1st trimester of pregnancy (baseline) and six months after childbirth (follow-up). The participants were divided into two groups: 1. Good SRH--good SRH at baseline and follow-up, and, 2. Poor SRH--poor SRH at baseline and follow-up. Exploratory variables collected at baseline included neighbourhood soci…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Relationships between frailty, neighborhood security, social cohesion and sense of belonging among community-dwelling older people.

Aim: The relationships between frailty and neighborhood social resources and neighborhood quality among community-dwelling older people are poorly understood. We therefore enquired into these associations while controlling for important individual characteristics. Methods: Our cross-sectional study included 945 out of 1440 (66% response rate) community-dwelling older people (aged ≥ 70 years) in Rotterdam. The sample included approximately 430 older adults per district and was proportional with respect to neighborhood and age. Potential participants were mailed questionnaires, non-respondents were first sent a reminder, then asked by telephone and finally visited at home to complete the questionnaire. Results: Age, sex, marital status and level of education varied between the frail and non-frail. A significantly larger proportion of the frail was female (64.4% vs 48.0%; P ≤ 0.001), fewer …

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Neighborhood effects on heat deaths: social and environmental predictors of vulnerability in Maricopa County, Arizona.

Background: Most heat-related deaths occur in cities, and future trends in global climate change and urbanization may amplify this trend. Understanding how neighborhoods affect heat mortality fills an important gap between studies of individual susceptibility to heat and broadly comparative studies of temperature-mortality relationships in cities. Objectives: We estimated neighborhood effects of population characteristics and built and natural environments on deaths due to heat exposure in Maricopa County, Arizona (2000-2008). Methods: We used 2000 U.S. Census data and remotely sensed vegetation and land surface temperature to construct indicators of neighborhood vulnerability and a geographic information system to map vulnerability and residential addresses of persons who died from heat exposure in 2,081 census block groups. Binary logistic regression and spatial analysis were used to a…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Cultural stressors and mental health symptoms among Mexican Americans: a prospective study examining the impact of the family and neighborhood context.

Studies of stress consistently have linked individuals' experiences of stress to maladjustment, but limited attention has been given to cultural stressors commonly experienced by minority individuals. To address this, the current study examined the links between cultural stressors and prospective changes in mental health symptoms in a sample of 710 (49 % female) Mexican American youth. In addition, the moderating role of both family and neighborhood cohesion was examined. In-home interviews were completed with youth, mothers (required) and fathers (optional) to collect data on youth's experiences of cultural stressors (discrimination and language hassles) and internalizing/externalizing behavior, and mothers' report of family cohesion and mothers' and fathers' report of neighborhood cohesion. Analyses revealed that youth's experiences of discrimination and language hassles at 5th grade w…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Navigating non-positivity in neighbourhood studies: an analysis of collective efficacy and violence.

Background: In multilevel studies, strong correlations of neighbourhood exposures with individual and neighbourhood confounders may generate problems with non-positivity (ie, inferences that are 'off-support'). The authors used propensity restriction and matching to (1) assess the utility of propensity restriction to ensure analyses are 'on-support' and (2) examine the relation between collective efficacy and violence in a previously unstudied city. Methods: Associations between neighbourhood collective efficacy and violent victimisation were estimated in data from New York City in 2005 (n=4000) using marginal models and propensity matching. Results: In marginal models adjusted for individual confounders and limited to observations 'on-support', under conditions of high collective efficacy, the estimated prevalence of violent victimisation was 3.5/100, while under conditions of low colle…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Neighbourhood deprivation and outlet density for tobacco, alcohol and fast food: first hints of obesogenic and addictive environments in Germany.

Objective: The current discussion regarding ‘place effects on health’ is increasingly focusing on the characteristics of a specific physical environment. Our study investigated whether socially deprived residential areas are more likely than affluent neighbourhoods to provide access to addictive substances and fast food. Design: In this ecological study the total number of tobacco, alcohol and fastfood outlets was recorded and visualized using a geographic information system. Area affluence was measured through the percentage of parents with children of kindergarten or school age with joint annual taxable income ,h12 272. Setting: Eighteen social areas in Cologne, Germany. Subjects: All social areas in four districts in Cologne, Germany, with a total of 92 000 inhabitants, were analysed. Results: In the investigation area, 339 tobacco, 353 alcohol and sixty-seven fastfood outlets were id…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Interpersonal- and community-level predictors of intimate partner violence perpetration among African American men.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been associated with adverse physical, psychoemotional, and sexual health, and African American women are at higher risk for experiencing IPV. Considering African American women predominantly have African American male partners, it is essential to identify factors associated with IPV perpetration among African American men. The present study examined attitudes toward IPV, ineffective couple conflict resolution, exposure to neighborhood violence, and the interplay of these factors as predictors of IPV perpetration. A community sample of 80 single, heterosexual, African American men between 18 and 29 years completed measures assessing sociodemographics, attitudes towards IPV, perceived ineffective couple conflict resolution, exposure to neighborhood violence, and IPV perpetration during the past 3 months. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses,…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Racial identity and depressive symptoms among Black emerging adults: the moderating effects of neighborhood racial composition.

In the current study, we explored patterns of change in Black emerging adults' racial identity beliefs during the transition to adulthood, assessed neighborhood racial composition effects on Black emerging adults' racial identity beliefs, and tested the moderating effects of neighborhood racial composition on the associations between Black emerging adults' racial identity beliefs and depressive symptoms over time. Participants in the current study included 570 Black adolescents (52% female) who were transitioning into adulthood (senior year of high school through 5 years post- high school). We did not find average patterns of change in Black emerging adults' racial identity beliefs over time. Further, neighborhood racial composition did not predict participants' beginning status or growth in racial identity beliefs over time. We, however, found evidence that neighborhood racial compositi…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

The importance of neighborhood social cohesion and social capital for the well being of older adults in the community.

Purpose of the study: We aimed to investigate whether social capital (obtaining support through indirect ties such as from neighbors) and social cohesion (interdependencies among neighbors) within neighborhoods positively affect the well being of older adults. Design and methods: This cross-sectional study included 945 of 1,440 (66% response rate) independently living older adults (aged ≥70 years) in Rotterdam. We fitted a hierarchical random effects model to account for the hierarchical structure of the study design: 945 older adults (Level 1) nested in 72 neighborhoods (Level 2). Results: Univariate analyses showed that being born in the Netherlands, house ownership, education, income, social capital of individuals, neighborhood security, neighborhood services, neighborhood social capital, and neighborhood social cohesion were significantly related to the well being of older adults. Mu…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Tobacco retail outlets and vulnerable populations in Ontario, Canada.

Interest has been increasing in regulating the location and number of tobacco vendors as part of a comprehensive tobacco control program. The objective of this paper is to examine the distribution of tobacco outlets in a large jurisdiction, to assess: (1) whether tobacco outlets are more likely to be located in vulnerable areas; and (2) what proportion of tobacco outlets are located close to schools. Retail locations across the Province of Ontario from Ministry of Health Promotion data were linked to 2006 Census data at the neighbourhood level. There was one tobacco retail outlet for every 1,000 people over age 15 in Ontario. Density of outlets varied by public health unit, and was associated with the number of smokers. Tobacco outlets were more likely to be located in areas that had high neighbourhood deprivation, in both rural and urban areas. Outlets were less likely to be located in …

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

An exploratory spatial analysis to assess the relationship between deprivation, noise and infant mortality: an ecological study.

Background: Few studies have explored how noise might contribute to social health inequalities, and even fewer have considered infant mortality or its risk factors as the health event of interest. In this paper, we investigate the impact of neighbourhood characteristics - both socio-economic status and ambient noise levels - on the spatial distribution of infant mortality in the Lyon metropolitan area, in France. Methods: All infant deaths (n = 715) occurring between 2000 and 2009 were geocoded at census block level. Each census block was assigned multi-component socio-economic characteristics and Lden levels, which measure exposure to noise. Using a spatial-scan statistic, we examined whether there were significant clusters of high risk of infant mortality according to neighbourhood characteristics. Results: Our results highlight the fact that infant mortality is non-randomly distribute…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Do bonding and bridging social capital affect self-rated health, depressive mood and cognitive decline in older Japanese? A prospective cohort study.

Little is known regarding the longitudinal effects of bonding and bridging social capital on health. This study examined the longitudinal associations of bonding and bridging social capital with self-rated health, depressive mood, and cognitive decline in community-dwelling older Japanese. Data analyzed in this study were from the 2010 (baseline) and 2012 (follow-up) Hatoyama Cohort Study. Bonding social capital was assessed by individual perception of homogeneity of the neighborhood (the level of homogeneity among neighbors) and of networks (the amount of homogeneous personal networks) in relation to age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Bridging social capital was assessed by individual perception of heterogeneity of networks (the amount of heterogeneous personal networks) in relation to age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were c…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Associations of neighborhood characteristics with sleep timing and quality: the Multi-Ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis.

Study objectives: To investigate the associations of specific neighborhood features (disorder, safety, social cohesion, physical environment, and socioeconomic status) with sleep duration and quality. Design: Cross-sectional. One wave of a population-based study (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Setting: Community-dwelling participants in New York, NY and Los Angeles, CA. Participants: There were 1,406 participants (636 males, 770 females). Interventions: NA. Measurements and results: Sleep was assessed using reported hours of sleep, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and insomnia symptoms. Neighborhood characteristics were assessed via questionnaires administered to neighbors of study participants and were aggregated to the neighborhood (census tract) level using empirical Bayes estimation. An adverse social environment (characterized by high disorder, and low safety and social cohesi…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Association of neighbourhood and individual social capital, neighbourhood economic deprivation and self-rated health in South Africa--a multi-level analysis.

Introduction: Social capital is said to influence health, mostly in research undertaken in high income countries' settings. Because social capital may differ from one setting to another, it is suggested that its measurement be context specific. We examine the association of individual and neighbourhood level social capital, and neighbourhood deprivation to self-rated health using a multi-level analysis. Methods: Data are taken from the 2008 South Africa National Income Dynamic Survey. Health was self-reported on a scale from 1 (excellent) to 5 (poor). Two measures of social capital were used: individual, measured by two variables denoting trust and civic participation; and neighbourhood social capital, denoting support, association, behaviour and safety in a community. Results: Compared to males, females were less likely to report good health (Odds Ratio 0.82: Confidence Interval 0.73, 0…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Does neighborhood belonging matter? Examining school and neighborhood belonging as protective factors for Latino adolescents.

Across many investigations, school belonging has been linked to several positive outcomes among adolescents, including academic success and psychological well-being. Based on an ecological framework of child development, this study expands on existing research to explore factors that contribute to adolescents' sense of neighborhood as well as school belonging and investigates how belonging in both contexts is related to Latino adolescents' academic and psychological functioning. Participants consisted of 202 Latino adolescents residing in low-income, urban neighborhoods. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that neighborhood peer support was significantly associated with adolescents' sense of neighborhood belonging, whereas teacher support and school peer support were related to school belonging. Although school belonging was positively associated with higher scores on all academic …

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

The Vancouver Area Neighbourhood Deprivation Index (VANDIX): a census-based tool for assessing small-area variations in health status.

Objective: The Vancouver Area Neighbourhood Deprivation Index (VANDIX) is a census-based measure of socio-economic status (SES). It was designed to serve as an accessible and representative proxy marker of population health status without requiring more extensive health data. This paper describes the structure and previous applications of the VANDIX for measuring relative variations in health outcomes in British Columbia, Canada. Methods: The VANDIX was constructed from a 2005 survey of provincial medical health officers asking them to comment on the best census markers of health status in British Columbia. The VANDIX is based on the weighted summation of seven socio-economic variables from the census, including in order of weighted importance: proportion without high school completion; proportion without university completion; unemployment rate; proportion of lone-parent families; avera…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Neighborhood disadvantage and adult alcohol outcomes: differential risk by race and gender.

Objective: We examined whether relationships of neighborhood disadvantage with drinker status, heavy drinking, alcohol-related consequences, and dependence differed by race and/or gender. We hypothesized that neighborhood disadvantage would be negatively associated with drinker status but positively associated with heavy and problem drinking, with more pronounced relationships among African American and Hispanic men than other groups. Method: Data consisted of nationally representative, randomly selected, cross-sectional samples of White, African American, and Hispanic adults (N = 13,864, of which 52% were female; with 7,493 drinkers, of which 48% were female) from the 2000 and 2005 National Alcohol Surveys merged with 2000 Census data. Analyses included logistic and linear regression using weights to adjust for sampling and nonresponse. Results: Hypotheses were partly supported. Bivaria…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Cumulative neighborhood risk of psychosocial stress and allostatic load in adolescents.

The authors examined the impact of cumulative neighborhood risk of psychosocial stress on allostatic load (AL) among adolescents as a mechanism through which life stress, including neighborhood conditions, may affect health and health inequities. They conducted multilevel analyses, weighted for sampling and propensity score-matched, among adolescents aged 12-20 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2006). Individuals (first level, n = 11,886) were nested within families/households (second level, n = 6,696) and then census tracts (third level, n = 2,191) for examination of the contextual effect of cumulative neighborhood risk environment on AL. Approximately 35% of adolescents had 2 or more biomarkers of AL. A significant amount of variance in AL was explained at the neighborhood level. The likelihood of having a high AL was approximately 10% higher for adole…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Lost letter measure of variation in altruistic behaviour in 20 neighbourhoods.

Altruistic behaviour varies across human populations and this variation is likely to be partly explained by variation in the ecological context of the populations. We hypothesise that area level socio-economic characteristics will determine the levels of altruism found in individuals living in an area and we use a lost letter experiment to measure altruism across 20 neighbourhoods with a wide range of income deprivation scores in London, UK. The results show a strong negative effect of neighbourhood income deprivation on altruistic behaviour, with letters dropped in the poorest neighbourhoods having 91% lower odds of being returned than letters dropped in the wealthiest neighbourhoods. We suggest that measures of altruism are strongly context dependant.

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighbourhood (text)

Stressors in multiple life-domains and the risk for externalizing and internalizing behaviors among African Americans during emerging adulthood.

Behavioral and mental health outcomes have been associated with experiencing high levels of stress. Yet, little is known about the link between the nature of stressors, their accumulation over time, and the risk for externalizing and internalizing outcomes. Compared to the general population, African Americans are exposed to a disproportionate number of stressors beginning earlier in life. Incorporating Agnew's General Strain Theory into the study of stress, this study examined whether different kinds of stressors are equally salient in the risk for violent behaviors and depressive symptoms among African Americans transitioning into young adulthood. It further examined the effects of the accumulation of stressors in different life domains and their effect on risks. This study utilized data from an African American subsample of an ongoing longitudinal study that followed 604 adolescents (…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Environmental factors associated with primary care access among urban older adults.

Disparities in primary care access and quality impede optimal chronic illness prevention and management for older adults. Although research has shown associations between neighborhood attributes and health, little is known about how these factors - in particular, the primary care infrastructure - inform older adults' primary care use. Using geographic data on primary care physician supply and surveys from 1260 senior center attendees in New York City, we examined factors that facilitate and hinder primary care use for individuals living in service areas with different supply levels. Supply quartiles varied in primary care use (visit within the past 12 months), racial and socio-economic composition, and perceived neighborhood safety and social cohesion. Primary care use did not differ significantly after controlling for compositional factors. Individuals who used a community clinic or hos…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Neighborhood processes, self-efficacy, and adolescent mental health.

Self-efficacy beliefs are central to mental health. Because adolescents' neighborhoods shape opportunities for experiences of control, predictability, and safety, we propose that neighborhood conditions are associated with adolescents' self-efficacy and, in turn, their internalizing problems (i.e., depression/anxiety symptoms). We tested these hypotheses using three waves of data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 2,345). Results indicate that adolescents living in violent neighborhoods tended to report lower self-efficacy beliefs, partly because they were more likely to experience fear in their neighborhood. However, moving out of Chicago neighborhoods marked by violence and low collective efficacy to neighborhoods outside of the city was associated with adolescents' increased self-efficacy (vs. staying in such neighborhoods), an association explained by…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Linkages between maternal education and childhood immunization in India.

While correlations between maternal education and child health have been observed in diverse parts of the world, the causal pathways explaining how maternal education improves child health remain far from clear. Using data from the nationally representative India Human Development Survey of 2004-5, this analysis examines four possible pathways that may mediate the influence of maternal education on childhood immunization: greater human, social, and cultural capitals and more autonomy within the household. Data from 5287 households in India show the familiar positive relationship between maternal education and childhood immunization even after extensive controls for socio-demographic characteristics and village- and neighborhood-fixed effects. Two pathways are important: human capital (health knowledge) is an especially important advantage for mothers with primary education, and cultural …

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)

Family functioning as a mediator between neighborhood conditions and children's health: evidence from a national survey in the United States.

This study examines whether the associations between neighborhood conditions and children's health can be indirect and operate through aspects of family functioning. We use data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health in the United States with the interviewed parents/guardians as the only source of the data. Our study sample includes 53,023 children aged between 6 and 17 years. Using structural equation modeling, we test both direct and indirect relationships between a family functioning index, a general indicator of children's health status, and three neighborhood factors: neighborhood physical resources, environmental threats, and collective efficacy. Covariates in the analysis include gender, age, income, race, family structure, parental education, and health insurance coverage. All the three neighborhood factors show direct associations with children's general health statu…

matched on Residence Characteristics (mesh), neighborhood (text)