Pregnancy and postnatal mental health

فَٱلۡحَٰمِلَٰتِ وِقۡرࣰ ا

and those that are heavily laden

and those that bear the clouds that bear moisture as a burden wiqran is the direct object of al-hāmilat ‘those that bear’;

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. وَالذَّارِيَاتِ ذَرْوًا - فَالْحَامِلَاتِ وِقْرًا - فَالْجَارِيَاتِ يُسْرًا - فَالْمُقَسِّمَاتِ أَمْرًا - إِنَّمَا تُوعَدُونَ لَصَادِقٌ - وَإِنَّ الدِّينَ لَوَاقِعٌ - وَالسَّمَاءِ ذَاتِ الْحُبُكِ - إِنَّكُمْ لَفِي قَوْلٍ مُخْتَلِفٍ - يُؤْفَكُ عَنْهُ مَنْ أُفِكَ - قُتِلَ الْخَرَّاصُونَ - الَّذِينَ هُمْ فِي غَمْرَةٍ سَاهُونَ - يَسْأَلُونَ أَيَّانَ يَوْمُ الدِّينِ - يَوْمَ هُمْ عَلَى النَّارِ يُفْتَنُونَ - ذُوقُوا فِتْنَتَكُمْ هَٰذَا الَّذِي كُنْتُمْ بِهِ تَسْتَعْجِلُونَ (1. By the scattering Dhariyat;)(2. And the laden Hamilat;)(3. And the steady Jariyat;)(4. And the distributors of command,)(5. Verily, that which you are promised is surely true.)(6. And verily, Ad-Din is sure to occur.)(7. By the heaven full of Hubuk,)(8. Certainly, you have different ideas.)(9. Turned aside therefrom is

حَدَّثَنِي إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو أُسَامَةَ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي بُرَيْدٌ، عَنْ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى ـ رضى الله عنه ـ قَالَ وُلِدَ لِي غُلاَمٌ، فَأَتَيْتُ بِهِ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَسَمَّاهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، فَحَنَّكَهُ بِتَمْرَةٍ، وَدَعَا لَهُ بِالْبَرَكَةِ وَدَفَعَهُ إِلَىَّ، وَكَانَ أَكْبَرَ وَلَدِ أَبِي مُوسَى‏.‏

Narrated Abu Musa:A son was born to me and I took him to the Prophet (ﷺ) who named him Ibrahim, did Tahnik for him with a date, invoked Allah to bless him and returned him to me. (The narrator added: That was Abu Musa's eldest son)

حَدَّثَنَا مُسَدَّدٌ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى، عَنْ هِشَامٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ـ رضى الله عنها ـ قَالَتْ أُتِيَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم بِصَبِيٍّ يُحَنِّكُهُ، فَبَالَ عَلَيْهِ، فَأَتْبَعَهُ الْمَاءَ‏.‏

Narrated `Aisha:A boy was brought to the Prophet (ﷺ) to do Tahnik for him, but the boy urinated on him, whereupon the Prophet had water poured on the place of urine

أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا دَاوُدُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ شُعَيْبٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَدِّهِ، قَالَ سُئِلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم عَنِ الْعَقِيقَةِ فَقَالَ ‏"‏ لاَ يُحِبُّ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الْعُقُوقَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ وَكَأَنَّهُ كَرِهَ الاِسْمَ قَالَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم إِنَّمَا نَسْأَلُكَ أَحَدُنَا يُولَدُ لَهُ ‏.‏ قَالَ ‏"‏ مَنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَنْسُكَ عَنْ وَلَدِهِ فَلْيَنْسُكْ عَنْهُ عَنِ الْغُلاَمِ شَاتَانِ مُكَافَأَتَانِ وَعَنِ الْجَارِيَةِ شَاةٌ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ دَاوُدُ سَأَلْتُ زَيْدَ بْنَ أَسْلَمَ عَنِ الْمُكَافَأَتَانِ قَالَ الشَّاتَانِ الْمُشَبَّهَتَانِ تُذْبَحَانِ جَمِيعًا ‏.‏

It was narrated from 'Amr bin Shuaib, from his fahther, that his grandfather said:"The messenger of Allah was asked about the 'Aqiqah and he said: "Allah, the mighty and sublime, does not like Al-Uquq' as if he disliked the word (Al-Aqiqah). He said to the Messenger of Allah: 'But one of us may offer a sacrifice when a child is born to him.' He said: 'Whoever wants to offer a sacrifice for his child, let him do so, for a boy; two sheep, Mukafaatan, (of equal age), and for a girl, one.' (One of the narrators) Dawud said: 'I asked Ziad bin Aslam about the word Mukafaatan and he said: 'Two similar sheep that are slaughtered together

أَخْبَرَنَا الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ حُرَيْثٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا الْفَضْلُ، عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ وَاقِدٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم عَقَّ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ وَالْحُسَيْنِ ‏.‏

It was narrated from 'Abdullah bin Buraidah, from his father, that:the Messenger of Allah offered the 'Aqiqah for Al-Hasan and Al-Husain

حَدَّثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مَنِيعٍ، حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، حَدَّثَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ، عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ إِنَّ اللَّهَ حَرَّمَ مِنَ الرَّضَاعِ مَا حَرَّمَ مِنَ النَّسَبِ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ وَفِي الْبَابِ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ وَابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَأُمِّ حَبِيبَةَ ‏.‏ قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى حَدِيثُ عَلِيٍّ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ ‏.‏

Ali (bin Abi Talib) narrated that The Messenger of Allah said:“Indeed Allah has made unlawful through suckling whatever He made unlawful through lineage.”

حَدَّثَنَا بُنْدَارٌ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الْقَطَّانُ، حَدَّثَنَا مَالِكٌ، ح وَحَدَّثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ مُوسَى الأَنْصَارِيُّ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا مَعْنٌ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا مَالِكٌ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، عَنْ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، قَالَتْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ إِنَّ اللَّهَ حَرَّمَ مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ مَا حَرَّمَ مِنَ الْوِلاَدَةِ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ ‏.‏ وَالْعَمَلُ عَلَى هَذَا عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم وَغَيْرِهِمْ لاَ نَعْلَمُ بَيْنَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ اخْتِلاَفًا ‏.‏

Aishah narrated that the Messenger of Allah said:“Indeed Allah has made unlawful through suckling whatever He made unlawful through birth.”

الخامسة أن تمتنع المرأة لتعززها ومبالغتها في النظافة والتحرز من الطلق والنفاس والرضاع وكان ذلك عادة نساء الخوارج لمبالغتهن في استعمال المياه حتى كن يقضين صلوات أيام الحيض ولا يدخلن الخلاء إلا عراة فهذه بدعة تخالف السنة فهي نية فاسدة واستأذنت واحدة منهن على عائشة رضي الله عنها لما قدمت البصرة فلم تأذن لها فيكون القصد هو الفاسد دون منع الولادة

لها حمل ووضع فهي دائما في حمل وولادة فإذا اذن لها ربها في الحمل احتبست الحرارة الطبيعية في داخلها واختبأت فيها ليكون فيها حملها في الوقت المقدر لها فيكون ذلك الوقت بمنزلة وقت العلوق ومبدأ تكوين النطف فتعمل المادة في اجوافها عملها وتهيئها للعلوق حتى إذا آن وقت الحمل دب فيها الماء فلانت اعطافها وتحركت للحمل وسرى الماء في افنانها وانتشرت فيها الحرارة والرطوبة حتى إذا آن وقت الولادة كسيت من سائر الملابس الفاخرة من النور والورق ما تتبخر فيه وتميس به وتفخر على العقيم فإذا ظهرت اولادها وبان للناظر حملها علم حينئذ كرمها وطيبها من لؤمها وبخلها فتولى تغذية ذلك الحمل من تولى غذاء الاجنحة في بطون امهاتها وكساها الاوراق وصانها من الحر والبرد فإذا تكامل الحمل وآن وقت الفطام تدلت اليك أفنانها كأنما تناولك ثمرة درها فإذا قابلتها رايت الافنان كأنها تلقاك بأولادها وتحييك وتكرمك بهم وتقدمهم اليك حتى كأن منا ولا يناولك إياهم بيده ولا سيما قطوف جنات النعيم الدانية التي يتناولها المؤمن قائما وقاعدا ومضطجعا وك

سمعت شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية رحمه الله يذكر ذلك ويفسره بأن الولادة نوعان أحدهما هذه المعروفة والثانية ولادة القلب والروح وخروجهما من مشيمة النفس وظلمة الطبع

قال وهذه الولادة لما كانت بسبب الرسول كان كالأب للمؤمنين وقد قرأ أبي بن كعب رضي الله عنه @QB@ النبي أولى بالمؤمنين من أنفسهم @QE@ وهو أب لهم

وسمعت شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية رحمه الله يقول هي ولادة الأرواح والقلوب من الأبدان وخروجها من عالم الطبيعة كما ولدت الأبدان من البدن وخرجت منه والولادة الأخرى هي الولادة المعروفة والله أعلم

الحادى عشر: فى آداب الولادة، وهى ستة:

Benefits of Physical Activity during Pregnancy and Postpartum: An Umbrella Review.: Purpose: This study aimed to summarize the evidence from the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report, including new evidence from an updated search of the effects of physical activity on maternal health during pregnancy and postpartum. Methods: An initial search was undertaken to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2006 and 2016. An updated search then identified additional systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between January 2

Effectiveness of expressive writing therapy for postpartum women with psychological distress: Meta-analysis and narrative review.: Background: The increasing prevalence of psychological distress among mothers is outpacing the effectiveness of conventional coping methods like cognitive behavioral therapy. The efficacy of alternatives such as writing therapy for maternal psychological well-being remains uncertain due to a lack of extensive research and inconsistent findings. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of expressive writing therapy in comparison to standard postpartum care for alleviatin

A systematic review of telephone support for women during pregnancy and the early postpartum period.: Objective: To assess the effects of telephone-based support on smoking, preterm birth, low birthweight, breastfeeding, and postpartum depression. Data sources: Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register (March 2006), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (March 2006), Medline (1966-2006), EMBASE (1980-2006), and CINAHL (1982-2006). Secondary references were scanned and experts in the field were contacted. Study selection: All published, unpublished, and ongoing randomized c

Factors Influencing Paternal Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.: Background: Postpartum period is a critical time that requires adjustments not only for mothers but also for fathers and may pose risk for depression. Studies show that the prevalence of paternal postpartum depression (PPD) is between 1.2% and 25.5%. PPD is an under-recognized public health issue and its reported influencing factors are still inconclusive. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to extend the literature by examining influencing factors that affect paternal PPD and describe the s

Impact of postpartum physical activity on maternal depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.: Objective: To examine the influence of postpartum exercise on maternal depression and anxiety. Design: Systematic review with random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression. Data sources: Online databases up to 12 January 2024, reference lists, recommended studies and hand searches. Eligibility criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised interventions of any publication date or language were included if they contained information on the Population (postpartum people), Inte

Associations between maternal psychological distress and mother-infant bonding: a systematic review and meta-analysis.: Purpose: Maternal psychological distress and mother-infant bonding problems each predict poorer offspring outcomes. They are also related to each other, yet the extensive literature reporting their association has not been meta-analysed. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, ProQuest DTG, and OATD for English-language peer-reviewed and grey literature reporting an association between mother-infant bonding, and multiple indicators of maternal psychological distress. Results: We

The comorbidity of Axis I disorders in depressed pregnant women.

Depression during pregnancy is highly prevalent and is associated with increased risk of a variety of negative psychological and medical outcomes in both mothers and offspring. Antenatal depression often co-occurs with significant anxiety, potentially exacerbating morbidities for women and their children. However, screening during the antenatal period is frequently limited to assessment of depression so that other significant comorbid disorders may be missed. Follow-up assessment by clinicians has similarly focused primarily on detection of depressive symptoms. Anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, among others, often go undetected in perinatal care settings, even when depression is identified. Failing to recognize these comorbid diagnoses may lead to inadequate treatment or only partial alleviation of distress. Consequently, screening for and assess…

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), antenatal depression (text), maternal mental health (text)

The relationship between attachment style and postpartum depression.

Although an increasing number of studies show an association between adult attachment style and mood disorders, the relationship between adult attachment style and depression associated with childbirth is largely unknown. This study investigated the association between women's attachment style, postpartum depression (PPD), and other risk factors. During the 32nd week of pregnancy, 84 women were interviewed using the Attachment Style Interview. Participants also completed self-report questionnaires about reaction to pregnancy, family relationships, current life stresses, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. At one-month postpartum, they were evaluated for postpartum depressive symptoms using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Eighty-two women completed the second self-report questionnaires and were evaluated for PPD. The data of 76 women were eligible for analysis. PPD …

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), antenatal depression (text), postpartum depression (text)

eHealth as the Next-Generation Perinatal Care: An Overview of the Literature.

Background: Unrestricted by time and place, electronic health (eHealth) provides solutions for patient empowerment and value-based health care. Women in the reproductive age are particularly frequent users of internet, social media, and smartphone apps. Therefore, the pregnant patient seems to be a prime candidate for eHealth-supported health care with telemedicine for fetal and maternal conditions. Objective: This study aims to review the current literature on eHealth developments in pregnancy to assess this new generation of perinatal care. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search of studies on eHealth technology in perinatal care in PubMed and EMBASE in June 2017. Studies reporting the use of eHealth during prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal care were included. Given the heterogeneity in study methods, used technologies, and outcome measurements, results were analyzed and …

matched on Perinatal Care (mesh), Pregnancy Complications (keyword)

The factor structure of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale among perinatal high-risk and community samples in London.

Timely and accurate detection of perinatal mental health problems is essential for the wellbeing of both mother and child. Growing evidence has suggested that the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is not a unidimensional measure of perinatal depression, but can be used to screen for anxiety disorders. We aimed to assess the factor structure of the EPDS in 3 different groups of women: n = 266 pregnant women at high-risk of depression ("Perinatal Stress Study"), n = 471 pregnant women from a community sample, and n = 637 early postnatal women from a community sample ("developing Human Connectome Project"). Exploratory factor analysis (40% of each sample) and confirmatory factor analysis (60% of each sample) were performed. The relationship between EPDS scores and history of mental health concerns was investigated. Results suggested that a 3-factor model (depression, anxiety, and …

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), perinatal mental health (text), Perinatal Care (mesh)

A cross-national study of factors associated with women's perinatal mental health and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pregnant and postpartum women face unique challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic that may put them at elevated risk of mental health problems. However, few large-scale and no cross-national studies have been conducted to date that investigate modifiable pandemic-related behavioral or cognitive factors that may influence mental health in this vulnerable group. This international study sought to identify and measure the associations between pandemic-related information seeking, worries, and prevention behaviors on perinatal mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. An anonymous, online, cross-sectional survey of pregnant and postpartum women was conducted in 64 countries between May 26, 2020 and June 13, 2020. The survey, available in twelve languages, was hosted on the Pregistry platform for COVID-19 studies (https://corona.pregistry.com) and advertised in social media channels and onl…

matched on Postpartum Period (mesh), perinatal mental health (text), Parturition (mesh), Perinatal Care (mesh)

"I Wanted to Be There as a Father, but I Couldn't": A Qualitative Study of Fathers' Experiences of Postpartum Depression and Their Help-Seeking Behavior.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common mental health problems among new parents. Past studies have examined PPD in women; however, the condition is less understood in men. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of men or fathers with PPD and to understand the barriers and facilitators of help-seeking among fathers with PPD. Eight fathers with PPD were interviewed and data were subsequently analyzed through interpretative phenomenological analysis. The fathers perceived fatherhood as an overwhelming experience and feelings of inadequacy and powerlessness were two of the main themes in the fathers' experiences of PPD. The feeling of inadequacy and powerlessness was related to the fathers' expectations for themselves and their role as a father. The fathers' sense of inadequacy and powerlessness sometimes turned into anger and frustrations. In addition, the fathers …

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), postpartum depression (text), Parturition (mesh)

Father involvement in the first year of life: Associations with maternal mental health and child development outcomes in rural Pakistan.

The contribution of fathers to child development and maternal mental health is increasingly acknowledged, although research on this topic outside of high income countries is limited. Using longitudinal data, we characterized father involvement in a rural setting in Pakistan and investigated the link between father involvement in the first year of life and child development and maternal depression. Data come from the Bachpan study, a birth cohort established in the context of a perinatal depression intervention. Father involvement was mother reported at 3 and 12 months postpartum and covered domains such as playing with or soothing the infant. Child outcomes included growth at 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum, socioemotional development at 6 months (Ages and Stages Questionnaire-socioemotional), and developmental milestones at 12 months (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, BSID)…

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), maternal mental health (text), Maternal Health (mesh)

Postpartum depression and brain response to infants: Differential amygdala response and connectivity.

Recent evidence suggests that postpartum depression is associated with reduced amygdala (AMY) response to negative stimuli. However, given the anhedonic features of PPD, it is important to consider mothers' brain response specifically to positive infant and to other positive stimuli. Mothers with (n = 28) and without (n = 17) clinically determined PPD (n = 28) viewed smiling pictures of infants (Own and Other), and positive non-infant stimuli (Non-Infant). First, we examined group differences in AMY response across conditions. Next, psychophysiological interaction was used to examine group differences in AMY connectivity across conditions. Connectivity estimates were then correlated with measures of maternal mood and anxiety. PPD mothers, compared to non-PPD mothers, showed overall increased AMY response across conditions in the right AMY. Despite this, PPD mothers demonstrated decreased…

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), postpartum depression (text), Parity (mesh)

Longitudinal study of perinatal maternal stress, depressive symptoms and anxiety.

Objectives: to understand the trends in, and relationships between, maternal stress, depressive symptoms and anxiety in pregnancy and post partum. Design: a prospective longitudinal survey study was undertaken to explore maternal psychological distress throughout the perinatal period. The participants were recruited after 24 completed weeks of gestation, and were followed-up monthly until one month post partum (four surveys in total). Setting: participants were recruited from a single hospital in southern Taiwan, and asked to complete questionnaires in the hospital waiting area. Participants: inclusion criteria were: age ≥18 years, able to read and write Chinese, ≥24 weeks of gestation, singleton pregnancy and no pregnancy complications (including a diagnosis of antenatal depression or anxiety disorder). In total, 197 women completed all four surveys (response rate 74.62%). Measurements …

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), antenatal depression (text), Postnatal Care (mesh)

'It's leaflet, leaflet, leaflet then, "see you later"': black Caribbean women's perceptions of perinatal mental health care.

Background: Despite high levels of psychosocial risks, black women of Caribbean origin rarely consult health professionals regarding symptoms of perinatal depression. Reasons for this are unclear as there has been little perinatal mental health research among this ethnic group. Aim: To examine stakeholder perspectives on what might account for low levels of consultation for perinatal depression among a group of women who are, theoretically, vulnerable. Design of study: A qualitative study using focus group interviews. Setting: Community settings in the northwest of England. Method: A purposive sample of black Caribbean women (n = 42) was split into focus groups and interviewed. This sample was drawn from a larger study. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Framework analysis was used to generate themes. Results: Perceptions of practitioners' lack of compassion in …

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), perinatal mental health (text), Perinatal Care (mesh)

The relationship between women's attachment style and perinatal mood disturbance: implications for screening and treatment.

To investigate women's attachment style in relation to risk for pregnancy-specific distress and perinatal depression. During the 2nd trimester, 186 women were evaluated for Axis I psychiatric disorders. In the 3rd trimester they self-reported: attachment style, pregnancy experience, current life stress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. At 4 months post partum, a sub-sample of them (n = 56) repeated the self-report questionnaires. Wariness of attachments (high on fear dimension) was associated with greater 'hassles' compared to 'uplifts' in the assessment of pregnancy (r = 0.31, p <or= 0.001) while attachment security was negatively related to this ratio (r = -0.31, p <or= 0.001). Healthy women, versus women with a psychiatric diagnosis, scored higher on security (t = (150) -3.47, p <or= 0.001) and lower on attachment fear (t = (150) -2.32, p <or= 0.05). Using multiple regression m…

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), postpartum depression (text), Perinatal Care (mesh)

Co-occurrence of depression, anxiety, and perinatal posttraumatic stress in postpartum persons.

Background: The study aim was to describe the incidence of depression, anxiety, perinatal-post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and their co-occurrences in the early postpartum period in a low-resource OB/GYN clinic serving majority Medicaid-eligible persons. We hypothesized that postpartum persons screening positive for depression will have an increased risk of a positive screen for anxiety and perinatal PTSD. Methods: A retrospective study of postpartum persons receiving care in Baton Rouge, Louisiana was conducted using responses abstracted from the electronic medical record (EMR) of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD7), and Perinatal Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire-II (PPQII). Categorical distributions were compared using Fisher exact tests, while t-tests were used to compare continuous covariates. Multivariable logistic regre…

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), Postpartum Period (mesh)

Depression and anxiety symptoms across pregnancy and the postpartum in low-income Black and Latina women.

Underserved women of color experience high rates of perinatal affective disorders, but most research to date on the natural history of these disorders has been conducted on White women. The present study investigated longitudinal changes in anxiety and depression in a sample of perinatal non-Hispanic Black and Latina women. Categorical (yes/no) measures of positive anxiety and depression screens, as well as total symptom scores, were measured longitudinally across the perinatal period in 178 women (115 non-Hispanic Black, 63 Latina) using the CAT-MH™, a computerized adaptive test. Time (up to 4 visits) and race/ethnicity effects were assessed in linear mixed effects models. Rates of positive anxiety screenings were 13.6%, 3.2%, 8.5%, and 0% in Latina women and 2.6%, 4.2%, 6.1%, and 5.8% in non-Hispanic Black women in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters, and postpartum, respectively. Rates o…

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), Postpartum Period (mesh)

Screening for perinatal anxiety disorders: Room to grow.

Background: The anxiety and their related disorders (AD) are the most prevalent of all mental health conditions, disproportionately affecting women. The value of perinatal AD screening is well established but there is very limited evidence to support the applicability of existing anxiety screening instruments. To our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated an AD screening instrument in a perinatal population using full gold standard methodology. Objective: To assess the accuracy of the most commonly used and/or recommended screening tools for perinatal AD (i.e., the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and its anxiety subscale (EPDS-3A), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 and 2-item Scales (GAD-7 and GAD-2) alongside a clinically derived alternative; the Anxiety Disorder - 13 (AD-13). Methods: 310 Canadian women completed mood and anxiety questionnaires at approximately …

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), Postpartum Period (mesh)

Association of Maternal and Paternal Depression in the Postnatal Period With Offspring Depression at Age 18 Years.

Importance: Paternal depression during the postnatal period has been associated with adverse child outcomes. Family environment has been reported as a pathway for risk transmission from fathers to children. The influence of paternal depression during the postnatal period on offspring depression remains to be clarified. Objective: To investigate the association between paternal depression in the postnatal period and offspring depression and explore potential mediating and moderating factors that influence any association between paternal and offspring depression. Design, setting, and participants: This prospective study of a UK community-based birth cohort (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) of parents and their adolescent offspring investigated associations between paternal depression during the postnatal period and offspring depression at age 18 years. We tested a hypo…

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), Postpartum Period (mesh)

Comorbid anxiety and depression: a community-based study examining symptomology and correlates during the postpartum period.

Background: Despite indications that anxiety and depression co-occur frequently within the postpartum period, studies identifying the correlates associated with this comorbidity are rare. Objective: This study assessed variation in social and maternal circumstances, based on comorbid anxiety and depression symptomology. Methods: A large community-based sample of 1070 Australian postpartum women completed the Living with a Young Baby online survey. Mothers were categorised into groups: (a) comorbid anxiety and depression symptomology, (b) anxiety only, (c) depression only, or (d) neither depression nor anxiety. Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) investigated variation in correlates between the groups. Results: Comorbid anxiety and depression symptomology was common (13.4%), and was associated with greater symptom severity. Women in the 'comorbid' group more often experienced financial …

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), Postpartum Period (mesh)

Previous prenatal loss as a predictor of perinatal depression and anxiety.

Background: Prenatal loss, the death of a fetus/child through miscarriage or stillbirth, is associated with significant depression and anxiety, particularly in a subsequent pregnancy. Aims: This study examined the degree to which symptoms of depression and anxiety associated with a previous loss persisted following a subsequent successful pregnancy. Method: Data were derived from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort, a longitudinal cohort study in the west of England that has followed mothers from pregnancy into the postnatal period. A total of 13,133 mothers reported on the number and conditions of previous perinatal losses and provided self-report measures of depression and anxiety at 18 and 32 weeks' gestation and at 8 weeks and 8, 21 and 33 months postnatally. Controls for pregnancy outcome and obstetric and psychosocial factors were included. Results: Generalis…

matched on Depression, Postpartum (mesh), Postpartum Period (mesh)

The ethics of neurologically complicated pregnancies.

Bioethical conflicts in pregnancy are distinguished from those in other areas of medicine due to competing interests between mother and fetus because of their shared biology. Historically, prior to the advent of fetal therapy and advances in medical technology, the maternal-fetal complex was considered to be a single entity. With advances in medicine, treatment options can now be directed at both the mother and the fetus, and a duality has evolved in the maternal-fetal unit. Thus at some point during pregnancy, two individuals rather than just one are the responsibility of the physician. In determining how to properly care for the pregnant woman with a neurologic condition, therapeutic choices must take into consideration the impact a treatment will have on both the mother and the fetus. Since what benefits one may harm the other, tension results from the need to choose. This chapter wil…

matched on Pregnancy Complications (mesh)

Intermittent Fasting, Dietary Modifications, and Exercise for the Control of Gestational Diabetes and Maternal Mood Dysregulation: A Review and a Case Report.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy-related condition afflicting 5-36% of pregnancies. It is associated with many morbid maternal and fetal outcomes. Mood dysregulations (MDs, e.g., depression, distress, and anxiety) are common among women with GDM, and they exacerbate its prognosis and hinder its treatment. Hence, in addition to early detection and proper management of GDM, treating the associated MDs is crucial. Maternal hyperglycemia and MDs result from a complex network of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. This review briefly explores mechanisms that underlie GDM and prenatal MDs. It also describes the effect of exercise, dietary modification, and intermittent fasting (IF) on metabolic and affective dysfunctions exemplified by a case report. In this patient, interventions such as IF considerably reduced maternal body weight, plasma glucose, and psy…

matched on Pregnancy Complications (mesh)

Effects of psychological stress on adverse pregnancy outcomes and nonpharmacologic approaches for reduction: an expert review.

Both acute and chronic stress can cause allostatic overload, or long-term imbalance in mediators of homeostasis, that results in disruptions in the maternal-placental-fetal endocrine and immune system responses. During pregnancy, disruptions in homeostasis may increase the likelihood of preterm birth and preeclampsia. Expectant mothers traditionally have high rates of anxiety and depressive disorders, and many are susceptible to a variety of stressors during pregnancy. These common life stressors include financial concerns and relationship challenges and may be exacerbated by the biological, social, and psychological changes occurring during pregnancy. In addition, external stressors such as major weather events (eg, hurricanes, tornados, floods) and other global phenomena (eg, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic) may contribute to stress during pregnancy. This review investigates rece…

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Prenatal risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood.

Background: A growing body of research has documented the effects of prenatal risk factors on a wide spectrum of adverse offspring health outcomes. Childhood behavior problems, such as externalizing and internalizing problems, are no exception. This comprehensive literature review aims to summarize and synthesize current research about commonly experienced prenatal risk factors associated with internalizing and externalizing problems, with a focus on their impact during childhood and adolescence. Potential mechanisms as well as implications are also outlined. Data sources: The EBSCO, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched for studies examining the association between prenatal risk factors and offspring internalizing/externalizing problems, using keywords "prenatal" or "perinatal" or "birth complications" in combination with "internalizing" or "external…

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Stress, female reproduction and pregnancy.

Stress is one of the commonest and underappreciated causes of reproductive frailty in women. The stress system leads to adaptive responses via mobilization of hormonal systems. Adaptability and resistance to stress are fundamental to life. The response to stressors depends on the type of stressor, the timing and duration of stress, the genetic predisposition, personality characteristics, and the way of coping with stress. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has a direct inhibitory action on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis at multiple levels. Acute and chronic stress impairs reproduction, eventually acting on varying mechanisms. Undernutrition, over-training, and psychological stress contribute to hypothalamic amenorrhea via reduced HPO activity. In utero stress exposure is a significant predictor of subsequent adult telomere length. Some of the metabolic consequen…

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Prenatal determinants of childhood obesity: a review of risk factors 1.

Childhood obesity is a predictor of adult obesity and has its roots in the pre-pregnancy or pregnancy period. This review presents an overview of the prenatal risk factors for childhood obesity, which were categorized into 2 groups: biological risk factors (maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, diabetes in pregnancy, and caesarean section), and environmental and behavioural risk factors (maternal smoking and exposure to obesogens, maternal dietary patterns, maternal intestinal microbiome and antibiotics exposure, and maternal psychosocial stress). Identifying modifiable predisposing prenatal factors for obesity will inform further development of inventions to prevent obesity over the life course, and future directions for research and intervention are discussed.

matched on Pregnancy Complications (mesh)

Exposure to different intrauterine environments: implications for telomere attrition in early life.

Objective: Studies focusing on telomere attrition in newborns and what factors could be involved in this issue are sparse; most reports have been in adult populations. Thereby, the aim of this study was to present an overview of what is currently known about the relationship between environmental exposure of the fetus during pregnancy and telomere length outcomes in early life. Methods: The MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Bireme databases were searched for studies published until 1 June 2016. Studies that reported telomere length measurement from birth to age 1 year were included. Results: Fifteen articles were selected that evaluated possible relationships between maternal smoking, hyperglycemia, hypertension, sleep apnea, psychological stress, folate concentration in early pregnancy, and radiation, in addition to small-for-gestational-age status and preterm birth. We found that sleep apnea, p…

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The fetal origins of mental illness.

The impact of infections and inflammation during pregnancy on the developing fetal brain remains incompletely defined, with important clinical and research gaps. Although the classic infectious TORCH pathogens (ie, Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus [CMV], herpes simplex virus) are known to be directly teratogenic, emerging evidence suggests that these infections represent the most extreme end of a much larger spectrum of injury. We present the accumulating evidence that prenatal exposure to a wide variety of viral and bacterial infections-or simply inflammation-may subtly alter fetal brain development, leading to neuropsychiatric consequences for the child later in life. The link between influenza infections in pregnant women and an increased risk for development of schizophrenia in their children was first described more than 30 years ago. Since then, evidence suggests t…

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