Obsessions and compulsions

مِن شَرِّ ٱلۡوَسۡوَاسِ ٱلۡخَنَّاسِ

against the harm of the slinking whisperer––

وَكَمۡ أَهۡلَكۡنَا قَبۡلَهُم مِّن قَرۡنٍ هَلۡ تُحِسُّ مِنۡهُم مِّنۡ أَحَدٍ أَوۡ تَسۡمَعُ لَهُمۡ رِكۡزَۢا

How many generations We have destroyed before them! Do you perceive a single one of them now, or hear as much as a whisper

يَوۡمَئِذࣲ يَتَّبِعُونَ ٱلدَّاعِيَ لَا عِوَجَ لَهُۥۖ وَخَشَعَتِ ٱلۡأَصۡوَاتُ لِلرَّحۡمَٰنِ فَلَا تَسۡمَعُ إِلَّا هَمۡسࣰ ا

On that Day, people will follow the summoner from whom there is no escape; every voice will be hushed for the Lord of Mercy; only whispers will be heard

فَوَسۡوَسَ إِلَيۡهِ ٱلشَّيۡطَٰنُ قَالَ يَٰٓـَٔادَمُ هَلۡ أَدُلُّكَ عَلَىٰ شَجَرَةِ ٱلۡخُلۡدِ وَمُلۡكࣲ لَّا يَبۡلَىٰ

But Satan whispered to Adam, saying, ‘Adam, shall I show you the tree of immortality and power that never decays?’

وَلَقَدۡ خَلَقۡنَا ٱلۡإِنسَٰنَ وَنَعۡلَمُ مَا تُوَسۡوِسُ بِهِۦ نَفۡسُهُۥۖ وَنَحۡنُ أَقۡرَبُ إِلَيۡهِ مِنۡ حَبۡلِ ٱلۡوَرِيدِ

We created man––We know what his soul whispers to him: We are closer to him than his jugular vein––

فَوَسۡوَسَ لَهُمَا ٱلشَّيۡطَٰنُ لِيُبۡدِيَ لَهُمَا مَا وُۥرِيَ عَنۡهُمَا مِن سَوۡءَٰتِهِمَا وَقَالَ مَا نَهَىٰكُمَا رَبُّكُمَا عَنۡ هَٰذِهِ ٱلشَّجَرَةِ إِلَّآ أَن تَكُونَا مَلَكَيۡنِ أَوۡ تَكُونَا مِنَ ٱلۡخَٰلِدِينَ

Satan whispered to them so as to expose their nakedness, which had been hidden from them: he said, ‘Your Lord only forbade you this tree to prevent you becoming angels or immortals,’

from the evil of the slinking whisperer Satan — he is referred to by the name of the action waswasa on account of his repeated engaging in it — who slinks away and recoils from the heart whenever God is mentioned

Say: "I seek refuge with the Lord of An-Nas, (1)"The King of An-Nas, (2)"The God of An-Nas, (3)"From the evil of the whisperer who withdraws. (4)"Who whispers in the breasts of An-Nas. (5)"Of Jinn and An-Nas. (6) These are three attributes from the attributes of the Lord, the Mighty and Majestic. They are lordship, sovereignty and divinity. Thus, He is the Lord of everything, the King of everything and the God of everything. All things are created by Him, owned by Him, and subservient to Him. Therefore, He commands whoever is seeking protection to seek refuge with the One Who has these attributes from the evil of the whisperer who withdraws. This (the whisperer) is the devil that is assigned to man. For verily, there is not any of the Children of Adam except that he has a companion that beautifies wicked deeds for him. This devil will go to any lengths to confuse and confound him. The o

Then Satan whispered to them to show them their shameful parts that were hidden from them. This also is a mark of solicitude and a proof of generosity, for they sinned, but He turned it over to Satan's whispering. Then He increased the solicitude. He said, “to show them their shameful parts that were hidden from them.” He said: “He made their pudenda appear to them, but not to others.” They say that afterwards, Adam and Iblis met. Adam said, “You wretch! Do you know what you did to me and what dust you stirred up in my road?” Iblis said, “O Adam, I take it that I took you from the road. Tell me then, who took me from the road?” They also say that both of them turned away from the command, but there is a difference be- tween the two. Adam slipped because of appetite, and Iblis slipped because of pride. Being pride- ful is worse than satisfying appetite. When a sin arises from appetite, th

And how many — in other words many — a generation namely how many a community from among the communities of the past We have destroyed before them for their denial of Our messengers. Can you see can you find so much as one of them or hear from them so much as the faintest sound? No indeed! So just as We destroyed those folk We shall destroy these Meccans.

Then Satan Iblīs whispered to them that he might manifest reveal to them that which was hidden wūriya based on the verbal form fū‘ila and derives from the infinitive al-muwārā to them of their shameful parts. And he said ‘Your Lord prohibited you from this tree only in aversion lest you become angels malakayn may also be read malikayn or become immortals’ in other words that is the necessary consequence of eating from it as is stated in another verse Shall I guide you to the Tree of Immortality and a kingdom that does not waste away? Q. 20120.

Verily, those who believe and work deeds of righteousness, the Most Gracious will bestow love for them (96)So, We have made this easy in your own tongue, only that you may give glad tidings to those who have Taqwa, and warn with it the people that are Ludda (97)And how many a generation before them have We destroyed! Can you find a single one of them or hear even a whisper of them (98) Allah places Love of the Righteous People in the Hearts Allah, the Exalted, informs about His believing servants, who work righteous deeds – deeds that He is pleased with because they are in accordance with the legislation of Muhammad ﷺ – that He plants love for them in the hearts of His righteous servants. This is something that is absolutely necessary and there is no avoiding it. This has been reported in authentic Hadiths of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in various different ways. Imam Ahmad recorded that

حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَخْبَرَنَا مَالِكٌ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الأَعْرَجِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ابْنِ بُحَيْنَةَ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ أَنَّهُ قَالَ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَامَ مِنِ اثْنَتَيْنِ مِنَ الظُّهْرِ لَمْ يَجْلِسْ بَيْنَهُمَا، فَلَمَّا قَضَى صَلاَتَهُ سَجَدَ سَجْدَتَيْنِ ثُمَّ سَلَّمَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ‏.‏

Narrated `Abdullah bin Buhaina:Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) got up after the second rak`a of the Zuhr prayer without sitting in between (the second and the third rak`at). When he finished the prayer he performed two prostrations (of Sahu) and then finished the prayer with Taslim

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْوَلِيدِ، حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنِ الْحَكَمِ، عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، عَنْ عَلْقَمَةَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم صَلَّى الظُّهْرَ خَمْسًا فَقِيلَ لَهُ أَزِيدَ فِي الصَّلاَةِ فَقَالَ ‏ "‏ وَمَا ذَاكَ ‏"‏‏.‏ قَالَ صَلَّيْتَ خَمْسًا‏.‏ فَسَجَدَ سَجْدَتَيْنِ بَعْدَ مَا سَلَّمَ‏.‏

Narrated' `Abdullah:Once Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) offered five rak`at in the Zuhr prayer, and somebody asked him whether there was some increase in the prayer. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "What is that?" He said, "You have offered five rak`at." So Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) performed two prostrations of Sahu after Taslim

أَخْبَرَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ دَاوُدَ، وَالْحَارِثُ بْنُ مِسْكِينٍ، قِرَاءَةً عَلَيْهِ وَأَنَا أَسْمَعُ، عَنِ ابْنِ وَهْبٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْحَارِثِ، عَنْ بُكَيْرٍ، أَنَّ أَبَا السَّائِبِ، حَدَّثَهُ أَنَّهُ، سَمِعَ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ، يَقُولُ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏‏ "‏‏ لاَ يَغْتَسِلْ أَحَدُكُمْ فِي الْمَاءِ الدَّائِمِ وَهُوَ جُنُبٌ ‏‏"‏‏ ‏‏.‏‏

Abu Hurairah said:"The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: 'None of you should perform ghusl in standing water while he is Junub

أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ حَاتِمٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا حِبَّانُ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ، عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ، عَنْ هَمَّامِ بْنِ مُنَبِّهٍ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏‏ "‏‏ لاَ يَبُولَنَّ الرَّجُلُ فِي الْمَاءِ الدَّائِمِ ثُمَّ يَغْتَسِلُ مِنْهُ أَوْ يَتَوَضَّأُ ‏‏"‏‏ ‏‏.‏‏

It was narrated from Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:"None of you should urinate into standing water and then perform Ghusl or Wudu' with it

أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، أَحْمَدُ بْنُ شُعَيْبٍ قَالَ أَنْبَأَنَا عَمْرُو بْنُ عَلِيٍّ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَاصِمٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ أَبِي ذِئْبٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي أَسِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي أَسِيدٍ، عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ أَصَابَنَا طَشٌّ وَظُلْمَةٌ فَانْتَظَرْنَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم لِيُصَلِّيَ بِنَا ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ كَلاَمًا مَعْنَاهُ فَخَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم لِيُصَلِّيَ بِنَا فَقَالَ ‏"‏ قُلْ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ فَقُلْتُ مَا أَقُولُ قَالَ ‏"‏ ‏{‏ قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ‏}‏ وَالْمُعَوِّذَتَيْنِ حِينَ تُمْسِي وَحِينَ تُصْبِحُ ثَلاَثًا يَكْفِيكَ كُلَّ شَىْءٍ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

It was narrated from Mu'adh bin 'Abdullah that his father said:"It was raining and dark, and we were waiting for the Messenger of Allah [SAW] to lead us in prayer. Then the Messenger of Allah [SAW] came out to lead us in prayer and he said: 'Say.' I said: 'What should I say?' He said: 'Say: He is Allah, (the) One and Al-Mu'awwadhatain in the evening and in the morning, three times, and that will suffice you against everything

أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي الْقَعْنَبِيُّ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ، عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ خُبَيْبٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عُقْبَةَ بْنِ عَامِرٍ الْجُهَنِيِّ، قَالَ بَيْنَا أَنَا أَقُودُ، بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم رَاحِلَتَهُ فِي غَزْوَةٍ إِذْ قَالَ ‏"‏ يَا عُقْبَةُ قُلْ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ فَاسْتَمَعْتُ ثُمَّ قَالَ ‏"‏ يَا عُقْبَةُ قُلْ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ فَاسْتَمَعْتُ فَقَالَهَا الثَّالِثَةَ فَقُلْتُ مَا أَقُولُ فَقَالَ ‏"‏ ‏{‏ قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ‏}‏ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ فَقَرَأَ السُّورَةَ حَتَّى خَتَمَهَا ثُمَّ قَرَأَ ‏{‏ قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ الْفَلَقِ ‏}‏ وَقَرَأْتُ مَعَهُ حَتَّى خَتَمَهَا ثُمَّ قَرَأَ ‏{‏ قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ النَّاسِ ‏}‏ فَقَرَأْتُ مَعَهُ حَتَّى خَتَمَهَا ثُمَّ قَالَ ‏"‏ مَا تَعَوَّذَ بِمِثْلِهِنَّ أَحَدٌ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

It was narrated that 'Uqbah bin 'Amir Al-Juhani said:"While I was leading the Messenger of Allah [SAW] on his mount on a military campaign, he said: 'O 'Uqbah, say!' I listened, then he said: 'O 'Uqbah, say!' I listened, then he said it a third time. I said: 'What should I say?' He said: 'Say: He is Allah, (the) One...' and he recited the Surah to the end. Then he recited: 'Say: I seek refuge with (Allah) the Lord of the daybreak...' and I recited it with him until the end. Then he recited: 'Say: I seek refuge with (Allah) the Lord of mankind...' and I recited it with him until the end. Then he said: 'No one ever sought refuge (with Allah) by means of anything like them

فإن كان يؤذيه ذلك فليرش عليه الماء حتى يقوى في نفسه ذلك ولا يتسلط عليه الشيطان بالوسواس

ولم يجدوا إلا الوسواس والكراهة له ولا يمكن أن يقال أراد بصريح الإيمان الوسوسة فلم يبق إلا حمله على الكراهة المساوقة للوسوسة والرياء وإن كان عظيما فهو دون الوسوسة في حق الله تعالى فإذا اندفع ضرر الأعظم بالكراهة فبأن يندفع بها ضرر الأصغر أولى وكذلك يروى عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في حديث ابن عباس أنه قال الحمد لله الذي رد كيد الشيطان إلى الوسوسة + حديث ابن عباس الحمد لله الذي رد كيد الشيطان إلى الوسوسة أخرجه أبو داود والنسائي في اليوم والليلة بلفظ كيده

| بيان تسلط الشيطان على القلب بالوساوس ومعنى الوسوسة وسبب غلبتها

وكان بعضهم يخفف الصلاة خيفة الوسواس وروى أن عمار بن ياسر صلى صلاة فأخفها فقيل له خففت يا أبا اليقظان فقال هل رأيتموني نقصت من حدودها شيئا قالوا لا قال إني بادرت سهو الشيطان إن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال إن العبد ليصلي الصلاة لا يكتب له نصفها ولا ثلثها ولا ربعها ولا خمسها ولا سدسها ولا عشرها وكان يقول إنما يكتب للعبد من صلاته ما عقل منها + حديث إن عمار بن ياسر صلى فأخفها فقيل له خففت يا أبا اليقظان الحديث @QB@ وفيه @QE@ إن العبد ليصلي صلاة لا يكتب له نصفها ولا ثلثها إلى آخره أخرجه أحمد بإسناد صحيح وتقدم المرفوع عنه وهو عند أبي داود والنسائي + ويقال إن طلحة والزبير وطائفة من الصحابة رضي الله عنهم كانوا أخف الناس صلاة وقالوا نبادر بها وسوسة الشيطان

وقد كره السلف بيع السيف في وقت الفتنة خيفة أن يشتريه ظالم فهذا ورع فوق الأول والكراهية فيه أخف ويليه ما هو مبالغة ويكاد يلتحق بالوسواس وهو قول جماعة أنه لا تجوز معاملة الفلاحين بآلات الحارث لأنهم يستعينون بها على الحراثة ويبيعون الطعام من الظلمة ولا يباع منهم البقر والفدان وآلات الحرث وهذا ورع الوسوسة إذ ينجر إلى أن لا يباع من الفلاح طعام لأنه يتقوى به على الحراثة ولا يسقي من الماء العام لذلك وينتهي هذا حد التنطع المنهي عنه وكل متوجه إلى شيء على قصد خير لا بد وأن يسرف إن لم يذمه العلم المحقق وربما يقدم على ما يكون بدعة في الدين ليستضر الناس بعده بها وهو يظن أنه مشغول بالخير ولهذا قال صلى الله عليه وسلم فضل العالم على العابد كفضلي على أدنى رجل من أصحابي +

وقالت فرقة الوسوسة والذكر يتساوقان في الدوام على القلب تساوقا لا ينقطع وكما أن الإنسان قد يرى بعينيه شيئين في حالة واحدة فكذلك القلب قد يكون مجرى لشيئين فقد قال صلى الله عليه وسلم ما من عبد إلا وله أربعة أعين عينان في رأسه يبصر بهما أمر دنياه وعينان في قلبه يبصر بهما أمر دينه + حديث ما من عبد إلا وله أربعة أعين عينان في رأسه يبصر بهما أمر دنياه وعينان في قلبه يبصر بهما أمر دينه أخرجه أبو منصور الديلمي في مسند الفردوس من حديث معاذ بلفظ الآخرة مكان دينه وفيه الحسين بن أحمد بن محمد الهروي السماخي الحافظ كذبه الحاكم والآفة منه وإلى هذا ذهب المحاسبي والصحيح عندنا أن كل هذه المذاهب صحيحة ولكن كلها قاصرة عن الإحاطة بأصناف الوسواس وإنما نظر كل واحد منهم إلى صنف واحد من الوسواس فأخبر عنه

Etiology of obsessions and compulsions: a meta-analysis and narrative review of twin studies.: The relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms is unclear. Cognitive-behavioral models propose that shared environment (e.g., parenting style) is important. Family segregation studies suggest that nonadditive genetic factors may be involved. To investigate the etiology of OC symptoms, a meta-analysis was conducted of 37 twin samples from 14 studies, supplemented by a narrative review. Results indicated that in terms of mean effe

Is cyberchondria a new transdiagnostic digital compulsive syndrome? A systematic review of the evidence.: Background: Cyberchondria (CYB) has been described relatively recently as a behaviour characterized by excessive online searching for medical information that is associated with increasing levels of health anxiety. Although CYB has received some attention from researchers, there is no consensus about many of its aspects. Aims: We describe one of the first reported cases of a treatment-seeking patient with CYB. We review the published literature on the definition of CYB, its assessment, epidemiol

Family and couple integrated cognitive-behavioural therapy for adults with OCD: A meta-analysis.: Background: Integrating family into the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is standard in pediatric populations; however, in adult populations, patients are typically treated independent of their family. Yet, there is compelling evidence to suggest that family members exacerbate OCD symptoms, and thus there is a strong rationale for integrating family members into the treatment of adult OCD. The present meta-analysis examined whether family treatment is effective for OCD in adult p

Effects of exercise on obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.: Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of exercise in reducing OCD symptoms. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Scopus and grey literature until March 2022. The study was preregistered at Prospero (CRD42021283931). We included randomised controlled and pre-post trials assessing physical activity as an intervention for OCD. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane ROBINS-I tool and the RoB2 tool. Results: Th

Associations between perfectionism and symptoms of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression in young people: a meta-analysis.: Perfectionism is a transdiagnostic process contributing to the onset and maintenance of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the association between perfectionism, and symptoms of anxiety, OCD and depression among young people aged 6-24 years. A systematic literature search retrieved a total of 4,927 articles, with 121 studies included (Mpooled age = ~17.70 years). Perfectionistic concerns demonstrated sig

Distinct Subcortical Volume Alterations in Pediatric and Adult OCD: A Worldwide Meta- and Mega-Analysis.: Objective: Structural brain imaging studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have produced inconsistent findings. This may be partially due to limited statistical power from relatively small samples and clinical heterogeneity related to variation in illness profile and developmental stage. To address these limitations, the authors conducted meta- and mega-analyses of data from OCD sites worldwide. Method: T1 images from 1,830 OCD patients and 1,759 control subjects were analyzed, using coo

Parent and child agreement for acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychopathology in a prospective study of children and adolescents exposed to single-event trauma.

Examining parent-child agreement for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents is essential for informing the assessment of trauma-exposed children, yet no studies have examined this relationship using appropriate statistical techniques. Parent-child agreement for these disorders was examined by structured interview in a prospective study of assault and motor vehicle accident (MVA) child survivors, assessed at 2-4 weeks and 6 months post-trauma. Children were significantly more likely to meet criteria for ASD, as well as other ASD and PTSD symptom clusters, based on their own report than on their parent's report. Parent-child agreement for ASD was poor (Cohen's kappa = -.04), but fair for PTSD (Cohen's kappa = .21). Agreement ranged widely for other emotional disorders (Cohen's kappa = -.07-.64), with generalised anxiety disorder fo…

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Psychometric properties of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL).

Background: The Borderline Symptom List (BSL) was developed as a self-rating instrument to specifically quantify borderline-typical symptomatology. The items are based on the criteria of the DSM-IV, the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Personality Disorder - revised version, the opinions of clinical experts and borderline patients. The psychometric properties and validity of the BSL have been investigated in several studies. Sampling and methods: A total of 380 borderline patients and 204 healthy controls scored the items. A factor analysis of the BSL items suggests the following subscales: 'self-perception', 'affect regulation', 'self-destruction', 'dysphoria', 'loneliness', 'intrusions' and 'hostility'. Results: The internal reliability as well as the test-retest reliability within 1 week are high. Different aspects of validity (e.g. comparison between groups) provide favorable resu…

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Vulnerability to mental contamination.

Mental contamination refers to feelings of contamination that arise without physical contact with a contaminant. Mental contamination has been documented among sexual assault victims, some of whom report feeling dirty and wanting to wash in response to memories of the assault. This study examined variables associated with increased vulnerability to mental contamination. Female undergraduates (n=100) filled out a series of questionnaires and listened to an audiotape that instructed them to imagine experiencing a forced kiss by an undesirable male. Controls (n=20) imagined a consensual kiss by a desirable male. Women in the non-consensual condition reported stronger feelings of dirtiness and urge to wash than those in the consensual condition. Twenty-seven women in the non-consensual condition spontaneously rinsed in order to alleviate physical sensations evoked by the tape. Regression ana…

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Anxiety sensitivity and its dimensions across the anxiety disorders.

Anxiety sensitivity (AS) refers to the fear of anxiety-related sensations, which is thought to arise from beliefs about their harmful consequences. AS is a multidimensional construct that consists of fears of somatic, social, and cognitive aspects of anxiety. In the present study, we examined the relationship between AS dimensions, assessed by factor-analytically derived subscales of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised (ASI-R), and anxiety-related psychopathology in a sample of 232 treatment-seeking patients with anxiety disorders. Correlational analyses and comparisons among anxiety disorder patient groups and undergraduate students revealed a specific pattern of relationships between ASI-R subscale scores and anxiety-related psychopathology. In contrast, ASI-R total scores evidenced less discriminant validity. Implications for theoretical models of anxiety and directions for future r…

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Affective disorder in the parents of a clinic sample of children with anxiety disorders.

Background: Family history studies in adults reveal strong familiality for the anxiety disorders with some specificity. The aim of the current study was to establish whether there was an elevated rate of anxiety disorders in the parents of children with anxiety disorders, and whether there was intergenerational specificity in the form of disorder. Methods: The mental state of a clinic sample of 85 children with anxiety disorder and their parents was systematically assessed, together with a comparison sample of 45 children with no current disorder and their parents. Results: Compared to the rate of anxiety disorder amongst parents of comparison children, the rate of current anxiety disorder in mothers of anxious children was significantly raised, as was the lifetime rate of anxiety disorder for both mothers and fathers. The mothers of children with generalised anxiety disorder, social pho…

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Effective factors in the psychotherapy of religious obsessive-compulsive disorder: A qualitative study.

Background: Religious obsessive-compulsive disorder (religious OCD; scrupulosity) presents unique challenges in psychotherapy due to the interaction between religious beliefs and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Understanding how individuals benefit from psychotherapy in this context can inform more effective and culturally sensitive treatment approaches. Aims: This study aimed to explore the factors that make psychotherapy effective for individuals experiencing religious obsessions and compulsions. Method: A qualitative design based on a phenomenological approach was employed. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine participants diagnosed with religious OCD. The collected data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify the core themes that contribute to therapeutic benefit. Results: The findings revealed several dimensions that enhanced the therapeutic process.…

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Evaluation of an acceptance and commitment therapy with religious content to control obsessive-compulsive disorder, dysfunctional beliefs, feeling guilty, scrupulosity, and thought control among Muslims in Iran.

Background: The present study aimed to develop an integrated protocol by combining religious content and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and evaluate its effectiveness in controlling obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), dysfunctional beliefs, feeling guilt, scrupulosity, and thought control among Muslims in Tehran, Iran. Materials and methods: An exploratory mixed-method research design was applied in this study. In the qualitative stage, the document analysis method was used to extract components related to ACT with religious content. Also, the content and face validity of the intervention were confirmed by experts. Subsequently, a semi-experimental, pretest-posttest, control-group design was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the adapted protocol with a 3-month follow-up. In the quantitative stage, the inclusion criteria were meeting the diagnostic criteria for OCD base…

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Illness-related intrusive thoughts and illness anxiety disorder.

Introduction: Intrusive thoughts about health threats (illness-ITs) are a potential cognitive risk factor for the development and maintenance of illness anxiety disorder (IAD). This study analyzes the dimensionality of illness-ITs from normalcy to psychopathology, and it evaluates whether the appraisals instigated by the Its mediate between these thoughts and IAD symptoms. Methods: Two groups of individuals participated in the study and completed the Illness Intrusive Thoughts Inventory and the Whiteley Index. The first group was composed of 446 non-clinical community participants. Of them, 264 individuals (68.6% women; Mage  = 30.03 [SD = 13.83]) reported having experienced an upsetting illness-IT in the past three months and were then included in the main analyses. The second group included 31 patients with a current main diagnosis of IAD based on DSM-5 criteria (51.6% women; Mage  = 3…

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The Relevance of Mindfulness and Thought Suppression to Scrupulosity.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relevance of the mindfulness and thought suppression to scrupulosity, or religious obsessions. It was hypothesized that scrupulosity would be negatively associated trait mindfulness and positively associated with thought suppression. It was also hypothesized that thought suppression and mindfulness would mediate the association between scrupulosity and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A survey-based study was conducted to test these hypotheses in a large, nonreferred sample. In particular, undergraduate university students completed a number of self-report measures, including the Pennsylvania Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS), the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire- Short Form (FFMQ-SF), and the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) in exchange for extra credit. As anticipated, mindfulness was significantly associated with s…

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Personality disorders in hypochondriasis: prevalence and comparison with two anxiety disorders.

Objective: Symptoms of hypochondriasis are sometimes attributed to personality psychopathology by health care providers. The goals of this study were to assess the prevalence of personality disorder (PD) comorbidity in hypochondriasis (HYP) and to compare the PD comorbidity profile of patients with HYP with that found among patients with other disorders characterized by intrusive thoughts and fears. Methods: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II Disorders (SCID-I and SCID-II) were administered to 179 individuals: 62 with HYP, 46 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and 71 with social anxiety disorder (SAD). For group contrasts, the samples were "purified" of the comparison comorbid disorders. General linear models were used to test the combined effect of group (HYP, OCD, SAD), age, and gender on the PD outcome variables. Results: 59.7% of HYP subjects had no Ax…

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Starvation in obsessive-compulsive disorder due to scrupulosity.

This report describes an unusual presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with predominant religious obsessions and compulsions (scrupulosity) in which the patient starved himself by keeping fast excessively to the extent of emaciation and extreme weakness even in walking and became bedridden.

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Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses

INTRODUCTION Few people are aware of the connection between nutrition and depression while they easily understand the connection between nutritional deficiencies and physical illness. Depression is more typically thought of as strictly biochemical-based or emotionally-rooted. On the contrary, nutrition can play a key role in the onset as well as severity and duration of depression. Many of the easily noticeable food patterns that precede depression are the same as those that occur during depression. These may include poor appetite, skipping meals, and a dominant desire for sweet foods.[1] Nutritional neuroscience is an emerging discipline shedding light on the fact that nutritional factors are intertwined with human cognition, behavior, and emotions. The most common mental disorders that are currently prevalent in numerous countries are depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and ob…

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Hypersexuality and Trauma: a mediation and moderation model from psychopathology to problematic sexual behavior.

Introduction: . Hypersexuality is a clinical condition regarding the psychopathology of sexual behavior. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of trauma, through the post-traumatic stress-disorder (PTSD), depression, shame and guilt on the hypersexual behavior. Methods: . Through an online platform, a convenience sample of 1025 subjects was recruited (females: n=731; 71.3%; males: 294; 28.7%; age: 29.62±10.90). Recruited subjects compiled a psychometric protocol composed by the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) to assess hypersexuality, the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for PTSD, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to evaluate depression and the State Shame and Guilt Scale (SSGS) for shame and guilt. Then a mediation/moderation model was performed for the data analysis. Results: . There was a statistically significant direct effect of post-traumatic symptoms …

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Impulsivity and cognitive distortions in different clinical phenotypes of gambling disorder: Profiles and longitudinal prediction of treatment outcomes.

Background: Impulsivity and cognitive distortions are hallmarks of gambling disorder (GD) but it remains unclear how they contribute to clinical phenotypes. This study aimed to (1) compare impulsive traits and gambling-related distortions in strategic versus non-strategic gamblers and online versus offline gamblers; (2) examine the longitudinal association between impulsivity/cognitive distortions and treatment retention and relapse. Methods: Participants seeking treatment for GD (n = 245) were assessed for gambling modality (clinical interview), impulsive traits (Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance and Sensation Seeking [UPPS] scale) and cognitive distortions (Gambling Related Cognitions Scale) at treatment onset, and for retention and relapse (as indicated by the clinical team) at the end of treatment. Treatment consisted of 12-week standardized cognitive behavioral therapy, conducted…

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A Network Approach to Hypersexuality: Insights and Clinical Implications.

Background: In spite of a growing interest in research on hypersexuality, consensus about its etiology and best treatment strategy has not been achieved. Aim: To further the empirical and clinical understanding of hypersexuality by exploring the structure of its symptoms using a network analytic approach. Methods: In 2014, an online survey advertised as focusing on Internet pornography, sexual health, and relationships was carried out among Croatian men and women aged 18-60 years (Mage = 31.1 years, SD = 9.67). In a sample of 3,028 participants, we applied a network analytic approach to explore the structure of hypersexuality symptoms. In the network, nodes represented hypersexuality symptoms and associated sexual behaviors, while their connections were operationalized as partial correlations. 4 Research questions were addressed: (1) does the hypersexuality network differ between genders…

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Anxious attachment and excessive acquisition: The mediating roles of anthropomorphism and distress intolerance.

Background and aims Most individuals with hoarding disorder (HD) are prone to excessively acquiring new possessions. Understanding the factors that contribute to this collecting behavior will allow us to develop better treatment approaches for HD. The aim of this study was to test our assumption that an anxious attachment style is associated with a tendency to anthropomorphize comforting objects and an inability to tolerate distress, which in turn leads to excessive acquisition. Methods A total of 361 participants with subclinical to clinical acquisition problems (77.8% female) completed a series of self-report measures. Results As expected, greater anxious attachment was related to greater distress intolerance and stronger tendencies to anthropomorphize inanimate objects. In turn, greater distress intolerance and anthropomorphism were related to more excessive buying and greater acquisi…

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Latent class analysis of gambling subtypes and impulsive/compulsive associations: Time to rethink diagnostic boundaries for gambling disorder?

Background: Gambling disorder has been associated with cognitive dysfunction and impaired quality of life. The current definition of non-pathological, problem, and pathological types of gambling is based on total symptom scores, which may overlook nuanced underlying presentations of gambling symptoms. The aims of the current study were (i) to identify subtypes of gambling in young adults, using latent class analysis, based on individual responses from the Structured Clinical Interview for Gambling Disorder (SCI-GD); and (ii) to explore relationships between these gambling subtypes, and clinical/cognitive measures. Methods: Total 582 non-treatment seeking young adults were recruited from two US cities, on the basis of gambling five or more times per year. Participants undertook clinical and neurocognitive assessment, including stop-signal, decision-making, and set-shifting tasks. Data fro…

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Personality Factors Predicting Smartphone Addiction Predisposition: Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Systems, Impulsivity, and Self-Control.

The purpose of this study was to identify personality factor-associated predictors of smartphone addiction predisposition (SAP). Participants were 2,573 men and 2,281 women (n = 4,854) aged 20-49 years (Mean ± SD: 33.47 ± 7.52); participants completed the following questionnaires: the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (K-SAPS) for adults, the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System questionnaire (BIS/BAS), the Dickman Dysfunctional Impulsivity Instrument (DDII), and the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS). In addition, participants reported their demographic information and smartphone usage pattern (weekday or weekend average usage hours and main use). We analyzed the data in three steps: (1) identifying predictors with logistic regression, (2) deriving causal relationships between SAP and its predictors using a Bayesian belief network (BN), and (3) computing opti…

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Mental contamination: the perpetrator effect.

In order to test the proposition that imagining carrying out an unacceptable non-consensual act can evoke contamination-related feelings in the perpetrator, 4 connected experiments were carried out involving male students. The effects of the experimental procedure were enhanced by the introduction of a theme of betrayal which boosted the feelings of contamination and urges to wash. The non-consensual scenarios were followed by substantial increases in negative emotions, notably shame, disgust and guilt, and these increases were boosted over successive enhancements of the procedure. Overall the results show that perpetrators of (imagined) unacceptable acts report a range of negative emotions and feelings of dirtiness. The main conclusion of this research is that imagining an unacceptable, non-consensual act can produce feelings of contamination. It is an experimental illustration of menta…

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MeCP2 controls BDNF expression and cocaine intake through homeostatic interactions with microRNA-212.

The X-linked transcriptional repressor methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), known for its role in the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome, is emerging as an important regulator of neuroplasticity in postmitotic neurons. Cocaine addiction is commonly viewed as a disorder of neuroplasticity, but the potential involvement of MeCP2 has not been explored. Here we identify a key role for MeCP2 in the dorsal striatum in the escalating cocaine intake seen in rats with extended access to the drug, a process that mimics the increasingly uncontrolled cocaine use seen in addicted humans. MeCP2 regulates cocaine intake through homeostatic interactions with microRNA-212 (miR-212) to control the effects of cocaine on striatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. These data suggest that homeostatic interactions between MeCP2 and miR-212 in dorsal striatum may be important in regulatin…

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Twice Exceptional in Medicine: A Case Series of Neurodivergent Physicians.

The term twice-exceptional (2e) describes individuals who combine high intellectual potential with neurodevelopmental or psychiatric conditions that may impair performance in traditional environments. While this concept has been increasingly recognized in education, its relevance to medical training and practice has received little attention. This case series presents five physicians across different stages of training who exemplify twice-exceptionality, highlighting both their cognitive strengths and the barriers they faced in clinical environments. The first case involves a surgical resident with nonverbal learning disorder (NVLD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and type 1 diabetes whose superior intellect masked significant executive dysfunction until repeated crises prompted disclosure and pursuit of accommodations. The second case describes a resident with ADHD and…

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Risk factors of adolescent psychological distress: A study based on latent class analysis.

Background: Adolescent psychological distress (PD) represents a critical global public health concern. This study identified latent classes of PD and examined associations with health behaviors and sociodemographic factors. Methods: Using latent class analysis on cross-sectional data from 24,711 adolescents in China (2019-2023), five distinct PD classes were derived. Logistic regression analyzed associations between PD classes and risk factors. Results: Five PD classes emerged: No PD, High PD, High Obsessive-Compulsive Low PD, High Internalizing PD, and High Externalizing PD. Screen time ≥ 2 h per day was a universal risk factor across all classes. High ultra-processed foods intake increased PD risk in No PD, High Internalizing PD, and High PD group. Counterintuitively, higher physical activity intensity exacerbated PD in High PD, High Obsessive-Compulsive Low PD, and No PD groups, while…

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The Role of Emotion Dysregulation, Impulsiveness and Rumination in Psychopathology: Evidence from an Italian Sample of Adolescents and Young Adults.

Background: Adolescence and emerging adulthood are periods of heightened risk for the onset of psychopathology. Emotion dysregulation (ED), impulsiveness, and rumination are transdiagnostic processes implicated across symptom domains, but their relative contributions in clinical youth samples remain unclear. This study examined these three self-regulatory processes simultaneously in first-time help-seeking adolescents and young adults, addressing their differential associations with psychopathological symptom dimensions at an early stage of clinical contact. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study with a cross-sectional design in outpatients aged 16-25 years presenting for a first-time psychiatric outpatient consultation at a university hospital in Catania, Italy. Participants completed self-report measures of rumination (RRS), impulsiveness (BIS-11), ED (DERS), and psy…

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Attitude, Literacy, and Social Stigma Toward Mental Illness Among Islamic Religious Leaders (Imams) in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: More than 90% of people in Bangladesh are Muslims and a good portion of persons with mental illness visit religious leaders in the country. Attitude, literacy, and stigma toward mental illness affect the referral of persons with mental illness to mental health systems. Objectives: We aimed to see attitudes, literacy, and social stigma toward mental illness among Islamic religious leaders in Bangladesh. Methods: Data were collected for this cross-sectional study by a self-reporting semi-structured questionnaire from 358 Imams by convenience sampling from September 2024 to January 2025. Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.7 years. The majority of the participants were aged 30 years or younger (54.5%), were married (68.4%), maulanas (59.8%), and 8.1% had a history of psychiatric illness. Mental illness was perceived as highly biological, influenced by sinful acts an…

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A longitudinal study on the relationships between impulsivity and excessive smartphone use among patients with acquired brain injury and control participants.

Introduction: Previous studies have demonstrated that impulsivity is positively correlated with excessive smartphone use, indicating the involvement of frontal lobe circuits. This study examined excessive smartphone use, impulsivity, and mental wellbeing in patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) before and after occupational rehabilitation treatment, and control participants. Procedure: Participants consisted of 44 patients with ABI [10 patients with orbitofrontal syndrome (OFS) and 34 without OFS] and 69 control participants with no history of brain injury. The procedure included a smartphone application that tracked daily smartphone use and frequency of device unlocks, computerized tasks that evaluated impulsive choice (Delay Discounting Task), impulsive action or response inhibition (the ability to stop an already-initiated action-the Go/No-Go task), and questionnaires measuring ex…

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