Rest and napping القيلولة

وَمِنۡ ءَايَٰتِهِۦ مَنَامُكُم بِٱلَّيۡلِ وَٱلنَّهَارِ وَٱبۡتِغَآؤُكُم مِّن فَضۡلِهِۦٓۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَأٓيَٰتࣲ لِّقَوۡمࣲ يَسۡمَعُونَ

Among His signs are your sleep, by night and by day, and your seeking His bounty. There truly are signs in this for those who can hear

هُوَ ٱلَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ ٱلَّيۡلَ لِتَسۡكُنُواْ فِيهِ وَٱلنَّهَارَ مُبۡصِرًاۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَأٓيَٰتࣲ لِّقَوۡمࣲ يَسۡمَعُونَ

It is He who made the night so that you can rest in it and the daylight so that you can see- there truly are signs in this for those who hear

وَمِن رَّحۡمَتِهِۦ جَعَلَ لَكُمُ ٱلَّيۡلَ وَٱلنَّهَارَ لِتَسۡكُنُواْ فِيهِ وَلِتَبۡتَغُواْ مِن فَضۡلِهِۦ وَلَعَلَّكُمۡ تَشۡكُرُونَ

In His mercy He has given you night and day, so that you may rest and seek His bounty and be grateful.’

وَمِنۡ ءَايَٰتِهِۦٓ أَنۡ خَلَقَ لَكُم مِّنۡ أَنفُسِكُمۡ أَزۡوَٰجࣰ ا لِّتَسۡكُنُوٓاْ إِلَيۡهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيۡنَكُم مَّوَدَّةࣰ وَرَحۡمَةًۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَأٓيَٰتࣲ لِّقَوۡمࣲ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ

Another of His signs is that He created spouses from among yourselves for you to live with in tranquillity: He ordained love and kindness between you. There truly are signs in this for those who reflect

ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ ٱلَّيۡلَ لِتَسۡكُنُواْ فِيهِ وَٱلنَّهَارَ مُبۡصِرًاۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَذُو فَضۡلٍ عَلَى ٱلنَّاسِ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكۡثَرَ ٱلنَّاسِ لَا يَشۡكُرُونَ

It is God who has given you the night in which to rest and the day in which to see. God is truly bountiful to people, but most people do not give thanks

And of His signs is your sleep by night and day by His will as a repose for you and your seeking during the day of His bounty in other words your going about freely in order to seek a living is by His will. Surely in that there are signs for people who listen listening in a way so as to be prompted to reflect and take heed.

And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the difference of your languages and colors. Verily, in that are indeed signs for men of sound knowledge (22)And among His signs is your sleep by night and by day, and your seeking His bounty. Verily, in that are indeed signs for a people who listen.) Allah sai (23) وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ (And among His signs) indicating His magnificent power. خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ (is the creation of the heavens and the earth,) The heavens with their vast height and brightness and beauty of the stars and planets, and the earth with its density and its mountains, valleys, seas, plains, animals and trees. وَاخْتِلَافُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ (and the difference of your languages) So, we see that some speak Arabic, and the Tatars have their own language, as do the Georgians, Romans, Franks, Berbers, Tou Couleurs (of Sudan), Ethiopians,

He it is Who made for you the night that you should rest therein and the day to see the attribution of sight ibsār to ‘the day’ is figurative since one is able to see during it. Surely in that are signs indications of His Oneness exalted be He for a folk who are able to hear hearing in such a way so as to reflect and be admonished.

And of His mercy exalted be He He has made for you night and day that you may rest therein in the night and that you may seek in the day of His bounty to earn your livelihood that perhaps you might give thanks’ for the grace of God during both of these times.

Do not grieve over their speech, for all power and honor belong to Allah. He is the All-Hearer, the All-Knower (65)Behold! Verily, to Allah belongs whosoever is in the heavens and whosoever is in the earth. And those who worship and invoke others besides Allah, in fact they follow not the partners, they follow only a conjecture and they do nothing but lie (66)He it is Who has appointed for you the night that you may rest therein, and the day to make things visible (to you). Verily, in this are Ayat for a people who listen (those who think deeply)(67) All Might and Honor is for Allah - He Alone has Full Authority within the Universe Allah said to His Messenger , وَلَا يَحْزُنكَ (Do not greive) because of the remarks of these idolators, and depend on Allah and ask for His help. Put your trust in Him. إِنَّ الْعِزَّةَ لِلَّهِ جَمِيعًا (For all power and honor belong to Allah.) All mig

Say: "Tell me! If Allah made the night continuous for you till the Day of Resurrection, which god besides Allah could bring you light? Will you not then hear? (71)Say: "Tell me! If Allah made the day continuous for you till the Day of Resurrection, which god besides Allah could bring you night wherein you rest? Will you not then see? (72)It is out of His mercy that He has made for you the night and the day that you may rest therein and that you may seek of His bounty – and in order that you may be grateful (73) Night and Day are among the Blessings of Allah and are Signs of Tawhid Allah reminds His servants of His favors towards them by subjugating for them the night and day, without which they could not survive. He explains that if He made the night continuous, lasting until the Day of Resurrection, that would be harmful for them and would cause boredom and stress. So He says: مَنْ إ

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ، عَنِ الأَسْوَدِ، قَالَ سَمِعْتُ جُنْدَبًا، يَقُولُ اشْتَكَى النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَلَمْ يَقُمْ لَيْلَةً أَوْ لَيْلَتَيْنِ‏.‏

Narrated Jundab:The Prophet (ﷺ) became sick and did not get up (for Tahajjud prayer) for a night or two

حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ مُقَاتِلٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ، أَخْبَرَنَا مَعْمَرٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ هِنْدٍ بِنْتِ الْحَارِثِ، عَنْ أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ ـ رضى الله عنها ـ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم اسْتَيْقَظَ لَيْلَةً فَقَالَ ‏ "‏ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ مَاذَا أُنْزِلَ اللَّيْلَةَ مِنَ الْفِتْنَةِ، مَاذَا أُنْزِلَ مِنَ الْخَزَائِنِ مَنْ يُوقِظُ صَوَاحِبَ الْحُجُرَاتِ، يَا رُبَّ كَاسِيَةٍ فِي الدُّنْيَا عَارِيَةٍ فِي الآخِرَةِ ‏"‏‏.‏

Narrated Um Salama:One night the Prophet (ﷺ) got up and said, "Subhan Allah! How many afflictions Allah has revealed tonight and how many treasures have been sent down (disclosed). Go and wake the sleeping lady occupants of these dwellings up (for prayers), perhaps a well dressed in this world may be naked in the Hereafter

أَخْبَرَنَا الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَظِيمِ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَسْمَاءَ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا جُوَيْرِيَةُ بْنُ أَسْمَاءَ، عَنِ الْوَلِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي هِشَامٍ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ صَلُّوا فِي بُيُوتِكُمْ وَلاَ تَتَّخِذُوهَا قُبُورًا ‏"‏ ‏.‏

It was narrated from Nafi' that Abdullah bin Umar said:"Pray in your houses and do not make them like graves

أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا عَفَّانُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا وُهَيْبٌ، قَالَ سَمِعْتُ مُوسَى بْنَ عُقْبَةَ، قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا النَّضْرِ، يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ بُسْرِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم اتَّخَذَ حُجْرَةً فِي الْمَسْجِدِ مِنْ حَصِيرٍ فَصَلَّى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِيهَا لَيَالِيَ حَتَّى اجْتَمَعَ إِلَيْهِ النَّاسُ ثُمَّ فَقَدُوا صَوْتَهُ لَيْلَةً فَظَنُّوا أَنَّهُ نَائِمٌ فَجَعَلَ بَعْضُهُمْ يَتَنَحْنَحُ لِيَخْرُجَ إِلَيْهِمْ فَقَالَ ‏ "‏ مَا زَالَ بِكُمُ الَّذِي رَأَيْتُ مِنْ صُنْعِكُمْ حَتَّى خَشِيتُ أَنْ يُكْتَبَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَلَوْ كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمْ مَا قُمْتُمْ بِهِ فَصَلُّوا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ فِي بُيُوتِكُمْ فَإِنَّ أَفْضَلَ صَلاَةِ الْمَرْءِ فِي بَيْتِهِ إِلاَّ الصَّلاَةَ الْمَكْتُوبَةَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

It was narrated from Zaid bin Thabit that :The Prophet (ﷺ) used some palm fiber mats to section off a small area in the masjid. And the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prayed in it for several nights until the people gathered around him. Then, one night they did not hear his voice, and they thought that he was sleeping, so they cleared their throats to make him come out to them. He said: 'You kept doing that until I feared that it would be made obligatory for you, and if it were made obligatory, you would not be able to do it. O people, pray in your houses, for the best prayer a person offers is in his house, apart from the prescribed (obligatory) prayers

والثاني: القيلولة، فإنها مما تعين على قيام الليل، كما يعين السحور على صيام النهار، فإن نام فليجتهد في الانتباه قبل الزوال بقدر الاستعداد للصلاة قبل دخول الوقت.

ومنها: أن لا يترك القيلولة بالنهار، فإنها تعين على قيام الليل.

اعلم أن قيام الليل عسير على الخلق إلا على من وفق للقيام بشروطه الميسرة له ظاهرا وباطنا فأما الظاهرة فأربعة أمور الأول أن لا يكثر الأكل فيكثر الشرب فيغلبه النوم ويثقل عليه القيام كان بعض الشيوخ يقف على المائدة كل ليلة ويقول معاشر المريدين لا تأكلوا كثيرا فتشربوا كثيرا فترقدوا كثيرا فتتحسروا عند الموت كثيرا وهذا هو الأصل الكبير وهو تخفيف المعدة عن ثقل الطعام الثاني أن لا يتعب نفسه بالنهار في الاعمال التي تعيا بها الجوارح وتضعف بها الأعصاب فإن ذلك ايضا مجلبة للنوم الثالث أن لا يترك القيلولة بالنهار فإنها سنة للاستعانة على قيام الليل + حديث الاستعانة بقيلولة النهار على قيام الليل أخرجه ابن ماجه من حديث ابن عباس وقد تقدم + الرابع أن لا يحتقب الأوزار بالنهار فإن ذلك مما يقسى القلب ويحول بينه وبين أسباب الرحمة قال رجل للحسن يا أبا سعيد إني أبيت معافى وأحب قيام الليل وأعد طهوري فما بالي لا أقوم فقال ذنوبك قيدتك وكان الحسن رحمه الله إذا دخل السوق فسمع لغطهم ولغوهم يقول أظن أن ليل هؤلاء ليل سوء فإ

الورد الثالث من ضحوة النهار إلى الزوال ونعني بالضحوة المنتصف وما قبله بقليل وإن كان بعد كل ثلاث ساعات أمر بصلاة فإذا انقضى ثلاث ساعات بعد الطلوع فعندها وقبل مضيها صلاة الضحى فإذا مضت ثلاث ساعات أخرى فالظهر فإذا مضت ثلاث ساعات أخرى فالعصر فإذا مضت ثلاث أخرى فالمغرب ومنزلة الضحى بين الزوال والطلوع كمنزلة العصر بين الزوال والغروب إلا أن الضحى لم تفرض لأنه وقت انكباب الناس على أشغالهم فخفف عنهم الوظيفة الرابعة في هذا الوقت الأقسام الأربعة وزيد أمران أحدهما الاشتغال بالكسب وتدبير المعيشة وحضور السوق فإن كان تاجرا فينبغي أن يتجر بصدق وأمانة وإن كان صاحب صناعة فبنصح وشفقة ولا ينسى ذكر الله تعالى في جميع أشغاله ويقتصر من الكسب على قدر حاجته ليومه مهما قدر على أن يكتسب في كل يوم لقوته فإذا حصل كفاية يومه فليرجع إلى بيت ربه وليتزود لآخرته فإن الحاجة إلى زاد الآخرة أشد والتمتع به أدوم فاشتغاله بكسبه أهم من طلب الزيادة على حاجة الوقت فقد قيل لا يوجد المؤمن إلا في ثلاث مواطن مسجد يعمره أو بيت يستره أ

قال الله تعالى @QB@ ومن آياته منامكم بالليل والنهار @QE@

معينة على ما شرع الله سبحانه له من النكاح وملك اليمين من إعفاف الرجل نفسه وأهله فلا تطمح نفسه إلى سواها من الحرام ويعفها فلا تطمح نفسها إلى غيره وكلما كانت المحبة بين الزوجين أتم وأقوى كان هذا المقصود أتم وأكمل قال تعالى : @QB@ هو الذي خلقكم من @QE@ @QB@ نفس واحدة وجعل منها زوجها ليسكن إليها @QE@ وقال : @QB@ ومن آياته أن خلق لكم من أنفسكم أزواجا لتسكنوا إليها وجعل بينكم مودة ورحمة @QE@

Slow-wave sleep during a brief nap is related to reduced cognitive deficits during sleep deprivation.: Sleeping for a short period (i.e. napping) may help mitigate impairments in cognitive processing caused by sleep deprivation, but there is limited research on effects of brief naps in particular. Here, we tested the effect of a brief nap opportunity (30- or 60-min) during a period of sleep deprivation on two cognitive processes with broad scope, placekeeping and vigilant attention. In the evening, participants (N = 280) completed a placekeeping task (UNRAVEL) and a vigilant attention task (Psych

The effects of a mid-day nap on the neurocognitive performance of first-year medical residents: a controlled interventional pilot study.: Purpose: Despite shorter duty hours, fatigue remains a problem among medical residents. The authors tested the effect of a short, mid-day nap on the cognitive functioning and alertness of first-year internal medicine (IM) residents during normal duty hours. Method: This was a controlled, interventional study performed between July 2008 and April 2010. The authors recruited a nap group of 18 residents and a rest (control) group of 11 residents. Investigators connected all participants to an ambul

Night shifts in interns: Effects of daytime napping on autonomic activity and cognitive function.: Objective: Night shifts have adverse cognitive outcomes that might be attenuated by daytime napping. The neurovisceral integration model suggests that resting vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) is linked with cognitive function. This study investigated the relationship between resting vmHRV and cognitive function after different nap durations in interns after shift work. Methods: A total of 105 interns were randomly allocated to one of three groups (non-nap, n = 35; 15-min nap, n =

Optimising sleep and performance during night float: A systematic review of evidence and implications for graduate medical education trainees.: Graduate medical education (GME) training commonly requires residents and fellows to engage in night float shift work. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of interventions for trainees when preparing for, completing, and recovering from working night float shifts. We reviewed all available studies published prior to September 2019 using PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, the Cochrane library, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases. We included all original, primary research articles assessing eith

Effects of napping on sleepiness and sleep-related performance deficits in night-shift workers: a systematic review.: Night-shift workers are prone to sleep deprivation, misalignment of circadian rhythms, and subsequent sleepiness and sleep-related performance deficits. The purpose of this narrative systematic review is to critically review and synthesize the scientific literature regarding improvements in sleepiness and sleep-related performance deficits following planned naps taken during work-shift hours by night workers and to recommend directions for future research and practice. We conducted a literature

Is daytime napping an effective strategy to improve sport-related cognitive and physical performance and reduce fatigue? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.: Objective: To estimate the association between daytime napping and cognitive and physical sport performance and fatigue after normal sleep and partial sleep deprivation (less sleep duration than necessary). Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, SportDiscus and PsycINFO databases. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Randomised controlled trials on the effect of daytime napping on sport performance and fatigue avail

To Nap or Not to Nap? A Systematic Review Evaluating Napping Behavior in Athletes and the Impact on Various Measures of Athletic Performance.

Purpose: The objective of this systematic review was to 1) determine how studies evaluated napping behavior in athletes (frequency, duration, timing and measurement); 2) explore how napping impacted physical performance, cognitive performance, perceptual measures (eg, fatigue, muscle soreness, sleepiness and alertness), psychological state and night-time sleep in athletes. Methods: Five bibliographic databases were searched from database inception to 11 August 2020. Observational and experimental studies comprising able-bodied athletes (mean age ≥12 years), published in English, in peer-reviewed journal papers were included. The Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist was used for quality appraisal. Results: Thirty-seven studies were identified of moderate quality. Most studies did not include consistent information regarding nap frequency, duration, and timing. Napping may be benef…

matched on napping (text), nap (text), Sleep (keyword)

Workplace Interventions to Promote Sleep Health and an Alert, Healthy Workforce.

Study objectives: The purpose of this review is to synthesize the published literature that addresses employer-initiated interventions to improve the sleep of workers and in turn improve health, productivity, absenteeism, and other outcomes that have been associated with sleep disorders or sleep deficiency. Methods: We conducted a systematic search and a selective narrative review of publications in PubMed from 1966 to December 2017. We extracted study characteristics, including the workers' professions, workplace settings and shift work, and workplace interventions focused on worker sleep. Because of the high degree of heterogeneity in design and outcomes, we conducted a narrative review. Results: We identified 219 publications. After restriction to publications with studies of workplace interventions that evaluated the outcomes of sleep duration or quality, we focused on 47 articles. A…

matched on napping (text), nap (text), Sleep (keyword)

Sleep homeostasis and the circadian clock: Do the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat influence each other's functioning?

Sleep is regulated by a homeostatic and a circadian process. Together these two processes determine most aspects of sleep and related variables like sleepiness and alertness. The two processes are known to be able to work independently, but also to both influence sleep and sleep related variables in an additive or more complex manner. The question remains whether the two processes are directly influencing each other. The present review summarizes evidence from behavioural and electroencephalographic determined sleep, electrophysiology, gene knock out mouse models, and mathematical modelling to explore whether sleep homeostasis can influence circadian clock functioning and vice versa. There is a multitude of data available showing parallel action or influence of sleep homeostatic mechanisms and the circadian clock on several objective and subjective variables related to sleep and alertnes…

matched on napping (text), nap (text), Sleep Deprivation (keyword)

Sleep, sport, and the brain.

The recognition that sleep is one of the foundations of athlete performance is increasing both in the elite athlete arena as well as applied performance research. Sleep, as identified through sleep deprivation and sleep extension investigations, has a role in performance, illness, injury, metabolism, cognition, memory, learning, and mood. Elite athletes have been identified as having poorer quality and quantity of sleep in comparison to the general population. This is likely the result on training times, competition stress/anxiety, muscle soreness, caffeine use, and travel. Sleep, in particular slow wave sleep, provides a restorative function to the body to recover from prior wakefulness and fatigue by repairing processes and restoring energy. In addition, research in the general population is highlighting the importance of sleep on neurophysiology, cognitive function, and mood which may…

matched on Athletic Performance (mesh), Sleep (mesh), Sleep Deprivation (keyword)

Effects of short naps during simulated night shifts on alertness and cognitive performance in young adults.

While short daytime naps have been found to provide alertness and performance benefits without inducing sleep inertia, the effects of a similar napping strategy during nights shifts are largely unknown. This study examined the effects of a 20-min nap (scheduled at 2:00 a.m.) during night shifts among 16 participants (mean [SD] age 22.0 [1.08] years) who worked in a simulated night shift from midnight (12:00 a.m.) to morning (ending at 6:00 or 8:00 a.m.). The participants underwent both a 'nap condition' and a 'no-nap condition' by engaging in repeated 10-min tasks (four-choice reaction time tasks and vigilance tasks) and 10-min rest. The results showed that compared to the no-nap condition, sleepiness was significantly lower in the nap condition between 3:20 and 5:20 a.m. (p < 0.05). The nap condition also yielded significantly better performance in the vigilance tasks between 2:40 and 5…

matched on Wakefulness (mesh), Work Schedule Tolerance (mesh), napping (text), nap (text), Sleep (mesh)

Chronobiological disorders: current and prevalent conditions.

In recent decades, the hectic lifestyle of industrialized societies has wrought its effects on the quality of sleep, and these effects are evidenced by a profusion of sleep-related disorders. Regular exposure to artificial light, coupled with social and economic pressures have shortened the time spent asleep. Otherwise, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders are characterized by desynchronization between the intrinsic circadian clock and the extrinsic cycles of light/dark and social activities. This desynchronization produces excessive sleepiness and insomnia. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders describes nine sleep disorders under the category of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders. Currently, this diagnosis is made based on the patient's history, a sleep log alone, or the sleep logs and actigraphy conducted for at least 7 days. This review contains an overview of current treatme…

matched on Wakefulness (mesh), Work Schedule Tolerance (mesh)

Mental health issues and psychological factors in athletes: detection, management, effect on performance and prevention: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement-Executive Summary.

The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine convened a panel of experts to provide an evidence-based, best practices document to assist sports medicine physicians and other members of the athletic care network with the detection, treatment and prevention of mental health issues in competitive athletes. This statement discusses how members of the sports medicine team, including team physicians, athletic trainers and mental health providers, work together in providing comprehensive psychological care to athletes. It specifically addresses psychological factors in athletes including personality issues and the psychological response to injury and illness. The statement also examines the athletic culture and environmental factors that commonly impact mental health, including sexuality and gender issues, hazing, bullying, sexual misconduct and transition from sport. Specific mental health…

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Sleep-A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation.

Although long-term memory consolidation is supported by sleep, it is unclear how it differs from that during wakefulness. Our review, focusing on recent advances in the field, identifies the repeated replay of neuronal firing patterns as a basic mechanism triggering consolidation during sleep and wakefulness. During sleep, memory replay occurs during slow-wave sleep (SWS) in hippocampal assemblies together with ripples, thalamic spindles, neocortical slow oscillations, and noradrenergic activity. Here, hippocampal replay likely favors the transformation of hippocampus-dependent episodic memory into schema-like neocortical memory. REM sleep following SWS might balance local synaptic rescaling accompanying memory transformation with a sleep-dependent homeostatic process of global synaptic renormalization. Sleep-dependent memory transformation is intensified during early development despite…

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Daytime sleep condenses the time course of motor memory consolidation.

Two behavioral phenomena characterize human motor memory consolidation: diminishing susceptibility to interference by a subsequent experience and the emergence of delayed, offline gains in performance. A recent model proposes that the sleep-independent reduction in interference is followed by the sleep-dependent expression of offline gains. Here, using the finger-opposition sequence-learning task, we show that an interference experienced at 2 h, but not 8 h, following the initial training prevented the expression of delayed gains at 24 h post-training. However, a 90-min nap, immediately post-training, markedly reduced the susceptibility to interference, with robust delayed gains expressed overnight, despite interference at 2 h post-training. With no interference, a nap resulted in much earlier expression of delayed gains, within 8 h post-training. These results suggest that the evolution…

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Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Disruption Stress, Allostasis, and Allostatic Load.

Getting a good night's sleep seems a panacea for improving mood and cognition. These subjective impressions are supported by countless studies exploring the impacts of sleep (and sleep loss) on mental health, metabolism, and immune function. Similarly, being "out of phase" with local time, commonly experienced by shift workers of jet-lagged air travelers, demonstrates that there are both neural and physiologic effects of internal circadian (daily) time being misaligned with external environmental time. This article reviews these areas contextualized using the model of allostasis and allostatic load emphasizing the impact of this "wear and tear" on the brain and body.

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Sleep Loss and the Socio-Emotional Brain.

Are you feeling emotionally fragile, moody, unpredictable, even ungenerous to those around you? Here, we review how and why these phenomena can occur as a result of insufficient sleep. Sleep loss disrupts a broad spectrum of affective processes, from basic emotional operations (e.g., recognition, responsivity, expression), through to high-order, complex socio-emotional functioning (e.g., loneliness, helping behavior, abusive behavior, and charisma). Translational insights further emerge regarding the pervasive link between sleep disturbance and psychiatric conditions, including anxiety, depression, and suicidality. More generally, such findings raise concerns regarding society's mental (ill)health and the prevalence of insufficient and disrupted sleep.

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Sex differences in sleep and sleep loss-induced cognitive deficits: The influence of gonadal hormones.

Males and females can respond differentially to the same environmental stimuli and experimental conditions. Chronic sleep loss is a frequent and growing problem in many modern societies and has a broad variety of negative outcomes for health and well-being. While much has been done to explore the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on cognition in both human and animal studies over the last few decades, very little attention has been paid to the part played by sex differences and gonadal steroids in respect of changes in cognitive functions caused by sleep loss. The effects of gonadal hormones on sleep regulation and cognitive performances are well established. Reduced gonadal function in menopausal women and elderly men is associated with sleep disturbances and cognitive decline as well as dementia, which suggests that sex steroids play a key role in modulating these condition…

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Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Fatigue, Sleep Deprivation, and Social Cognition.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical diffusion technique that allows the non-invasive imaging of cortical activity. During the last two decades, rapid technical and methodological advances have made fNIRS a powerful tool to investigate the cerebral correlates of human performance and cognitive functions, including fatigue, sleep deprivation and social cognition. Despite intrinsic limitations such as restricted brain depth and spatial resolution, its applicability, low cost, ecological validity, and tolerance to movements make fNIRS advantageous for scientific research and clinical applications. It can be viewed as a valid and promising brain imaging approach to investigate applied societal problems (e.g., safety, children development, sport science) and complement other neuroimaging techniques. The intrinsic power of fNIRS measurements for the study of social cogni…

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The role of sleep in regulating structural plasticity and synaptic strength: Implications for memory and cognitive function.

Dendritic spines are the major sites of synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Alterations in the strength of synaptic connections directly affect the neuronal communication, which is crucial for brain function as well as the processing and storage of information. Sleep and sleep loss bidirectionally alter structural plasticity, by affecting spine numbers and morphology, which ultimately can affect the functional output of the brain in terms of alertness, cognition, and mood. Experimental data from studies in rodents suggest that sleep deprivation may impact structural plasticity in different ways. One of the current views, referred to as the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis, suggests that wake promotes synaptic potentiation whereas sleep facilitates synaptic downscaling. On the other hand, several studies have now shown that sleep deprivation can reduce spine density and at…

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Sleep deprivation and hippocampal vulnerability: changes in neuronal plasticity, neurogenesis and cognitive function.

Despite the ongoing fundamental controversy about the physiological function of sleep, there is general consensus that sleep benefits neuronal plasticity, which ultimately supports brain function and cognition. In agreement with this are numerous studies showing that sleep deprivation (SD) results in learning and memory impairments. Interestingly, such impairments appear to occur particularly when these learning and memory processes require the hippocampus, suggesting that this brain region may be particularly sensitive to the consequences of sleep loss. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep and memory formation remain to be investigated, available evidence suggests that SD may impair hippocampal neuronal plasticity and memory processes by attenuating intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling which may lead to alterations in cAMP re…

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Sleep, cognition, and normal aging: integrating a half century of multidisciplinary research.

Sleep is implicated in cognitive functioning in young adults. With increasing age, there are substantial changes to sleep quantity and quality, including changes to slow-wave sleep, spindle density, and sleep continuity/fragmentation. A provocative question for the field of cognitive aging is whether such changes in sleep physiology affect cognition (e.g., memory consolidation). We review nearly a half century of research across seven diverse correlational and experimental domains that historically have had little crosstalk. Broadly speaking, sleep and cognitive functions are often related in advancing age, though the prevalence of null effects in healthy older adults (including correlations in the unexpected, negative direction) indicates that age may be an effect modifier of these associations. We interpret the literature as suggesting that maintaining good sleep quality, at least in y…

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Stress hormones, sleep deprivation and cognition in older adults.

Cognition can be deteriorated in older persons because of several potential mechanisms including the hormonal changes occurring with age. Stress events cause modification in hormonal balance with acute and chronic changes such as increase in cortisol and thyroid hormones, and simultaneous alterations in dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, testosterone and insulin like growth factor-1 levels. The ability to cope with stress and regain previous healthy status, also called resiliency, is particularly impaired in older persons Thus, stressful conditions and hormonal dysregulation might concur to the onset of cognitive impairment in this population. In this review we address the relationship between stress hormones and cognitive function in older persons focusing on the role of one of the main stress factors, such as sleep deprivation (SD). We extracted and cross-checked data from 2000 to 2013 M…

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Protecting episodic memory after sleep loss: Similar benefits of exercise and naps via distinct neural contributions.

Sleep loss is a public health concern requiring widely accessible cost-effective interventions to counteract the cognitive and brain health impairments caused by it. Sleep loss impairs the brain's capacity to form new episodic memories, which is critical for everyday cognition, future planning, and decision-making. In this study, we compared the protective effect of a 20-min exercise and a 90-min nap against a no-intervention control condition on the capacity to encode episodic memory after 30 h of uninterrupted wakefulness and examined underlying neural mechanisms using electroencephalography. Both exercise and nap preserved episodic memory after sleep loss, with an average of 22% higher memory performance than the control condition. Electroencephalography revealed distinct neural mechanisms within the intervention groups, which significantly contributed to memory performance. After nap…

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Extreme sports performance for more than a week with severely fractured sleep.

Purpose: Severely fractured sleep is mostly portrayed negatively, but investigations in extreme sports show that humans can maintain performance with a minimum of sleep. With two cases of long-lasting extreme sports performances, we demonstrate that severely fragmented sleep does not necessarily lead to a deterioration of physical and cognitive performance. Methods: We performed continuous polysomnography on a 34 year-old skier for 11 days and nights during a world record attempt in long-term downhill skiing and monitored a 32 year-old cyclist during the Race Across America for 8.5 days via sleep and activity logs. Results: The skier slept fractured fashion in 15-16 naps with a daily average of 6 h consisting of 77% in sleep stage 1 and 2, 11% in stage 3, and 13% in stage REM. The cyclist slept a total of 7 h and 52 min in 8.5 days, split up into 11 short naps and 6 sleep periods. The av…

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Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults.

Chronic sleep loss is associated with escalating declines in vigilant attention across days of sleep restriction. However, studies exceeding 2 weeks of chronic sleep loss are scarce, and the cognitive performance outcomes assessed are limited. We assessed the effects of 6 weeks of chronic sleep restriction on a range of cognitive domains in 15 high-performing individuals (38.5 ± 8.2 years, 6 women) confined to small space in groups of 4. Sleep opportunities were limited to 5 h on weekdays and 8 h on weekends. Individual sleep-wake patterns were recorded with actigraphy. Neurobehavioral performance was assessed in evenings with Cognition, a computerized battery of ten tests assessing a range of cognitive domains. There were some small to moderate effects of increasing sleep debt relative to pre-mission baseline, with decreases in accuracy across cognitive domains (standardized β = -0.121,…

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Multiple Health Outcomes of Daytime Napping: A Comprehensive Umbrella Review.

Objectives: This umbrella review aimed to clarify the dose-response relationship between napping duration and multiple health outcomes. Methods: Following JBI guidelines, the review included studies from PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE. Data on health outcomes, effect sizes, and study characteristics were extracted, and the quality of the studies was assessed using AMSTAR-2 and GRADE. A random effects model and a sensitivity analysis were used to evaluate the associations. Results: This umbrella review identified 16 meta-analyses encompassing 244 health-related outcomes. Napping for <60 min maximizes cognitive enhancement (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.37-1.00) and reduces fatigue, while minimizing the risk of all-cause mortality and chronic diseases. Napping for >60 min correlates with a 30% higher risk of coronary heart disease and a 20% increased risk of diabetes and …

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Dynamics of recovery sleep from chronic sleep restriction.

Sleep loss is common in our 24/7 society with many people routinely sleeping less than they need. Sleep debt is a term describing the difference between the amount of sleep needed, and the amount of sleep obtained. Sleep debt can accumulate over time, resulting in poor cognitive performance, increased sleepiness, poor mood, and a higher risk for accidents. Over the last 30 years, the sleep field has increasingly focused attention on recovery sleep and the ways we can recover from a sleep debt faster and more effectively. While there are still many unanswered questions and debates about the nature of recovery sleep, such as the exact components of sleep important for recovery of function, the amount of sleep needed to recover and the impacts of prior sleep history on recovery, recent research has revealed several important attributes about recovery sleep: (1) the dynamics of the recovery …

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Prevention of fatigue and insomnia in shift workers-a review of non-pharmacological measures.

Background: Excessive fatigue and insomnia are common among shift workers and can lead to negative effects such as reduced work performance, processing errors, accidents at work, absenteeism, reduced quality of life, and symptoms of depression. Moreover, work in rotating shifts can be a risk factor for different somatic and psychiatric diseases and may contribute to poor health, especially in elder adults and women. This review aims to show non-pharmacological preventive measures against fatigue and insomnia in shift workers. Method: Computerized literature searches in MedLine and in the Cochrane Library were performed with the following key words: shift work disorder, fatigue, insomnia, shift work, measures, treatment, therapy, strategies and coping. The search was limited to non-pharmacological studies that were conducted on human subjects and published as English-language articles in …

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The orexin story and orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of insomnia.

Insomnia is present in up to one third of the adult population worldwide, and it can present independently or with other medical conditions such as mental, metabolic, or cardiovascular diseases, which highlights the importance of treating this multifaceted disorder. Insomnia is associated with an abnormal state of hyperarousal (increased somatic, cognitive, and cortical activation) and orexin has been identified as a key promotor of arousal and vigilance. The current standards of care for the treatment of insomnia recommend non-pharmacological interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy) as first-line treatment and, if behavioural interventions are not effective or available, pharmacotherapy. In contrast to most sleep medications used for decades (benzodiazepines and 'Z-drugs'), the new orexin receptor antagonists do not modulate the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, the main i…

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Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders in Older Adults.

The timing, duration, and consolidation of sleep result from the interaction of the circadian timing system with a sleep-wake homeostatic process. When aligned and functioning optimally, this allows for wakefulness throughout the day and a long consolidated sleep episode at night. Changes to either the sleep regulatory process or how they interact can result in an inability to fall asleep at the desired time, difficulty remaining asleep, waking too early, and/or difficulty remaining awake throughout the day. This mismatch between the desired timing of sleep and the ability to fall asleep and remain asleep is a hallmark of a class of sleep disorders called the circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. In this updated article, we discuss typical changes in the circadian regulation of sleep with aging; how age influences the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disord…

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