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Parenting and discipline التربية

Raising children, warmth and limits.

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Qurʾān

القرآن6 shown

Verses named for this subject by hand come first. The rest are found by the subject’s own Arabic and English senses and are shown as lexical matches, not as anchors anyone has confirmed.

Qur'ān 2:266Arabic sense: ذريه

أَيَوَدُّ أَحَدُكُمۡ أَن تَكُونَ لَهُۥ جَنَّةࣱ مِّن نَّخِيلࣲ وَأَعۡنَابࣲ تَجۡرِي مِن تَحۡتِهَا ٱلۡأَنۡهَٰرُ لَهُۥ فِيهَا مِن كُلِّ ٱلثَّمَرَٰتِ وَأَصَابَهُ ٱلۡكِبَرُ وَلَهُۥ ذُرِّيَّةࣱ ضُعَفَآءُ فَأَصَابَهَآ إِعۡصَارࣱ فِيهِ نَارࣱ فَٱحۡتَرَقَتۡۗ كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ ٱللَّهُ لَكُمُ ٱلۡأٓيَٰتِ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تَتَفَكَّرُونَ

Would any of you like to have a garden of palm trees and vines, graced with flowing streams and all kinds of produce, which, when you are afflicted with old age and feeble offspring, is struck by a fiery whirlwind and burnt down? In this way God makes His messages clear to you, so that you may reflect on them

Qur'ān 3:34Arabic sense: ذريه

ذُرِّيَّةَۢ بَعۡضُهَا مِنۢ بَعۡضࣲۗ وَٱللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ

in one line of descent- God hears and knows all

Qur'ān 3:38Arabic sense: ذريه

هُنَالِكَ دَعَا زَكَرِيَّا رَبَّهُۥۖ قَالَ رَبِّ هَبۡ لِي مِن لَّدُنكَ ذُرِّيَّةࣰ طَيِّبَةًۖ إِنَّكَ سَمِيعُ ٱلدُّعَآءِ

There and then Zachariah prayed to his Lord, saying, ‘Lord, from Your grace grant me virtuous offspring: You hear every prayer.’

Qur'ān 4:9Arabic sense: ذريه

وَلۡيَخۡشَ ٱلَّذِينَ لَوۡ تَرَكُواْ مِنۡ خَلۡفِهِمۡ ذُرِّيَّةࣰ ضِعَٰفًا خَافُواْ عَلَيۡهِمۡ فَلۡيَتَّقُواْ ٱللَّهَ وَلۡيَقُولُواْ قَوۡلࣰ ا سَدِيدًا

Let those who would fear for the future of their own helpless children, if they were to die, show the same concern [for orphans]; let them be mindful of God and speak out for justice

Qur'ān 6:133Arabic sense: ذريه

وَرَبُّكَ ٱلۡغَنِيُّ ذُو ٱلرَّحۡمَةِۚ إِن يَشَأۡ يُذۡهِبۡكُمۡ وَيَسۡتَخۡلِفۡ مِنۢ بَعۡدِكُم مَّا يَشَآءُ كَمَآ أَنشَأَكُم مِّن ذُرِّيَّةِ قَوۡمٍ ءَاخَرِينَ

Your Lord is self-sufficient and full of mercy. If He pleased, He could remove you and put others in your place, just as He produced you from the offspring of other people

Qur'ān 7:173Arabic sense: ذريه

أَوۡ تَقُولُوٓاْ إِنَّمَآ أَشۡرَكَ ءَابَآؤُنَا مِن قَبۡلُ وَكُنَّا ذُرِّيَّةࣰ مِّنۢ بَعۡدِهِمۡۖ أَفَتُهۡلِكُنَا بِمَا فَعَلَ ٱلۡمُبۡطِلُونَ

or, ‘It was our forefathers who, before us, ascribed partners to God, and we are only the descendants who came after them: will you destroy us because of falsehoods they invented?’

Tafsīr

التفسير6 shown

Commentary on the verses above, at most two editions per verse.

en-al-jalalayn on 2:266en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

Would any of you wish to have a garden an orchard of date-palms and vines with rivers flowing beneath it for him there is in it all manner of fruit then old age smites him and makes him too weak to profit from it and he has seed but they are weak young children who cannot manage it; then a whirlwind i‘sār are violent winds with fire smites it and it is consumed? so that he loses what he is most in need of and now he and his children have become incapacitated confused without any resources. This is a similitude of how the expenditure of the one expending for show or the one who reproaches after having expended vanishes and how it is of no avail when he will be most in need of it in the Hereafter the interrogative a-yawaddu ‘would any wish’ is intended as a denial. According to Ibn ‘Abbās this is the person who performs deeds of obedience but when Satan comes to him he begins to work disob

en-al-jalalayn on 3:34en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

the seed of one offspring from another of them; God is Hearer Knower.

en-al-jalalayn on 3:38en-al-jalalayncommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

Then when Zachariah had seen this and realised that the One with power to bring something about in other than its natural time is able to bring about a child in old age and with those of his family line all deceased Zachariah prayed to his Lord when he entered the sanctuary to pray in the middle of the night saying ‘Lord bestow upon me from You a goodly offspring a righteous son verily You are the Hearer of You are the One Who answers supplication’.

en-tafisr-ibn-kathir on 2:266en-tafisr-ibn-kathircommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

Would any of you wish to have a garden with date palms and vines, with rivers flowing underneath, and all kinds of fruits for him therein, while he is striken with old age, and his children are weak (not able to look after themselves), then it is struck with a fiery whirlwind, so that it is burnt? Thus does Allah make clear His Ayat to you that you may give thought (266) The Example of Evil Deeds Nullifying Good Deeds Al-Bukhari recorded that Ibn 'Abbas and 'Ubayd bin 'Umayr said that 'Umar bin Al-Khattab asked the Companions of the Messenger of Allah, "According to your opinion, about whom was this Ayah revealed, أَيَوَدُّ أَحَدُكُمْ أَن تَكُونَ لَهُ جَنَّةٌ مِّن نَّخِيلٍ وَأَعْنَابٍ (Would any of you wish to have a garden with date palms and vines…?)." They said, "Allah knows best." 'Umar became angry and said, "Say we know or we do not know." Ibn 'Abbas said, "O Leader of the Fai

en-tafisr-ibn-kathir on 3:34en-tafisr-ibn-kathircommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

Allah chose Adam, Nuh (Noah), the family of Ibrahim and the family of 'Imran above the nations (33)Offspring, one of the other, and Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower (34) The Chosen Ones Among the People of the Earth Allah states that He has chosen these households over the people of the earth. For instance, Allah chose Adam, created him with His Hand and blew life into him. Allah commanded the angels to prostrate before Adam, taught him the names of everything and allowed him to dwell in Paradise, but then sent him down from it out of His wisdom. Allah chose Nuh and made him the first Messenger to the people of the earth, when the people worshipped idols and associated others with Allah in worship. Allah avenged the way Nuh was treated, for he kept calling his people day and night, in public and in secret, for a very long time. However, his calling them only made them shun him more, and

en-tafisr-ibn-kathir on 3:38en-tafisr-ibn-kathircommentary on an ayah this subject surfaced

At that time Zakariyya invoked his Lord, saying: "O my Lord! Grant me from You, a good offspring. You are indeed the All-Hearer of invocation. (38)Then the angels called him, while he was standing in prayer in the Mihrab, (saying): "Allah gives you glad tidings of Yahya, believing in the Word from Allah, and Sayyidan, and Hasuran, a Prophet, from among the righteous. (39)He said: "O my Lord! How can I have a son when I am very old, and my wife is barren?" (Allah) said: "Thus Allah does what He wills. (40)He said: "O my Lord! Make a sign for me." (Allah) said: "Your sign is that you shall not speak to the people for three days except by signals. And remember your Lord much, and glorify (Him) in the afternoon and in the morning. (41) The Supplication of Zakariyya, and the Good News of Yahya's Birth When Zakariyya saw that Allah provided sustenance for Maryam by giving her the fruits of w

Ḥadīth

الحديث6 shown

Sound narrations only, and never matched by text. A narration appears here because a compiler filed it under a chapter this subject maps to, or because someone read it and anchored it. Each row says which.

Sahih al-Bukhari 5467Sacrifice On Occasion Of Birthfiled here by the compiler

حَدَّثَنِي إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو أُسَامَةَ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي بُرَيْدٌ، عَنْ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى ـ رضى الله عنه ـ قَالَ وُلِدَ لِي غُلاَمٌ، فَأَتَيْتُ بِهِ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَسَمَّاهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، فَحَنَّكَهُ بِتَمْرَةٍ، وَدَعَا لَهُ بِالْبَرَكَةِ وَدَفَعَهُ إِلَىَّ، وَكَانَ أَكْبَرَ وَلَدِ أَبِي مُوسَى‏.‏

Narrated Abu Musa:A son was born to me and I took him to the Prophet (ﷺ) who named him Ibrahim, did Tahnik for him with a date, invoked Allah to bless him and returned him to me. (The narrator added: That was Abu Musa's eldest son)

Sahih al-Bukhari 5468Sacrifice On Occasion Of Birthfiled here by the compiler

حَدَّثَنَا مُسَدَّدٌ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى، عَنْ هِشَامٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ـ رضى الله عنها ـ قَالَتْ أُتِيَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم بِصَبِيٍّ يُحَنِّكُهُ، فَبَالَ عَلَيْهِ، فَأَتْبَعَهُ الْمَاءَ‏.‏

Narrated `Aisha:A boy was brought to the Prophet (ﷺ) to do Tahnik for him, but the boy urinated on him, whereupon the Prophet had water poured on the place of urine

Sunan an-Nasa'i 4212Al-'Aqiqahfiled here by the compiler

أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا دَاوُدُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ شُعَيْبٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَدِّهِ، قَالَ سُئِلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم عَنِ الْعَقِيقَةِ فَقَالَ ‏"‏ لاَ يُحِبُّ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الْعُقُوقَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ وَكَأَنَّهُ كَرِهَ الاِسْمَ قَالَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم إِنَّمَا نَسْأَلُكَ أَحَدُنَا يُولَدُ لَهُ ‏.‏ قَالَ ‏"‏ مَنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَنْسُكَ عَنْ وَلَدِهِ فَلْيَنْسُكْ عَنْهُ عَنِ الْغُلاَمِ شَاتَانِ مُكَافَأَتَانِ وَعَنِ الْجَارِيَةِ شَاةٌ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ دَاوُدُ سَأَلْتُ زَيْدَ بْنَ أَسْلَمَ عَنِ الْمُكَافَأَتَانِ قَالَ الشَّاتَانِ الْمُشَبَّهَتَانِ تُذْبَحَانِ جَمِيعًا ‏.‏

It was narrated from 'Amr bin Shuaib, from his fahther, that his grandfather said:"The messenger of Allah was asked about the 'Aqiqah and he said: "Allah, the mighty and sublime, does not like Al-Uquq' as if he disliked the word (Al-Aqiqah). He said to the Messenger of Allah: 'But one of us may offer a sacrifice when a child is born to him.' He said: 'Whoever wants to offer a sacrifice for his child, let him do so, for a boy; two sheep, Mukafaatan, (of equal age), and for a girl, one.' (One of the narrators) Dawud said: 'I asked Ziad bin Aslam about the word Mukafaatan and he said: 'Two similar sheep that are slaughtered together

Sunan an-Nasa'i 4213Al-'Aqiqahfiled here by the compiler

أَخْبَرَنَا الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ حُرَيْثٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا الْفَضْلُ، عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ وَاقِدٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم عَقَّ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ وَالْحُسَيْنِ ‏.‏

It was narrated from 'Abdullah bin Buraidah, from his father, that:the Messenger of Allah offered the 'Aqiqah for Al-Hasan and Al-Husain

Jami' at-Tirmidhi 1146The Book On Sucklingfiled here by the compiler

حَدَّثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مَنِيعٍ، حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، حَدَّثَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ، عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ إِنَّ اللَّهَ حَرَّمَ مِنَ الرَّضَاعِ مَا حَرَّمَ مِنَ النَّسَبِ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ وَفِي الْبَابِ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ وَابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَأُمِّ حَبِيبَةَ ‏.‏ قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى حَدِيثُ عَلِيٍّ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ ‏.‏

Ali (bin Abi Talib) narrated that The Messenger of Allah said:“Indeed Allah has made unlawful through suckling whatever He made unlawful through lineage.”

Jami' at-Tirmidhi 1147The Book On Sucklingfiled here by the compiler

حَدَّثَنَا بُنْدَارٌ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الْقَطَّانُ، حَدَّثَنَا مَالِكٌ، ح وَحَدَّثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ مُوسَى الأَنْصَارِيُّ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا مَعْنٌ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا مَالِكٌ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، عَنْ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، قَالَتْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ إِنَّ اللَّهَ حَرَّمَ مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ مَا حَرَّمَ مِنَ الْوِلاَدَةِ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ ‏.‏ وَالْعَمَلُ عَلَى هَذَا عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم وَغَيْرِهِمْ لاَ نَعْلَمُ بَيْنَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ اخْتِلاَفًا ‏.‏

Aishah narrated that the Messenger of Allah said:“Indeed Allah has made unlawful through suckling whatever He made unlawful through birth.”

Classical works

كتب التراث6 shown

Arabic originals, reached through the subject’s Arabic senses. Interpretive sources, never proof of a ruling.

mukhtasar-minhaj §2546mukhtasar-minhajArabic sense: الاولاد, اولاد, تاديب

والبلاء تأديب من الله تعالى، ولطفه بعباده أتم وأوفى من عناية الآباء بالأولاد ..

ihya §3863ihyaArabic sense: التربية, تاديب, تربيه

السابعة أن تكون نسيبة أعني أن تكون من أهل بيت الدين والصلاح فإنها ستربي بناتها وبنيها فإذا لم تكن مؤدبة لم تحسن التأديب والتربية ولذلك قال صلى الله عليه وسلم إياكم وخضراء الدمن فقيل ما خضراء الدمن قال المرأة الحسناء في المنبت السوء + حديث إياكم وخضراء الدمن فقيل وما خضراء الدمن قال المرأة الحسناء في المنبت السوء رواه الدارقطني في الأفراد والرامهرمزي في الأمثال من حديث أبي سعيد الخدري قال الدارقطني تفرد به الواقدي وهو ضعيف +

ihya §8969ihyaArabic sense: التربية, تاديب, تربيه

فنقول لو كانت الأخلاق لا تقبل التغيير لبطلت الوصايا والمواعظ والتأديبات ولما قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم حسنوا أخلاقكم + حديث حسنوا أخلاقكم أخرجه أبو بكر ابن لال في مكارم الأخلاق من حديث معاذ يا معاذ حسن خلقك للناس منقطع ورجاله ثقات + وكيف ينكر هذا في حق الآدمي وتغيير خلق البهيمة ممكن إذ ينقل البازي من الاستيحاش إلى الأنس والكلب من شره الأكل إلى التأدب والإمساك والتخلية والفرس من الجماح إلى السلاسة والانقياد وكل ذلك تغيير للأخلاق والقول الكاشف للغطاء عن ذلك أن نقول الموجودات منقسمة إلى ما لا مدخل للآدمي واختياره في أصله وتفصيله كالسماء والكواكب بل أعضاء البدن داخلا وخارجا وسائر أجزاء الحيوانات وبالجملة كل ما هو حاصل كامل وقع الفراغ من وجوده وكماله وإلى ما وجد وجودا ناقصا وجعل فيه قوة لقبول الكمال بعد أن وجد شرطه وشرطه قد يرتبط باختيار العبد فأن النواة ليست بتفاح ولا نخل إلا أنها خلقت خلقة يمكن أن تصير نخلة إذا انضاف التربية إليها ولا تصير تفاحا أصلا ولا بالتربية فإذا صارت النواة متأ

mizan-amal §47mizan-amalArabic sense: التربية, تاديب, تربيه

بغير تعب طويل ، حتى كأنه يصدر منه ، وهو في غفلته كالصانع الحاذق في الخياطة والكتابة . وغاية الرذالة أن ترشح منه الرذائل بغير تكلف ولا فكر ولا روية . واعلم أن هذه الفضائل المحصورة في فن نظري ، وفي فن عملي ، يحصل كل واحد منها على وجهين : أحدهما بتعلم بشري وتكلف اختياري ، يحتاج فيه إلى زمان وتدرب وممارسة ، وتقوي الفضيلة في شيئا فشيئا خفي التدريج ، كتدريج الشخص في النمو ، وإن كان في الناس من يكفيه أدنى ممارسة ، وذلك بحسب الذكاء والبلادة . والثاني يحصل بجود إلهي ، نحو أن يولد الإنسان ، فيصير بغير معلم عالما ، كعيسى بن مريم ويحيى بن زكريا ، وكذا سائر الأنبياء الذين حصل لهم من الاحاطة بحقائق الأمور ، ما لم يحصل لطلاب العلم بالتعلم . وقيل : إن ذلك قد يحصل أيضا لغير الأنبياء ، وهم الذين يعبر عنهم بالأولياء . وهذا الآن رزق لا يمكن اكتسابه بالجهد ، فمن حرم ذلك ، فليجتهد أن يكون من الفريق الثاني ، وليعلم نزول رتبته عن رتبة أولئك ، ' فليس التكحل في العينين كالكحل ' . ولا ينبغي أن تستبعد أن يكون بالطب

jami-ulum §135jami-ulumArabic sense: التربية, تاديب, تربيه

جحيفة قال جاء رجل إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يشكو جاره فقال له اطرح متاعك في الطريق قال فجعل الناس يمرون به فيلعنونه فجاء إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال يا رسول الله ما لقيت من الناس قال وما لقيت قال يلعنوني قال فقد لعنك الله قبل الناس قال يا رسول الله فإني لا أعود وخرجه أبو داود بمعناه من حديث أبي هريرة ولم يذكر فيه فقد لعنك الله قبل الناس وخرج الخرائطي من حديث أم سلمة قالت دخلت شاة لجارة لنا فأخذت قرصة لنا فقمت إليها فأخذتها من بين لحييها فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إنه لا قليل من أذى الجار فأما إكرام الجار والإحسان إليه فمأمور به وقد قال الله تعالى واعبدوا الله ولا تشركوا به شيئا وبالوالدين إحسانا وبذي القربى واليتامى والمساكين والجار ذي القربى والجار الجنب والصاحب بالجنب وابن السبيل وما ملكت أيمانكم إن الله لا يحب من كان مختالا فخورا النساء فجمع الله تعالى في هذه الآية بين ذكر حقه على العبد وحقوق العباد على العباد أيضا وجعل العباد الذين أمر بالإحسان إليهم خمسة أنواع أحدها

mukhtasar-minhaj §586mukhtasar-minhajArabic sense: الاولاد, اولاد, تربيه

ومن فوائده أيضا: مجاهدة النفس ورياضتها بالرعاية والولاية، والقيام بحقوق الأهل، والصبر على أخلاقهن، واحتمال الأذى منهن، والسعى فى إصلاحهن وإرشادهن إلى طريق الدين، والاجتهاد فى كسب الحلال لأجلهن، والقيام بتربية الأولاد، وكل هذه أعمال عظيمة الفضل، فإنها رعاية وولاية، وفضل الرعاية عظيم، وإنما يحترز منها من يخاف القصور عن القيام بحقها، ومقاساة الأهل والولد بمنزلة الجهاد فى سبيل الله عز وجل.

Research library

المكتبة البحثية1,820 works held

Peer-reviewed work held with its DOI and abstract, labelled with the study design its publication types report. None of it has been read or assessed, so nothing here may be cited as showing anything. Retracted work is held for the record but never listed; a review that a later version replaced is listed under its replacement and marked.

10.1007/s10802-009-9310-8Journal of abnormal child psychology (2009)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Child Rearing, Parenting, parenting style, Authoritarianism

The relationship between parenting and delinquency: a meta-analysis.: This meta-analysis of 161 published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to determine whether the association between parenting and delinquency exists and what the magnitude of this linkage is. The strongest links were found for parental monitoring, psychological control, and negative aspects of support such as rejection and hostility, accounting for up to 11% of the variance in delinquency. Several effect sizes were moderated by parent and child gender, child age, informant on parenting, a

10.1007/s10567-023-00457-0Clinical child and family psychology review (2024)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Child Rearing, Parenting, Parents

Universal Digital Programs for Promoting Mental and Relational Health for Parents of Young Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.: Digital parenting programs aim to increase program access, improve psychosocial outcomes for parents and children, and support triage to targeted interventions where required. This meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of online parenting programs in improving parenting skills and capabilities, and by consequence, the mental health and well-being of parents and children, and the quality of the parent-child relationship. Studies were included if they were: (1) online, (2) self-delivered, (3) design

10.1016/j.beth.2015.05.008Behavior therapy (2015)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Child Rearing, Parenting, Parents

Enhancing Father Engagement and Interparental Teamwork in an Evidence-Based Parenting Intervention: A Randomized-Controlled Trial of Outcomes and Processes.: This study examined the outcomes and process in a positive parenting program adapted to enhance father engagement and teamwork. A randomized control trial of the Group Triple P Program with additional father-relevant content was conducted with 42 families of children with conduct problems aged between 3 to 8years. Families were allocated to either the intervention or waitlist condition. Assessments of child behavior, self- and partner-reported parenting, and the interparental relationship were c

10.1037/a0015823Journal of personality and social psychology (2009)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Child Rearing, Parenting, Parents

The relations between parents' Big Five personality factors and parenting: a meta-analytic review.: To investigate the association between Big Five personality factors and three dimensions of parenting-warmth, behavioral control, and autonomy support-the authors conducted meta-analyses using 5,853 parent-child dyads that were included in 30 studies. Effect sizes were significant and robust across mother and father reports and across assessment methods of parenting (self-report versus observations) but were generally small in magnitude. Higher levels of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiou

10.1177/1359104511426406Clinical child psychology and psychiatry (2012)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Child Rearing, Parenting, Parents

The Incredible Years parenting program in Ireland: a qualitative analysis of the experience of disadvantaged parents.: Controlled trials demonstrate that parenting programs work, but less is known about the processes of change, contextual factors or intervention characteristics that influence trial outcomes. This qualitative study assessed the experiences of Irish parents involved in a randomized controlled trial of the Incredible Years BASIC parenting program, with a view to understanding how and why the program works, or does not work, within disadvantaged settings. Data from 33 parents of young children (aged

10.3390/ijerph20105854International journal of environmental research and public health (2023)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by us; matched on Child Rearing, Parenting, parenting style

Problematic Media Use among Children up to the Age of 10: A Systematic Literature Review.: Introduction: Digital screen media use has significantly grown in all age groups and at an increasingly young age, including toddlers, schoolers, and primary school children. Although there is evidence that excessive early childhood media exposure can lead to several negative developmental outcomes, no systematic review on Problematic Media Use (PMU) of children under 10 years old have been provided. The aim of the present systematic review was to identify (i) the main instruments used to measur

Research library, full list

501 to 525 of 1,820
Brüne M, Walden S, Edel MA, Dimaggio G (2016)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usComprehensive psychiatry54 citations

Mentalization of complex emotions in borderline personality disorder: The impact of parenting and exposure to trauma on the performance in a novel cartoon-based task.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by a range of interpersonal difficulties, which are, in part, related to adverse experiences during childhood. Unresponsive parenting and traumatization may cause functional impairment of mentalization, i.e. the ability to reflect upon own and others' mental states. However, the relationship of poor parenting, trauma and mentalization in BPD has not exhaustively been studied. Thirty patients diagnosed with BPD and 30 matched control subjects were asked to sequence a novel cartoon-based mentalization task involving complex emotions such as jealousy, shame, guilt etc. In addition, they were required to reason about cognitive and affective mental states of the cartoon characters. The quality of parental care was assessed using a self-report measure for recalled parental rearing style, and childhood trauma was measured in retrospect usin

matched on Child Rearing (mesh), Parenting (mesh), Parents (mesh)

Lau AS (2010)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usCultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology20 citations

Physical discipline in Chinese American immigrant families: An adaptive culture perspective.

Research on ethnic minority parenting has examined heritage cultural influences and contextual stressors on parenting processes. However, rarely are adaptive cultural processes considered, whereby ethnic minority parents bring their cultural values to bear in adapting to contextual demands in the host society. A survey of 107 Chinese American immigrant parents examined whether use of physical discipline can be predicted by cultural values, contextual stressors, and their interactions. Results indicated that distinct domains of cultural values were related to physical discipline in disparate ways, with some values decreasing risk and others indirectly increasing risk. There was some evidence that cultural values interacted with contextual stress to predict physical discipline. Parent-child acculturation conflicts were only related to physical discipline when parents held strong values abo

matched on Child Rearing (mesh), Parenting (mesh), Parents (mesh)

Sanders MR, Ralph A, Sofronoff K, Gardiner P, Thompson R, Dwyer S, Bidwell K (2008)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe journal of primary prevention64 citations

Every family: a population approach to reducing behavioral and emotional problems in children making the transition to school.

A large-scale population trial using the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program (TPS) was evaluated. The target population was all parents of 4- to 7-year-old children residing in ten geographical catchment areas in Brisbane (intervention communities) and ten sociodemographically matched catchment areas from Sydney (5) and Melbourne (5), care as usual (CAU) comparison communities. All five levels of the Triple P multilevel system of intervention were employed; including a local mass media strategy, a primary care strategy, and three more intensive levels of parenting intervention delivered by a range of service providers (e.g., health, education, and welfare sectors). Program outcomes were assessed through a computer-assisted telephone interview of a random sample of households (N = 3000) in each community at pre-intervention and again at two years post-intervention. At post-intervention th

matched on Child Rearing (mesh), Parenting (mesh), Parents (mesh)

Zeghari R, Gindt M, König A, Nachon O, Lindsay H, Robert P, Fernandez A, Askenazy F (2023)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMJ open1 citations

Study protocol: how does parental stress measured by clinical scales and voice acoustic stress markers predict children's response to PTSD trauma-focused therapies?

Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in youth are influenced by parental anxiety and stress. When parents have high levels of stress or have developed PTSD themselves, children tend to show more anxiety symptoms. Parental stress can affect the severity of children's PTSD and lower the success of recovery. However, the influence of parental stress on the effectiveness of trauma-focused therapies (eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing and cognitive behavioural therapy) has not yet been investigated to our knowledge. Hence, we will measure parental stress (using both validated scales and vocal acoustic markers) and investigate how it influences children's PTSD recovery. Method and analysis: Sixty children between the ages of 7 and 15 years who experienced type 1 trauma will be recruited at the Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Center in France. We plan to measure s

matched on Parents (mesh)

Living with Loss: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial evaluating an internet-based perinatal bereavement program for parents following stillbirth and neonatal death.

Background: Stillbirth and neonatal death are devastating pregnancy outcomes with long-lasting psychosocial consequences for parents and families, and wide-ranging economic impacts on health systems and society. It is essential that parents and families have access to appropriate support, yet services are often limited. Internet-based programs may provide another option of psychosocial support for parents following the death of a baby. We aim to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of a self-guided internet-based perinatal bereavement support program "Living with Loss" (LWL) in reducing psychological distress and improving the wellbeing of parents following stillbirth or neonatal death. Methods: This trial is a two-arm parallel group randomized controlled trial comparing the intervention arm (LWL) with a care as usual control arm (CAU). We anticipate recruiting 150 women and men acros

matched on Parents (mesh)

Bechara GM, Castelo Branco F, Rodrigues AL, Chinnici D, Chaney D, Calliari LEP, Franco DR (2018)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPediatric diabetes26 citations

"KiDS and Diabetes in Schools" project: Experience with an international educational intervention among parents and school professionals.

Background: Although it is known that school care is a major challenge in diabetes treatment, there is still no published international initiative. Objectives: The aims of this study were to introduce an international educational intervention tool, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) KiDS and Diabetes in Schools project (KiDS project), and to describe its impact on diabetes knowledge and behavior of caregivers and school professionals. Methods: The KiDS project was developed with the support of IDF and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes and provides online free material in 10 languages, directed to caregivers and school personnel. A pilot evaluation of the KiDS intervention was performed in Brazil. An educational intervention was conducted in 5 primary schools, with 42 parents and school staff, followed by 2 individual interviews after 1 and 3 months.

matched on Parents (mesh)

Wijana MB, Enebrink P, Liljedahl SI, Ghaderi A (2018)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMC psychiatry15 citations

Preliminary evaluation of an intensive integrated individual and family therapy model for self-harming adolescents.

Background: To investigate the outcome of an integrated individual and family therapy (Intensive Contextual Treatment: ICT) in terms of reducing suffering and increasing functional adjustment among self-harming and/or suicidal adolescents with high symptom loads and their families. Methods: Forty-nine self-harming and/or suicidal adolescents, Mage = 14.6, of predominantly Swedish origin and female gender (85.7%) participated with their parents. The study had a within group design with repeated measures at pre- and post-treatment, as well as six- and twelve-months follow-ups. Self-reports were used for the main outcomes; self-harm rates, suicide attempts, parent-reported days of inpatient/institutional care, internalized and externalized symptoms, perceived stress, emotion regulation, school hours and adjustment. Secondary outcomes were levels of reported expressed emotions within family

matched on Parents (mesh)

Woodford J, Wikman A, Cernvall M, Ljungman G, Romppala A, Grönqvist H, von Essen L (2018)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMJ open22 citations

Study protocol for a feasibility study of an internet-administered, guided, CBT-based, self-help intervention (ENGAGE) for parents of children previously treated for cancer.

Introduction: A subgroup of parents of children previously treated for cancer report long-term psychological distress after end of treatment. However, needs for psychological support are commonly unmet and there is a lack of evidence-based treatments tailored to the specific needs of this population. An internet-administered, guided, cognitive-behavioural therapy-based, self-help intervention (ENGAGE) for parents of children previously treated for cancer may provide a solution. The aim is to examine the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention ENGAGE and the study procedures for a future controlled trial. Methods and analysis: The study has an uncontrolled within-group design with an embedded qualitative and quantitative process evaluation. Potential participants are parents of children previously treated for cancer, living in Sweden, recruited via their child's personal identif

matched on Parents (mesh)

Groppe K, Elsner B (2015)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAppetite31 citations

The influence of hot and cool executive function on the development of eating styles related to overweight in children.

Studies linking executive function (EF) and overweight suggest that a broad range of executive functions might influence weight via obesity-related behaviors, such as particular eating styles. Currently, however, longitudinal studies investigating this assumption in children are rare. We hypothesized that lower hot and cool EF predicts a stronger increase in eating styles related to greater weight gain (food approach) and a weaker increase in eating styles related to less weight gain (food avoidance) over a 1-year period. Hot (delay of gratification, affective decision-making) and cool (attention shifting, inhibition, working memory updating) EF was assessed experimentally in a sample of 1657 elementary-school children (German school classes 1-3) at two time points, approximately one year apart. The children's food-approach and food-avoidance behavior was rated mainly via parent question

matched on Parents (mesh)

Jacobs S, Perez J, Cheng YI, Sill A, Wang J, Lyon ME (2015)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPediatric blood & cancer96 citations

Adolescent end of life preferences and congruence with their parents' preferences: results of a survey of adolescents with cancer.

Background: Little is known about how well family members accurately represent adolescents when making EOL decisions on their behalf. This study reports on surveys given to adolescents with cancer and their parents as part of a larger study facilitating advanced care discussions, as well as the results of a survey for health care providers. Procedure: Trained facilitators administered surveys orally to adolescents and families in the intervention arm of the FAmily CEntered Advance Care Planning (ACP) for Teens with Cancer (FACE-TC) study. In addition, a post-hoc survey was sent to oncology providers. Results: Seventeen adolescent/family dyads completed this survey. Seventy five percent of adolescents believed it was appropriate to discuss EOL decisions early and only 12% were not comfortable discussing death. Most preferred to be at home if dying. There were substantial areas of congruen

matched on Parents (mesh)

Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Staron VR (2006)clinical trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry70 citations

A pilot study of modified cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood traumatic grief (CBT-CTG).

Objective: This pilot study evaluated outcomes for a modified 12-session protocol of cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood traumatic grief (CBT-CTG) conducted between March 2004 and October 2005. CTG is an emerging condition characterized by a combination of posttraumatic stress and unresolved grief symptoms. This two-module treatment model consisting of sequential trauma- and grief-focused components was shortened from a previously presented 16-session protocol. Method: Thirty-nine children ages 6 to 17 years old with CTG and their parents received the modified 12-session protocol of CBT-CTG. CTG and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed at pretreatment, after the trauma-focused module, and after the grief-focused module (at posttreatment). Child depression, anxiety, and behavioral symptoms, as well as parental depression and PTSD symptoms, were assessed at pr

matched on Parents (mesh)

Lomanowska AM, Boivin M, Hertzman C, Fleming AS (2017)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNeuroscience107 citations

Parenting begets parenting: A neurobiological perspective on early adversity and the transmission of parenting styles across generations.

The developing brains of young children are highly sensitive to input from their social environment. Nurturing social experience during this time promotes the acquisition of social and cognitive skills and emotional competencies. However, many young children are confronted with obstacles to healthy development, including poverty, inappropriate care, and violence, and their enhanced sensitivity to the social environment means that they are highly susceptible to these adverse childhood experiences. One source of social adversity in early life can stem from parenting that is harsh, inconsistent, non-sensitive or hostile. Parenting is considered to be the cornerstone of early socio-emotional development and an adverse parenting style is associated with adjustment problems and a higher risk of developing mood and behavioral disorders. Importantly, there is a growing literature showing that an

matched on Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Family-Based Approaches to Cardiovascular Health Promotion.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the world, and the increasing burden is largely a consequence of modifiable behavioral risk factors that interact with genomics and the environment. Continuous cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention throughout the lifespan is critical, and the family is a central entity in this process. In this review, we describe the potential rationale and mechanisms that contribute to the importance of family for cardiovascular health promotion, focusing on: 1) mutual interdependence of the family system; 2) shared environment; 3) parenting style; 4) caregiver perceptions; and 5) genomics. We conclude that family-based approaches that target both caregivers and children, encourage communication among the family unit, and address the structural and environmental conditions in which families live and operate are likely to be the

matched on Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Draper CE, Grobler L, Micklesfield LK, Norris SA (2015)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usChild: care, health and development78 citations

Impact of social norms and social support on diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour of adolescents: a scoping review.

The prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood is rapidly increasing, and it is essential that risk factors for NCDs be addressed in adolescence, both for the health of individuals during adolescence and for their health in later life. These risk factors include diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. No literature has been published that comprehensively summarizes the impact of social norms and social support on these behaviours among adolescents. Therefore, a scoping review was conducted to determine the extent of recent (since 2000) literature available on this topic. A comprehensive search strategy was used to search PubMed and EMBASE for eligible reviews. Review papers (narrative reviews, systematic and non-systematic reviews) published in English in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 to February 2013 were included in the overview. Two of the authors screened

matched on Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Pfefferbaum B, Jacobs AK, Houston JB, Griffin N (2015)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usCurrent psychiatry reports43 citations

Children's disaster reactions: the influence of family and social factors.

This review examines family (demographics, parent reactions and interactions, and parenting style) and social (remote effects, disaster media coverage, exposure to secondary adversities, and social support) factors that influence children's disaster reactions. Lower family socioeconomic status, high parental stress, poor parental coping, contact with media coverage, and exposure to secondary adversities have been associated with adverse outcomes. Social support may provide protection to children in the post-disaster environment though more research is needed to clarify the effects of certain forms of social support. The interaction of the factors described in this review with culture needs further exploration.

matched on Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Siegel RS, Brandon AR (2014)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology115 citations

Adolescents, pregnancy, and mental health.

Study objective: Pregnancy during adolescence is a risk factor for adverse medical and psychosocial outcomes, including psychiatric illness. Psychiatric illness is linked with obstetric complications along with impaired maternal functioning in the postpartum period. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research examining the intersection of psychopathology and adolescent pregnancy and the postpartum period. Design: A literature search was conducted using PubMed (Medline), PsycINFO, and CINAHL for articles published between 1990 and 2013 that examined depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and psychosis during pregnancy and the postpartum period in adolescents age 21 years or younger. Articles were selected that covered the following topics: Prevalence or incidence, comorbidity, psychosocial correlates, birth outcomes, parenting, child outcomes, and psychosocial treatment.

matched on Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Goschin S, Briggs J, Blanco-Lutzen S, Cohen LJ, Galynker I (2013)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of affective disorders45 citations

Parental affectionless control and suicidality.

Objective: Although poor parental bonding is a known risk factor for suicidality, current literature is inconsistent about the relative role of low parental care and parental overprotection, as well as the combination of the two, termed "affectionless control". This review presents the current state of knowledge of the relationship between suicidality and these two aspects of parental bonding. Method: The computerized databases Medline, PubMed, PsychINFO, PsychLit, and Google Scholar were searched using combinations of the following keywords: suicidality, suicide, suicide attempt, suicidal behavior, parental bonding, and parental bonding instrument. Using the results, we reviewed the reports on the relationship between suicidality and parental bonding as measured by validated parental bonding instruments. Results: Twelve papers were analyzed. All of them used the parental bonding instrum

matched on Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Kremers S, Sleddens E, Gerards S, Gubbels J, Rodenburg G, Gevers D, van Assema P (2013)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usChildhood obesity (Print)36 citations

General and food-specific parenting: measures and interplay.

Background: Parental influence on child food intake is typically conceptualized at three levels-parenting practices, feeding style, and parenting style. General parenting style is modeled at the most distal level of influence and food parenting practices are conceptualized as the most proximal level of influence. The goal of this article is to provide insights into contents and explanatory value of instruments that have been applied to assess food parenting practices, feeding style, and parenting style. Methods: Measures of food parenting practices, feeding style, and parenting style were reviewed, compared, and contrasted with regard to contents, explanatory value, and interrelationships. Results: Measures that are used in the field often fail to cover the full scope and complexity of food parenting. Healthy parenting dimensions have generally been found to be positively associated with

matched on Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Vollmer RL, Mobley AR (2013)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAppetite214 citations

Parenting styles, feeding styles, and their influence on child obesogenic behaviors and body weight. A review.

With recommendations to include parents as targets for childhood obesity interventions, there is a need to review the relationship of general parenting influences on childhood obesity. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine the existing literature regarding the influence of parenting style and/or feeding styles on childhood obesogenic behaviors and body weight. Research articles related to parenting style (n=40) and parental feeding style (n=11) were identified and reviewed. An authoritative style appears to be the most protective parenting and feeding style while the indulgent feeding style is consistently associated with negative health outcomes. Overall, results for parenting style studies are inconsistent due to differences in conceptualization and measurement, while the results for feeding styles are much more cohesive. The literature is lacking in the ability to describe t

matched on Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Blissett J (2011)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAppetite217 citations

Relationships between parenting style, feeding style and feeding practices and fruit and vegetable consumption in early childhood.

Despite substantial evidence suggesting that a diet high in fruit and vegetables (FV) is associated with reduced risk of cancer, only 21% of children in the UK consume the recommended 5 portions of fruit or vegetables a day. This review examines the role of parenting style, feeding style and feeding practices in FV consumption in early childhood. Whilst inconsistencies in concepts and terminology cloud this literature, overall the evidence suggests that the context of an authoritative parenting and feeding style is associated with better FV consumption in the childhood years. This context is typified by emotional warmth but high expectations for children's dietary adequacy and behaviour, accompanied by specific feeding practices such as modeling consumption of FV, making FV available within the home, covertly restricting unhealthy alternative snack foods, and encouraging children to try

matched on Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Modesto-Lowe V, Danforth JS, Brooks D (2008)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usClinical pediatrics76 citations

ADHD: does parenting style matter?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition typically arising in childhood, which untreated, can have consequences reaching into adolescence and beyond. Effective pharmacological treatment is available and has become widespread in the West. Outcomes for both the child with ADHD and the parent may be influenced by the nature of interaction between them. The authors of this article aim to review published research examining the interaction between parents and their children with ADHD. A PubMed search was conducted of studies written in English between 2000 and 2007 with the keywords ADHD and parenting. Child ADHD elicits high levels of parental stress and maladaptive parenting. The presence of parental psychopathology is common and influences the parent's response to the child's ADHD symptoms. Optimizing parent-child interaction and parental psychiatric status may improv

matched on Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Newman K, Harrison L, Dashiff C, Davies S (2008)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usRevista latino-americana de enfermagem73 citations

Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review.

Research over the past 20 years suggests that the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship significantly affects the development of risk behaviors in adolescent health. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of studies published between 1996-2007 that address specific relationships between parenting styles and six priority adolescent risk behaviors. The review supports the substantial influence of parenting style on adolescent development. Adolescents raised in authoritative households consistently demonstrate higher protective and fewer risk behaviors than adolescents from non-authoritative families. There is also considerable evidence to show that parenting styles and behaviors related to warmth, communication and disciplinary practices predict important mediators, including academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. Careful examination of parenting style patterns

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Rodriguez CM (2010)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usViolence and victims70 citations

Parent-child aggression: association with child abuse potential and parenting styles.

The present investigation predicted that greater use of corporal punishment as well as physical maltreatment would be associated with child abuse potential and selected parenting styles. Three independent studies were examined, two with community samples and a third with a clinical at-risk sample of parents. Parents across all studies anonymously completed the Child Abuse Potential Inventory, the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale to assess physical discipline and maltreatment, as well as the Parenting Scale to measure dysfunctional parenting styles. Findings support that overall parent-child aggression, as well as physical maltreatment behaviors specifically, were associated with child abuse potential. Parent-child aggression was also related to dysfunctional parenting styles, particularly an overreactive, authoritarian parenting style. Permissive parenting was also identified as poten

matched on Child Rearing (mesh), Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Xiuqin H, Huimin Z, Mengchen L, Jinan W, Ying Z, Ran T (2010)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usCyberpsychology, behavior and social networking130 citations

Mental health, personality, and parental rearing styles of adolescents with Internet addiction disorder.

The objectives of this study were to compare the personality profiles of adolescent males with and without Internet addiction disorder (IAD), and to determine if IAD is associated with specific parental rearing behaviors. A total of 304 subjects (204 IAD positive and 100 IAD negative controls) completed three instruments: Symptom Checklist-90-revision (SCL-90-R), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised (EPQ-R), and Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran--'My Memories of Upbringing' (EMBU). SCL-90-R profiles of adolescents with IAD revealed comparatively higher mean scores for all of the nine domains, and significantly higher scores for obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, and paranoid ideation; the mean global symptom index of adolescents with IAD was also significantly higher by approximately 10%. EPQ profiles of adolescents with IAD showed that

matched on Child Rearing (mesh), Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

Irons C, Gilbert P, Baldwin MW, Baccus JR, Palmer M (2006)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe British journal of clinical psychology68 citations

Parental recall, attachment relating and self-attacking/self-reassurance: their relationship with depression.

Objectives: When things go wrong for people they can become self-critical or focus on positive, reassuring aspects of the self. This study explored the relationship between forms of self-criticism and self-reassurance, recall of parental experiences and attachment style in relation to depressed symptoms in students. Methods: A sample of 197 undergraduate students from the UK and Canada completed self-report questionnaires measuring recall of parental styles, attachment, forms of self-criticism, self-reassurance, and depression symptoms. Results: Recall of parents as rejecting and overprotecting was significantly related to both inadequacy and self-hating self-criticism. In contrast, parental warmth was negatively correlated with these forms of self-criticism. In addition, when things go wrong for the person, recall of parental warmth was associated with the ability to be self-reassuring.

matched on Child Rearing (mesh), Parenting (mesh), parenting style (text)

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