Forced movement, conflict exposure and their mental health toll.
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إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَٱلَّذِينَ هَاجَرُواْ وَجَٰهَدُواْ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ يَرۡجُونَ رَحۡمَتَ ٱللَّهِۚ وَٱللَّهُ غَفُورࣱ رَّحِيمࣱ
But those who have believed, migrated, and striven for God’s cause, it is they who can look forward to God’s mercy: God is most forgiving and merciful
فَٱسۡتَجَابَ لَهُمۡ رَبُّهُمۡ أَنِّي لَآ أُضِيعُ عَمَلَ عَٰمِلࣲ مِّنكُم مِّن ذَكَرٍ أَوۡ أُنثَىٰۖ بَعۡضُكُم مِّنۢ بَعۡضࣲۖ فَٱلَّذِينَ هَاجَرُواْ وَأُخۡرِجُواْ مِن دِيَٰرِهِمۡ وَأُوذُواْ فِي سَبِيلِي وَقَٰتَلُواْ وَقُتِلُواْ لَأُكَفِّرَنَّ عَنۡهُمۡ سَيِّـَٔاتِهِمۡ وَلَأُدۡخِلَنَّهُمۡ جَنَّٰتࣲ تَجۡرِي مِن تَحۡتِهَا ٱلۡأَنۡهَٰرُ ثَوَابࣰ ا مِّنۡ عِندِ ٱللَّهِۚ وَٱللَّهُ عِندَهُۥ حُسۡنُ ٱلثَّوَابِ
Their Lord has answered them: ‘I will not allow the deeds of any one of you to be lost, whether you are male or female, each is like the other [in rewards]. I will certainly wipe out the bad deeds of those who emigrated and were driven out of their homes, who suffered harm for My cause, who fought and were killed. I will certainly admit them to Gardens graced with flowing streams, as a reward from God: the best reward is with God.’
وَدُّواْ لَوۡ تَكۡفُرُونَ كَمَا كَفَرُواْ فَتَكُونُونَ سَوَآءࣰۖ فَلَا تَتَّخِذُواْ مِنۡهُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءَ حَتَّىٰ يُهَاجِرُواْ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِۚ فَإِن تَوَلَّوۡاْ فَخُذُوهُمۡ وَٱقۡتُلُوهُمۡ حَيۡثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمۡۖ وَلَا تَتَّخِذُواْ مِنۡهُمۡ وَلِيࣰّ ا وَلَا نَصِيرًا
They would dearly like you to reject faith, as they themselves have done, to be like them. So do not take them as allies until they migrate [to Medina] for God’s cause. If they turn [on you], then seize and kill them wherever you encounter them. Take none of them as an ally or supporter
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ تَوَفَّىٰهُمُ ٱلۡمَلَٰٓئِكَةُ ظَالِمِيٓ أَنفُسِهِمۡ قَالُواْ فِيمَ كُنتُمۡۖ قَالُواْ كُنَّا مُسۡتَضۡعَفِينَ فِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِۚ قَالُوٓاْ أَلَمۡ تَكُنۡ أَرۡضُ ٱللَّهِ وَٰسِعَةࣰ فَتُهَاجِرُواْ فِيهَاۚ فَأُوْلَٰٓئِكَ مَأۡوَىٰهُمۡ جَهَنَّمُۖ وَسَآءَتۡ مَصِيرًا
When the angels take the souls of those who have wronged themselves, they ask them, ‘What circumstances were you in?’ They reply, ‘We were oppressed in this land,’ and the angels say, ‘But was God’s earth not spacious enough for you to migrate to some other place?’ These people will have Hell as their refuge, an evil destination
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَهَاجَرُواْ وَجَٰهَدُواْ بِأَمۡوَٰلِهِمۡ وَأَنفُسِهِمۡ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَاوَواْ وَّنَصَرُوٓاْ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ بَعۡضُهُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءُ بَعۡضࣲۚ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَلَمۡ يُهَاجِرُواْ مَا لَكُم مِّن وَلَٰيَتِهِم مِّن شَيۡءٍ حَتَّىٰ يُهَاجِرُواْۚ وَإِنِ ٱسۡتَنصَرُوكُمۡ فِي ٱلدِّينِ فَعَلَيۡكُمُ ٱلنَّصۡرُ إِلَّا عَلَىٰ قَوۡمِۭ بَيۡنَكُمۡ وَبَيۡنَهُم مِّيثَٰقࣱۗ وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُونَ بَصِيرࣱ
Those who believed and emigrated [to Medina] and struggled for God’s cause with their possessions and persons, and those who gave refuge and help, are all allies of one another. As for those who believed but did not emigrate, you are not responsible for their protection until they have done so. But if they seek help from you against persecution, it is your duty to assist them, except against people with whom you have a treaty: God sees all that you do
وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَهَاجَرُواْ وَجَٰهَدُواْ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَاوَواْ وَّنَصَرُوٓاْ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنُونَ حَقࣰّ اۚ لَّهُم مَّغۡفِرَةࣱ وَرِزۡقࣱ كَرِيمࣱ
Those who believed and emigrated, and struggled for God’s cause, and those who gave refuge and help- they are the true believers and they will have forgiveness and generous provision
Commentary on the verses above, at most two editions per verse.
Surely those who have faith, those who emigrate, and those who struggle in God's path- it is they who hope for God's mercy, and God is the Forgiving, the Ever-Merciful. After faith, He spoke of emigration. Emigration is of two sorts: one outward, the other inward. Outward emigration has two sides: One side is to emigrate from one's home, homeland, and means and to go forth seeking knowledge. The other side is what comes to be known by seeking. Any traveling that is outside of these two has no weight or worth. The Prophet alluded to this with his words, “People are knowers or learners; the rest of the people are rabble.” You should not say that the seeker of knowledge and the seeker of the Known have one level. The seeker of knowledge is himself traveling, and the seeker of the Known is being pulled by the Real. He who is himself traveling dwells in suffering, distress, and hunger, like M
And their Lord responded to them, “I will not waste the deed of any doer among you, male or female. The one of you is as the other. And those who emigrated, were expelled from their homes, were tormented in My path, who fought and were killed, I shall surely acquit them of their ugly deeds and enter them into Gardens under which rivers flow, a reward from God.” This is loyalty to the promise that He gave to the faithful: “Supplicate Me; I will respond to you” [40:60]. The verification of this loyalty is that He responded to the caller, He bestowed upon the asker, He assisted the striver, He gave increase to the grateful, He bestowed insight on the patient, He rewarded the obedient, He absolved the disobedient, He had mercy on the regretful, He honored the lover, He gave vision to the yearner. The command came, “O MuḤammad! There is no reason for despair. In triumph the work of the servan
(Lo! as for those whom the angels take (in death) while they wrong themselves�) [4:97]. This verse was revealed about some people in Mecca who professed Islam but did not migrate; they showed faith outwardly but were hypocrites inwardly. At the Battle of Badr, they joined the idolaters in their fight against the Muslims and were killed therein. The angels struck their faces and backs and said to them that which Allah, exalted is He, has mentioned in this verse. Abu Bakr al-Harithi informed us> Abu'l-Shaykh al-Hafiz> Abu Yahya> Sahl ibn 'Uthman> 'Abd al-Rahim ibn Sulayman> Ash'ath ibn Sawad> 'Ikrimah> Ibn 'Abbas who said with regard to the verse (Lo! as for those whom the angels take (in death) while they wrong themselves�) which he recited to the end: �They were Muslims who were in Mecca. They went out with the idolaters to fight and were killed with them, and so this verse was revealed�
Surely those who have faith, who have emigrated, and struggled with their possessions and their souls in God's path, and those who have given refuge and help, they are friends of one another. O chevalier! The pearl of union with Him is not something that falls into the hand of someone with low aspiration. It is a gem that comes to hand in the box of the self-purification of the purifiers, a jasmine that appears in the gardens of the realities of the passionate. Each of those who dove for this pearl became on his own the sun of desire, the lodging place of the covenant of good fortune, and was accepted by the Divine Presence. Their attribute is what the Exalted Lord says at the end of the surah: They " have faith, who have emigrated, and struggled with their possessions and their souls in God's path, and those who have given refuge and help. " Their decree is this: " They are friends of o
Those-they are the faithful in truth. Theirs is forgiveness and a generous provision. Their created nature is this: Those-they are the faithful in truth. Their reward is this: Theirs is forgiveness and a generous provision. The generous provision is that the sun of union shines forth from the east. It shines, and all of their hopes become hard cash, their increase becomes infinite, the story of water and clay is concealed, and the beginningless Friend is seen face-to-face. Both eyes and heart see through the Friend. When the light of self-disclosure appears in someone's heart, it's no great wonder that like Moses he finds comfort in the mountain.
When those of the raiding party of ‘Abd Allāh b. Jahsh thought that although they had been released from the sin of having slain in the sacred month they would not receive any reward the following was revealed Verily the believers and those who emigrate and depart from their homeland and struggle in God’s way in order to elevate His religion — those have hope of God’s compassion His reward; and God is Forgiving of believers Merciful to them.
Sound narrations only, and never matched by text. A narration appears here because a compiler filed it under a chapter this subject maps to, or because someone read it and anchored it. Each row says which.
حَدَّثَنَا عُثْمَانُ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا جَرِيرٌ، عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ أَبِي وَائِلٍ، عَنْ حُذَيْفَةَ، قَالَ قَامَ فِينَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَائِمًا فَمَا تَرَكَ شَيْئًا يَكُونُ فِي مَقَامِهِ ذَلِكَ إِلَى قِيَامِ السَّاعَةِ إِلاَّ حَدَّثَهُ حَفِظَهُ مَنْ حَفِظَهُ وَنَسِيَهُ مَنْ نَسِيَهُ قَدْ عَلِمَهُ أَصْحَابُهُ هَؤُلاَءِ وَإِنَّهُ لَيَكُونُ مِنْهُ الشَّىْءُ فَأَذْكُرُهُ كَمَا يَذْكُرُ الرَّجُلُ وَجْهَ الرَّجُلِ إِذَا غَابَ عَنْهُ ثُمَّ إِذَا رَآهُ عَرَفَهُ .
Narrated Hudhaifa:The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) stood among us (to give us an address) and he left out nothing that would happen up to the last hour without telling of it. Some remembered it and some forgot, and these Companions of his have known it. When something of it which I have forgotten happens, I remembered it, just as a man remembers another's face when he is a away and recognizes him when he sees him
حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ الْحِمْصِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْمُغِيرَةِ، حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَالِمٍ، حَدَّثَنِي الْعَلاَءُ بْنُ عُتْبَةَ، عَنْ عُمَيْرِ بْنِ هَانِئٍ الْعَنْسِيِّ، قَالَ سَمِعْتُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ، يَقُولُ كُنَّا قُعُودًا عِنْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَذَكَرَ الْفِتَنَ فَأَكْثَرَ فِي ذِكْرِهَا حَتَّى ذَكَرَ فِتْنَةَ الأَحْلاَسِ فَقَالَ قَائِلٌ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ وَمَا فِتْنَةُ الأَحْلاَسِ قَالَ " هِيَ هَرَبٌ وَحَرْبٌ ثُمَّ فِتْنَةُ السَّرَّاءِ دَخَنُهَا مِنْ تَحْتِ قَدَمَىْ رَجُلٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِي يَزْعُمُ أَنَّهُ مِنِّي وَلَيْسَ مِنِّي وَإِنَّمَا أَوْلِيَائِيَ الْمُتَّقُونَ ثُمَّ يَصْطَلِحُ النَّاسُ عَلَى رَجُلٍ كَوَرِكٍ عَلَى ضِلَعٍ ثُمَّ فِتْنَةُ الدُّهَيْمَاءِ لاَ تَدَعُ أَحَدًا مِنْ هَذِهِ الأُمَّةِ إِلاَّ لَطَمَتْهُ لَطْمَةً فَإِذَا قِيلَ انْقَضَتْ تَمَادَتْ يُصْبِحُ الرَّجُلُ فِيهَا مُؤْمِنًا وَيُمْسِي كَافِرًا حَتَّى يَصِيرَ النَّاسُ إِلَى فُسْطَاطَيْنِ فُسْطَاطِ إِيمَانٍ لاَ نِفَاقَ فِيهِ وَفُسْطَاطِ نِفَاقٍ لاَ إِيمَانَ فِيهِ فَإِذَا كَانَ ذَاكُمْ فَانْتَظِرُوا الدَّجَّالَ مِنْ يَوْمِهِ أَوْ مِنْ غَدِهِ " .
Narrated Abdullah ibn Umar: When we were sitting with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), he talked about periods of trial (fitnahs), mentioning many of them. When he mentioned the one when people should stay in their houses, some asked him: Messenger of Allah, what is the trial (fitnah) of staying at home? He replied: It will be flight and plunder. Then will come a test which is pleasant. Its murkiness is due to the fact that it is produced by a man from the people of my house, who will assert that he belongs to me, whereas he does not, for my friends are only the God-fearing. Then the people will unite under a man who will be like a hip-bone on a rib. Then there will be the little black trial which will leave none of this community without giving him a slap, and when people say that it is finished, it will be extended. During it a man will be a believer in the morning and an infidel in the evening, so that the people will be in two camps: the camp of faith which will contain no hypocrisy, and the camp of hypocrisy which will contain no faith. When that happens, expect the Antichrist (Dajjal) that day or the next
حَدَّثَنَا نَصْرُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْجَهْضَمِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا الْمُعْتَمِرُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، عَنِ الْبَرَاءِ بْنِ عَازِبٍ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ " ائْتُونِي بِالْكَتِفِ أَوِ اللَّوْحِ " . فَكَتَبَ : ( لاَ يَسْتَوِي الْقَاعِدُونَ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ) وَعَمْرُو بْنُ أُمِّ مَكْتُومٍ خَلْفَ ظَهْرِهِ فَقَالَ هَلْ لِي مِنْ رُخْصَةٍ فَنَزَلَتْ : ( غَيْرُ أُولِي الضَّرَرِ ) . وَفِي الْبَابِ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَجَابِرٍ وَزَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ . وَهَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ وَهُوَ حَدِيثٌ غَرِيبٌ مِنْ حَدِيثِ سُلَيْمَانَ التَّيْمِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ . وَقَدْ رَوَى شُعْبَةُ وَالثَّوْرِيُّ عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ
Narrated Al-Bara' bin 'Azib: That the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Bring me a shoulder blade or tablet." Then he wrote: Not equal are those of believers who sit. 'Amr bin Umm Maktum who was behind him said: "Is there an exemption for me?" So the following was revealed: Except those who are disabled. There are narrations on this topic from Ibn 'Abbas, Jabir and Zaid bin Thabit. This Hadith is Hasan Sahih and it is a Hadith that is Gharib from the narration of Sulaiman At-Taimi from Abu Ishaq. And Shu'bah and Ath-Thawri reported this Hadith from Abu Ishaq
حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَشَّارٍ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ، وَشُعْبَةَ، عَنْ حَبِيبِ بْنِ أَبِي ثَابِتٍ، عَنْ أَبِي الْعَبَّاسِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، قَالَ جَاءَ رَجُلٌ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَسْتَأْذِنُهُ فِي الْجِهَادِ فَقَالَ " أَلَكَ وَالِدَانِ " . قَالَ نَعَمْ . قَالَ " فَفِيهِمَا فَجَاهِدْ " . قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى وَفِي الْبَابِ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ . وَهَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ . وَأَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ هُوَ الشَّاعِرُ الأَعْمَى الْمَكِّيُّ وَاسْمُهُ السَّائِبُ بْنُ فَرُّوخَ .
Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: A man came to Prophet (ﷺ) seeking permission to go for Jihad. So he said: 'Do you have parents (living)? ' He said: 'Yes.' He said: 'Then it is for them that you should perform Jihad.'" [Abu 'Eisa said:] There is something on this topic from Ibn 'Abbas. This Hadith is Hasan Sahih. (One of the narrators) Abul-Abbas is the blind (Al-A'ma) poet (Ash-Sha'ir), from Makkah, and his name is As-Sa'ab bin Farrukh
حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَوَانَةَ، عَنْ سُهَيْلِ بْنِ أَبِي صَالِحٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قِيلَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَا يَعْدِلُ الْجِهَادَ قَالَ " لاَ تَسْتَطِيعُونَهُ " . فَرَدُّوا عَلَيْهِ مَرَّتَيْنِ أَوْ ثَلاَثًا كُلُّ ذَلِكَ يَقُولُ " لاَ تَسْتَطِيعُونَهُ " . فَقَالَ فِي الثَّالِثَةِ " مَثَلُ الْمُجَاهِدِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ مَثَلُ الْقَائِمِ الصَّائِمِ الَّذِي لاَ يَفْتُرُ مِنْ صَلاَةٍ وَلاَ صِيَامٍ حَتَّى يَرْجِعَ الْمُجَاهِدُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ " . قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى وَفِي الْبَابِ عَنِ الشَّفَاءِ وَعَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ حُبْشِيٍّ وَأَبِي مُوسَى وَأَبِي سَعِيدٍ وَأُمِّ مَالِكٍ الْبَهْزِيَّةِ وَأَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ . وَهَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ وَقَدْ رُوِيَ مِنْ غَيْرِ وَجْهٍ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم .
Narrated Abu Hurairah: "It was said, 'O Messenger of Allah, what equals Jihad?' He said: 'Verily, you (people) are not capable of it.' So they repeated it to him two or three times, each time he said, 'You (people) are not capable of it.' Then he said the third time: 'The example of the Mujahid in the path of Allah is like the one who fasts and stands (in prayer) and does not slacken from Salat, nor fasting, until the Mujahid in the cause of Allah returns.'" There are narrations on this topic from Ash-Shifa', 'Abdullah bin Hubshi, Abu Musa', Abu Sa'eed, Umm Malik Al-Bahziyyah, and Anas. This Hadith is a Hasan Sahih. And it has been reported through more than one route from Abu Hurairah from the Prophet (ﷺ)
حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ بَزِيعٍ، حَدَّثَنَا الْمُعْتَمِرُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، حَدَّثَنِي مَرْزُوقٌ أَبُو بَكْرٍ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَعْنِي " يَقُولُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الْمُجَاهِدُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ هُوَ عَلَىَّ ضَامِنٌ إِنْ قَبَضْتُهُ أَوْرَثْتُهُ الْجَنَّةَ وَإِنْ رَجَعْتُهُ رَجَعْتُهُ بِأَجْرٍ أَوْ غَنِيمَةٍ " . قَالَ هُوَ صَحِيحٌ غَرِيبٌ مِنْ هَذَا الْوَجْهِ
Narrated Anas bin Malik: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: meaning: Allah Mighty and Sublime is He says: 'The Mujahid in My cause, he has guarantee fro Me. If I I seize him, I cause him to inherit Paradise, and if I return him, I return him with a reward or spoils of war.'" [He said:] This Hadith is Gharib Sahih from this route
Arabic originals, reached through the subject’s Arabic senses. Interpretive sources, never proof of a ruling.
فالغربة ثلاثة أنواع غربة أهل الله وأهل سنة رسوله بين هذا الخلق وهي الغربة التي مدح رسول الله أهلها وأخبر عن الدين الذي جاء به أنه بدأ غريبا وأنه سيعود غريبا كما بدأ وأن أهله يصيرون غرباء
فهذه الغربة لا وحشة على صاحبها بل هو آنس ما يكون إذا استوحش الناس وأشد ما تكون وحشته إذا استأنسوا فوليه الله ورسوله والذين آمنوا وإن عاداه أكثر الناس وجفوه
| فصل النوع الثاني من الغربة غربة مذمومة وهي غربة أهل الباطل
| فصل النوع الثالث غربة مشتركة لا تحمد ولا تذم وهي الغربة عن
قال وهو على ثلاث درجات الدرجة الأولى الغربة عن الأوطان وهذا الغريب موته شهادة ويقاس له في قبره من مدفنه إلى وطنه ويجمع يوم القيامة إلى عيسى بن مريم عليه السلام
لما كانت الغربة هي انفراد والانفراد إما بالجسم وإما بالقصد والحال وإما بهما كان الغريب غريب جسم أو غريب قلب وإرادة وحال أو غريبا بالاعتبارين
Peer-reviewed work held with its DOI and abstract, labelled with the study design its publication types report. None of it has been read or assessed, so nothing here may be cited as showing anything. Retracted work is held for the record but never listed; a review that a later version replaced is listed under its replacement and marked.
Insecurity, distress and mental health: experimental and randomized controlled trials of a psychosocial intervention for youth affected by the Syrian crisis.: Background: Strengthening the evidence base for humanitarian interventions that provide psychosocial support to war-affected youth is a key priority. We tested the impacts of an 8-week programme of structured activities informed by a profound stress attunement (PSA) framework (Advancing Adolescents), delivered in group-format to 12-18 year-olds in communities heavily affected by the Syrian crisis. We included both Syrian refugee and Jordanian youth. Methods: We followed an experimental design, c
Post-migration Social-Environmental Factors Associated with Mental Health Problems Among Asylum Seekers: A Systematic Review.: People seeking asylum are at an increased risk of mental disorder compared to refugees and other migrants. This paper aims to understand the impact of postmigration social-environmental factors to help inform efforts to reduce rates of mental disorder. We conducted a systematic review searching 11 databases, as well as 6 government and nongovernment websites. We asked 5 experts for recommendations, and carried out forwards and backwards citation tracking. From 7004 papers 21 were eligible and ha
Lay-Led Intervention for War and Refugee Trauma: A Randomized Clinical Trial.: Importance: The global refugee crisis disproportionately affects the Muslim world. Forced displacement often results in trauma-related mental health issues. Effective psychotherapy exists, but there are barriers to uptake by refugee groups as well as a lack of culturally appropriate interventions. Objective: To examine the efficacy of a brief, lay-led, mosque-based intervention, Islamic Trauma Healing (ITH), adapting empirically supported cognitive behavioral principles to improve mental health
Psychological distress in afghan refugees: a mixed-method systematic review.: Mental health problems disproportionately affect Afghan refugees and asylum seekers who continue to seek international protection with prolonged exposure to war. We performed a systematic review aimed at synthesizing peer-reviewed literature pertaining to mental health problems among Afghans resettled in industrialized nations. We used five databases to identify studies published between 1979 and 2013 that provided data on distress levels, and subjective experiences with distress. Seventeen stud
Mental health problems among Syrian refugees in Nordic countries: a systematic review.: Introduction: The Syrian refugee crisis has led to significant population displacement, with many seeking refuge and asylum in Nordic countries. While these countries offer safety and stability, the resettlement process combined with the refugees' own traumatic experiences can exacerbate existing or precipitate new mental health issues. Aim: This systematic review aims to comprehensively analyse the literature on mental health problems among Syrian refugees resettled in Nordic countries, explori
Improving primary health care quality for refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review of interventional approaches.: Background: It has been widely acknowledged that refugees are at risk of poorer health outcomes, spanning mental health and general well-being. A common point of access to health care for the migrant population is via the primary health care network in the country of resettlement. This review aims to synthesize the evidence of primary health care interventions to improve the quality of health care provided to refugees and asylum seekers. Methods: A systematic review was undertaken, and 55 articl
Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in asylum seekers with follow-up.
Background: In the study, the frequency and nature of asylum seekers' psychiatric diagnoses in a German admission center were examined. Additional aims were to identify changes in those diagnoses over time and to investigate health care utilization of mentally ill asylum seekers in the community. Methods: The sample for the study "Psychiatric Examination of Asylum Seekers" in Bavaria consisted of a total of 283 asylum seekers and included 2 subsamples: help-seeking individuals and a randomly selected group. 34 of all asylum seekers were part of an extensive psychiatric follow-up examination (t2) about six months after the first examination (t1). Here, we used psychometric tools and a psychiatric interview by a medical doctor and a psychologist with the help of translators. Results: 79% of help-seekers and 45% of the random group received at least one psychiatric diagnosis at t1. The most…
matched on Refugees (mesh), asylum seeker (text)
Equity in access to health care among asylum seekers in Germany: evidence from an exploratory population-based cross-sectional study.
Background: Research on inequities in access to health care among asylum-seekers has focused on disparities between asylum-seekers and resident populations, but little attention has been paid to potential inequities in access to care within the group of asylum-seekers. We aimed to analyse the principles of horizontal equity (i.e., equal access for equal need irrespective of socioeconomic status, SES) and vertical equity (higher allocation of resources to those with higher need) among asylum-seekers in Germany. Methods: We performed a secondary exploratory analysis on cross-sectional data obtained from a population-based questionnaire survey among all asylum-seekers (aged 18 or above) registered in three administrative districts in Germany during the three-month study period (N = 1017). Data were collected on health care access (health care utilisation of four types of services and unmet …
matched on Refugees (mesh), asylum seeker (text)
Substance and Behavioural Addictions Among Evacuees: Findings From Israeli Swords of Iron War.
War-related evacuation is a stressful event that may cause mental health problems, which, in turn, might lead to increases in substance and behavioural addictions. We used data collected online during the Swords of Iron to examine associations between being evacuated during the war, mental health, problematic substance use, and behavioural addictions. Study 1 surveyed young adults (ages 18-26) from various areas of Israel. Measures included self-reported anxiety, depression, problematic consumption of alcohol, cannabis, and prescription drugs, and problematic gambling, gaming, and pornography. Evacuees (n = 111) reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, problematic alcohol consumption, and problem gambling than non-evacuees (n = 973), with increased depression, problematic alcohol consumption and problem gambling among men. In Study 2, we used data from a quasi-representative sample…
matched on Refugees (mesh), Warfare (mesh)
Mental health of children held at a United States immigration detention center.
Rationale; Children held in immigration detention may be at risk for mental health disorders due to the impacts of pre-migration factors, including exposure to violence, their displacement from their home countries, their journey between countries, and the conditions of their detention. Limited research has demonstrated high rates of clinical depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders among detained immigrant children. Objective; In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the mental health of children held at a US immigration detention center over two months in mid-2018. Method; We interviewed 425 mothers about their eldest child age 4-17 using the Parent-Report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). A subset of 150 children age ≥9 completed the UCLA Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (PTSD-RI). Results; Among the 425 children studied, ma…
matched on Refugees (mesh), Emigration and Immigration (mesh)
Pre-migration and post-migration factors associated with mental health in humanitarian migrants in Australia and the moderation effect of post-migration stressors: findings from the first wave data of the BNLA cohort study.
Background: The process of becoming a humanitarian migrant is potentially damaging to mental health. We examined the association between pre-migration and post-migration potentially traumatic events and stressors and mental health, and assessed the moderating effect of post-migration stressors in humanitarian migrants in Australia. Methods: In this study, we used the first wave of data between 2013 and 2014 from the Building a New Life in Australia survey. The survey included 2399 migrants who had arrived in Australia holding a permanent humanitarian visa 3-6 months preceding the survey, with 77% and 23% of participants being granted visas through offshore and onshore humanitarian programmes, respectively. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was measured with the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder 8 items (PTSD-8) and severe mental illness was measured with the Kessler Screening Scale for …
matched on Refugees (mesh), Transients and Migrants (mesh)
Pre-Migration Trauma Exposure and Mental Health Functioning among Central American Migrants Arriving at the US Border.
In recent years, increasing numbers of families and individuals have arrived at the U.S. border from Central America, in particular, from Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala. This study sought to examine pre-migration trauma exposure and current mental health functioning of migrant families arriving at the U.S. border from the Northern Triangle region, with specific attention to the reasons offered for leaving their home country and the frequency with which migrant families appear to satisfy legal criteria for asylum We interviewed 234 adults in McAllen, Texas, using a structured interview and standardized questionnaires to assess exposure to trauma prior to migration, reasons for leaving their home country and symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression. We found that 191 participants (83%) cited violence as a reason for fleeing their country, 119 individuals (69%) did not report t…
matched on Refugees (mesh), Transients and Migrants (mesh)
Leaving no children or families outside: the challenges of immigration.
This study addresses potentially stressful events that accompany the process of immigration for children and their families. Acculturation stress, combined with service disparities, may contribute to a higher risk for psychopathology among immigrant children and youth, as compared to their parents. Culturally informed, evidence-based treatment and preventive interventions that meet the mental health and cultural needs of immigrant children and families have the potential to minimize this higher risk of adverse mental health consequences.
matched on Refugees (mesh), Emigration and Immigration (mesh)
Reproductive health concerns in six conflict-affected areas of Sri Lanka.
This article draws on a study conducted by the Women and Media Collective between 2004 and 2005 to highlight some of the reproductive health concerns of women from Sinhalese, Tamil and Muslim ethnic groups, living in situations of conflict in Sri Lanka. The study focussed on women from six conflict-affected areas in the north and east of the country: Jaffna (Northern Province), Mannar and Puttalam (North-Western Province), Polonnaruwa (North-Central Province), Batticaloa and Ampara (Eastern Province). Higher levels of poverty, higher rates of school drop-out, low pay and precarious access to work, mainly in the informal sector, higher rates of early marriage, pregnancy and home births, higher levels of maternal mortality and lower levels of contraceptive use were found. Economic, social and physical insecurity were key to these phenomena. Physically and psychologically, women were at hig…
matched on Refugees (mesh), Warfare (mesh)
Scabies as a manifestation of structural violence in refugee communities: a case from Rwanda.
BACKGROUND: Scabies, a neglected tropical disease affecting an estimated 200 million people globally, thrives in overcrowded, resource-limited environments and carries significant stigma. Refugee camps present conditions conducive to its spread, yet little is known about how scabies is experienced and understood in such settings. This study explores scabies as a manifestation of structural violence among Kinyarwanda speaking Congolese refugees in Kigeme camp, Rwanda. METHODS: An ethnographic study was conducted from March to September 2022 using participant observation, 19 in-depth interviews with adults affected by scabies, 5 key informant interviews, 6 family interviews, and 2 focus group discussions with 12 unaffected adults. Transcripts were thematically analysed in NVivo, combining deductive and inductive coding to explore lived experiences, stigma, and coping strategies. RESULTS: F…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Loneliness as a mediator between family separation and life satisfaction among Ukrainian refugee women in Germany.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to one of the largest population displacements in Europe since World War II. Different from other recent refugee flows, Ukrainian refugees are predominantly women, often separated from partners who remained behind. Using data from the "IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Survey on Refugees from Ukraine in Germany," this cross-sectional study examines how separation-related loneliness and integration barriers are associated with life satisfaction among displaced women who arrived in Germany in 2022. Structural equation modeling showed that the association between forced family separation and life satisfaction operated entirely through indirect pathways involving loneliness and integration barriers. Loneliness accounted for the largest share of this indirect association and acted as a key intermediary, being linked to both lower life satisfaction and greater int…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
The Role of Maternal Stress in Mental Health and Telomere Length of Middle Eastern Refugee and Immigrant Children.
Background: Childhood and adolescent development are deeply influenced by environmental factors, particularly early adversities and caregiver relationships. Maternal psychological distress (anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress) can adversely affect children's mental health and developmental outcomes, with these effects often magnified in immigrant and refugee populations. Telomere length (TL), a biomarker of biological aging, has been linked to chronic stress and maternal mental health challenges. This study explores the relationships between maternal psychological distress, psychological symptoms in children and adolescents, and TL among Arab American immigrant and refugee youth. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 55 Arab American mothers who had resided in the U.S. for the past decade and their 160 children aged 7 to 17 years. Participants were rec…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
'Today, I'll manage, but not all days!' Adult refugees' meaning-making of learning and coping with trauma and other emotional distress while in language training programmes.
Background: Adverse life experiences evoke thoughts and emotions that may negatively affect adult refugees' language learning. This may significantly impact the ability to establish their lives in the resettlement country. However, little attention has been paid to adult refugee learners' own understandings of managing distress following trauma and forced migration while in language learning contexts. Objective: This qualitative study aims to explore how adult refugee learners deal with distressing memories, emotions, and thoughts, and how they make meaning of their coping and learning efforts, situated within a context increasingly shaped by political integration objectives. Methods: We interviewed 22 adult learners from diverse refugee backgrounds (12 men), aged 19-57, attending the Introduction Programme in Norway. We conducted a reflexive thematic analysis of the participants' narrat…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Social Interactions and Self-Reported Health Among Resettled Refugees.
The goal of this research is to investigate the relationship between social interactions and self-reported mental and physical health of resettled refugees. Social relationships and interactions consist of different layers extending from individual personal relations to social networking activities to collective engagement. Using data from a public opinion survey of recently resettled Bhutanese and Rohingya refugees in Michigan (N=352), we find that along with their socioeconomic situations, such as employment, social integration is an important determinant of mental and physical health. Resettled refugees tend to report better health if they are more socially engaged. This study contributes to the literature on refugee resettlement and integration through a quantitative analysis of a variety of measures of social interactions and their relationship to resettled refugee health. The findi…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Teachers' experiences of supporting the mental health needs of refugee students in resource-poor settings: a qualitative study in Iran.
Background: Exposure to traumatic events is common amongst children from refugee backgrounds. Given the restricted access of refugee children to formal specialist resources and disrupted parental support mechanisms in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), teachers are increasingly expected to be the primary responders to the complex psychosocial needs of trauma-exposed refugee children. However, despite LMICs hosting over two-thirds of the world's refugee children, our current knowledge of how teachers respond to these needs is predominantly drawn from studies conducted in well-resourced, high-income countries, which fails to capture the unique experiences of teachers in inadequately resourced schools in LMICs.Objective: We aimed to explore qualitatively the experiences of school teachers in responding to the mental health and psychosocial needs of trauma-exposed refugee students in …
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Resettlement Workforce Perspectives on Mental Health Care of Refugees.
Background: To identify the mental health care needs of resettled refugees, researchers have studied the perspectives of mental health service providers but have paid limited attention to the perspectives of individuals who work directly in resettlement agencies or in agencies that exclusively provide services to promote refugees' self-sufficiency and integration-the refugee resettlement workforce-who routinely provide support, make referrals, and coordinate mental health care. To better inform programming and service delivery, this qualitative case study focuses on the perspectives of the resettlement workforce. Methods: Focus group interviews conducted with 48 refugee resettlement workforce members were analyzed for their perspectives on refugee mental health needs and care. Results: Thematic analysis revealed that their perspectives centered on barriers to (i.e., resettlement challeng…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Building trust and relationship across language barriers: a qualitative study of interpreter-mediated psychotherapy with therapists, interpreters and patients.
Background: Among a variety of barriers to accessing and providing mental health care for migrant and refugee populations, language barriers play a crucial role. Interpreter-mediated psychotherapy (IMP) has emerged as an effective approach to overcoming these challenges and promoting equitable access to mental health care. However, IMP also introduces a more complex relationship structure: the classical therapist-patient dyad evolves into a triad. Relational qualities such as trust, empathy, and mutual understanding are known to be key indicators of a positive therapeutic relationship. Despite the utilisation of interpreters, research on the relational qualities of IMP remains limited. While several qualitative studies have explored relational dynamics in IMP, few have examined these from the perspective of all parties, particularly by incorporating patient's perspectives. Therefore, thi…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
"I don't want my marriage to end": a qualitative investigation of the sociocultural factors influencing contraceptive use among married Rohingya women residing in refugee camps in Bangladesh.
Background: The timely provision of comprehensive contraceptive services to Rohingya women is impeded due to a lack of clarity and understanding of their traditional beliefs and cultural frameworks. Recognizing this challenge, our paper aims to explore the socio-cultural factors influencing the utilization of contraceptives among married Rohingya women living in the refugee camps of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Method: A qualitative study was conducted in two unregistered Rohingya camps (Camp 7&14) located in Ukhiya Upazila, Cox's Bazar from January 10th to 20th, 2022. A total of 14 In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) were conducted among married Rohingya women of reproductive age (15-49 years), along with 16 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) involving stakeholders engaged in reproductive healthcare provision. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. All interviews were conducted in the loc…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Marital loss, gender and their association with mental health and physical health outcomes in Bosnian refugees: lesson reminder in a time of war.
Introduction: Mental health disorders and chronic health diseases are highly prevalent and impactful consequences of distressful experiences among refugees, yet a comprehensive conceptual model encompassing biopsychosocial factors is lacking. This study aims to assess the relevance of widowhood to PTSD and major depression maintenance as well as to adverse health outcomes in a cohort of Bosnian refugees. Methods: This longitudinal study included 526 subjects followed up for 3 years. The interviews were conducted in refugee camps in Varaždin, Croatia, in the Bosnian language. Data were collected using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and Hopkins Checklist-25, respectively. Physical health disorders were self-reported. Results: Both at baseline and endpoint female gender and marital loss are associated with a statistically significant higher burden of psychological and physical health outc…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Does country of resettlement influence the risk of labor market marginalization among refugees? A cohort study in Sweden and Norway.
Objectives: This study aimed to compare the risk of labor market marginalization among refugees across different host countries of resettlement and examine the moderating role of birth country and length of stay on these associations. Methods: Cohorts of refugees and native-born individuals aged 19-60 in Sweden (N=3 605 949, 3.5% refugees) and Norway (N=1 784 861, 1.7% refugees) were followed during 2010-2016. Rates (per 1000 person-years) of long-term unemployment, long-term sickness absence, and disability pension were estimated for refugees and the host populations. Cox regression models estimated crude and adjusted (for sex, age, educational level, and civil status) hazard ratio (HRadj) for refugees compared to their respective host population, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Analyses were also stratified by birth country and length of stay. Results: Refugees in Norway and Sweden…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Characterization of Premigration and Postmigration Multidomain Factors and Psychosocial Health Among Refugee Children and Adolescents After Resettlement in Australia.
Importance: A better understanding of the psychosocial health of resettled child and adolescent refugees and associated premigration and postmigration factors may help this population integrate effectively. Objective: To estimate the associations of premigration and postmigration multidomain factors with psychosocial health after resettlement among young refugees of different ages. Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study used wave 3 data from the Building a New Life in Australia (BNLA) cohort study, as they represented the first time a BNLA study included a child module targeting children and adolescents in the migrating unit as a nested component of the broader study. The study population consisted of children aged 5 to 10 years and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. The caregivers of the children, the adolescents themselves, and the adolescents' caregivers were invi…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Do refugees with better mental health better integrate? Evidence from the Building a New Life in Australia longitudinal survey.
Hardly any evidence exists on the effects of mental distress on refugee labor outcomes. We offer the first study on this topic in the context of Australia, one of the host countries with the largest number of refugees per capita in the world. Analyzing the Building a New Life in Australia longitudinal survey, we exploit the variations in traumatic experiences of refugees interacted with post-resettlement time periods to causally identify the impacts of refugee mental health. We find that worse mental health, as measured by a one-standard-deviation increase in the Kessler mental health score, reduces the probability of employment by 11.9% and labor income by 22.8%. These effects appear more pronounced for refugees that newly arrive or are without social networks, but they may be ameliorated with government support. These findings have significant implications for the development of health…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Social Capital and Rural Health for Refugee Communities in Australia.
Refugee resettlement significantly contributes to Australia's migration programs, with recent policy directives prioritising rural resettlement. As a result, the cultural diversity of populations of several Australian rural towns has substantially expanded. Newcomers may encounter challenges becoming part of closed social networks and accessing the resources they need for a healthy life in resettlement. However, there are also benefits that stem from positive integration for newcomers and for receiving populations. As part of a larger study, which aimed to explore facilitators and barriers to successful resettlement in a rural setting, the objective of this paper was to show how social ties were important for participants' health, both facilitating access to resources, including health services, and connecting people to health-promoting living conditions. In-depth individual interviews w…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
A Qualitative Inquiry of Older Afghan Refugee Women's Individual and Sociocultural Factors of Health and Health Care Experiences in the United States.
Introduction: Approximately 132,000 Afghans have resettled in the United States since the 1980s and are now aging. As older adults, sociocultural factors influence health and health-related behaviors. This study aimed to explore older Afghan refugee women's perceptions of individual and sociocultural factors of health and health care experiences. Methods: A focused ethnography methodology was conducted with 27 semi-structured interviews with older Afghan refugee women, family members, and community key informants in Southern California. Recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Five themes were identified as key to health promotion in the post-migration setting: (a) health promotion through Islam, (b) the centrality of family, (c) ongoing stressors that impact health, (d) needing support in navigating health services, and (e) miscommuni…
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
Prayers and Mindfulness in Relation to Mental Health among First-Generation Immigrant and Refugee Muslim Women in the USA: An Exploratory Study.
The goal of our study was to explore how first-generation immigrant/refugee Muslim women experience prayer and mindfulness in relation to their mental health. Participants were nine women from an urban city in the Midwestern USA. The women completed a structured demographic survey and a virtual semi-structured interview in a focus group. Using qualitative thematic analysis, we obtained four overarching themes from the data: (a) Prayer helps to build community, (b) Prayer promotes wellbeing, (c) Prayer increases faith, and (d) Prayer encourages intentional awareness. The findings demonstrate that prayer involves awareness and has a strong influence on the mental health of the women participants.
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
The psychological impact of sexual torture: A gender-critical study of the perspective of UK-based clinicians and survivors.
Despite the high prevalence of sexual torture and its close link with gender, little work has been published on refugee torture survivors from Muslim-majority countries. The aim of this project was to introduce a gender-critical framework, that draws on post-modern and post-colonial feminism, to the study of sexual torture in terms of its operationalization and psychological impact in Iranian, Afghan, and Kurdish refugees in the United Kingdom (UK). This exploratory qualitative research was conducted in collaboration with two voluntary organizations in the UK. Mental healthcare providers (HCPs) were invited to participate through convenience sampling from amongst their staff as well as from community mental health services. Torture survivors were recruited through snowball sampling. The study consists of two parts: 1) semi-structured face-to-face interviews with a total of eight experts …
matched on Refugees (mesh), refugee (text)
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