Self-directed moral emotion, its healthy and corrosive forms.
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401 to 425 of 547Wassing R, Benjamins JS, Dekker K, Moens S, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Riemann D, van der Sluis S, Van Der Werf YD, Talamini LM, Walker MP, Schalkwijk F, Van Someren EJ (2016)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America132 citations Slow dissolving of emotional distress contributes to hyperarousal.
The mechanisms underlying hyperarousal, the key symptom of insomnia, have remained elusive, hampering cause-targeted treatment. Recently, restless rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep emerged as a robust signature of sleep in insomnia. Given the role of REM sleep in emotion regulation, we hypothesized that restless REM sleep could interfere with the overnight resolution of emotional distress, thus contributing to accumulation of arousal. Participants (n = 1,199) completed questionnaires on insomnia severity, hyperarousal, self-conscious emotional distress, and thought-like nocturnal mentation that was validated to be a specific proxy for restless REM sleep (selective fragmentation: R = 0.57, P < 0.001; eye movement density: R = 0.46, P < 0.01) in 32 polysomnographically assessed participants. The experience of distress lasting overnight increased with insomnia severity (β = 0.29, P < 10(-23)),…
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Feedback, feelings, and function: Interpersonal contexts and body image in adolescent girls' sport.
Participation in sport during adolescence offers numerous physical and psychosocial benefits, yet many girls disengage, often due to body image concerns. Body-related self-conscious emotions-such as shame, guilt, envy, embarrassment, and pride-may influence sport experiences and participation, but little is known about how the interpersonal sport context shapes these emotions. This study examined how 12 dimensions of the interpersonal sport context were associated with body-related self-conscious emotions among adolescent girl athletes, drawing on the tripartite influence model of body image and self-conscious emotion theory. A sample of adolescent girls (N = 215; Mage = 16.09 ± 1.39) with 7.02 (± 3.43) years in community sports completed validated measures of the interpersonal sport context and body-related emotions. The associations between the interpersonal sport context and self-cons…
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Body image self-conscious emotions get worse throughout adolescence and relate to physical activity behavior in girls and boys.
Body image is a commonly-reported factor perpetuating declines in physical activity levels during adolescence. However, the evidence is predominantly qualitative, cross-sectional, and focused on girls. Furthermore, the affective dimension of body image has been overlooked compared to the perceptual (e.g., misrepresentations of body size) and cognitive (e.g., dissatisfaction) dimensions. Affective body image includes a range of self-conscious emotions including guilt, shame, envy, embarrassment, and authentic and hubristic pride. This study examined (i) body-related self-conscious emotions over time, and (ii) associations between body-related emotions and physical activity over five years during early-to-mid adolescence. Potential gender differences were also explored. Self-report data for this study were collected once a year over 5 years as part of the MATCH study. The main analyses inv…
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Understanding the Role of Negative Emotions in Adult Learning and Achievement: A Social Functional Perspective.
The role of emotions in adult learning and achievement has received increasing attention in recent years. However, much of the emphasis has been on test anxiety, rather than the wider spectrum of negative emotions such as sadness, grief, boredom and anger. This paper reports findings of a qualitative study exploring the experience and functionality of negative emotions at university. Thirty-six academic staff and students from an Australian university were interviewed about emotional responses to a range of learning events. Data analysis was informed by a prototype approach to emotion research. Four categories of discrete negative emotions (anger, sadness, fear, boredom) were considered by teachers and students to be especially salient in learning, with self-conscious emotions (guilt, embarrassment, shame) mentioned by more students than staff. While negative emotions were frequently vie…
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Shepherd L, Walbey C, Lovell B (2017)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association29 citations The Role of Social-Cognitive and Emotional Factors on Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration.
Background: Previous research has suggested that exclusive breastfeeding is likely to be predicted by social-cognitive variables and fear. However, there is little research assessing the role of regret and self-conscious emotions (e.g., pride and guilt) in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. Research aim: The primary aim of this research was to determine whether social-cognitive variables, fear, regret, and self-conscious emotions predict exclusive breastfeeding duration. The secondary aim of this research was to assess whether these factors predict infant-feeding choice (i.e., exclusively breastfed, combination fed, or generally formula fed).
Methods: In this nonexperimental one-group self-report survey, 375 mothers rated social-cognitive variables toward breastfeeding (attitude, subjective norm, perceived control, and self-efficacy), their fear toward inadequate nutrition from breastfee…
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Cross-cultural decoding of positive and negative non-linguistic emotion vocalizations.
Which emotions are associated with universally recognized non-verbal signals?We address this issue by examining how reliably non-linguistic vocalizations (affect bursts) can convey emotions across cultures. Actors from India, Kenya, Singapore, and USA were instructed to produce vocalizations that would convey nine positive and nine negative emotions to listeners. The vocalizations were judged by Swedish listeners using a within-valence forced-choice procedure, where positive and negative emotions were judged in separate experiments. Results showed that listeners could recognize a wide range of positive and negative emotions with accuracy above chance. For positive emotions, we observed the highest recognition rates for relief, followed by lust, interest, serenity and positive surprise, with affection and pride receiving the lowest recognition rates. Anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and neg…
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Exploring the associations between intersectional discrimination, shame, coping and trauma among Muslim women in Canada.
Muslim women living in Canada commonly experience intersecting gender, race, and religious discrimination. Discrimination experiences are shown to instill feelings of shame and have been found to be related to negative mental health outcomes. Thus, to develop more effective support systems for Muslim women, it is important to understand how intersectional experiences of discrimination relate to shame, coping strategies, and psychological well-being among this population. To this end, this study investigated the association between different forms of discriminations and racial trauma among Muslim women living in Canada. Next, it examined whether shame and coping styles mediate this association. A sample of 91 Muslim women living in Canada completed an online survey measuring their discrimination experiences, shame, racial trauma, and coping style. Findings revealed that greater ethnic and…
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Shame, self-disgust, and envy: An experimental study on negative emotional response in borderline personality disorder during the confrontation with the own face.
Background: A markedly negative self-image and pervasive shame proneness have consistently been associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The present experimental study investigated the intensity of negative emotional responses with a focus on shame in BPD compared to healthy control persons (HCs) during an experimental paradigm promoting self-awareness, self-reflection, and self-evaluation. Furthermore, the relationship between levels of state shame during the experiment and shame proneness in BPD compared to HCs was examined.
Methods: A sample of 62 individuals with BPD and 47 HCs participated in the study. During the experimental paradigm, participants were presented with photos of (i) the own face, (ii) the face of a well-known person, and (iii) of an unknown person. They were asked to describe positive facets of these faces. Participants rated the intensity of negative …
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Compassion focused therapy for self-stigma and shame in autism: a single case pre-experimental study.
Introduction: Exposure to public stigma can lead to the internalization of autism-related stigma (i.e., self-stigma), associated with negative health, occupational and social outcomes. Importantly, self-stigma is linked to shame and social isolation. Although elevated self-stigma has been reported in autistic adults, to the best of our knowledge, interventions designed to target this issue are lacking. Compassion is an effective way to reduce the emotional correlates of self-stigma (i.e., shame) and their impacts on mental health. However, no study has investigated whether compassion focused therapy (CFT) can effectively reduce self-stigma in autistic adults. The present study aims at investigating whether and how self-compassion improvement following CFT may reduce self-stigma and shame in an autistic individual.
Methods: A single case pre-experimental design (SCED) was used with weekly…
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Bohn JA (2023)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe Journal of medicine and philosophy5 citations When Words Fail: "Miscarriage," Referential Ambiguity, and Psychological Harm.
Despite significant efforts to support those bereaved by intrauterine death, they remain susceptible to avoidable psychological harm such as disenfranchised grief, misplaced guilt, and emotional shock. This is in part because the words available to describe intrauterine death-"miscarriage," "spontaneous abortion," and "pregnancy loss"-are referentially ambiguous. Despite appearing to refer to one event, they can refer to two distinct events: the baby's death and his preterm delivery. Disenfranchised grief increases when people understand "miscarriage" as the physical process of preterm delivery alone, for this obscures the baby's death and excludes non-gestational parents, such as the father. Additionally, focusing on the delivery reinforces the mistaken idea that a gestational mother bears responsibility for her baby's death, increasing misplaced guilt. When these terms instead shift th…
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Compassion-focused therapy with autistic adults.
Some autistic adults experience repeated adverse events, including rejection, victimization and stigmatization. They also describe others being critical and negatively judging them, such as for how they socially interact or for expressing passion for particular interests. The impact of these adverse events can be substantial, including increasing vulnerability for poorer mental health, and contributing to development of negative self beliefs (such as "I am different" or "I do not fit in") and shame-based difficulties. Not all evidence-based psychological therapies are well-received by autistic people, or effective. Given high rates of self-harm and suicidality, finding acceptable and effective therapies for autistic adults is paramount. Here, writing as autistic and non-autistic clinicians and researchers, we outline the theoretical principles of compassion-focused theory and therapy (CF…
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"We Moved Her Too Soon": Navigating Guilt Among Adult Child and Spousal Caregivers of Persons Living with Dementia Following a Move into Residential Long-Term Care.
Guilt is a complex and multifaceted emotion navigated by many family caregivers. Guilt is sometimes experienced following a transition into a residential long-term care facility, even when the move is necessary given high care needs related to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. This mixed methods study identifies and compares areas of guilt most frequently experienced by spouse and adult child caregivers (N=83) of a family member with dementia following transition into residential long-term care. Nearly half of caregivers reported experiencing guilt from their care recipient, other family members, or facility staff. Quantitative analyses explored variables that predict heightened feelings of guilt, and qualitative thematic analyses provided rich insight into subjective experiences of guilt. Person-specific and situational characteristics influenced caregiver guilt, including leve…
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Survivor Guilt: A Cognitive Approach.
Survivor guilt is a common experience following traumatic events in which others have died. However, little research has addressed the phenomenology of survivor guilt, nor has the issue been conceptualised using contemporary psychological models which would help guide clinicians in effective treatment approaches for this distressing problem. This paper summarises the current survivor guilt research literature and psychological models from related areas, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, moral injury and traumatic bereavement. Based on this literature, a preliminary cognitive approach to survivor guilt is proposed. A cognitive conceptualisation is described, and used as a basis to suggest potential treatment interventions for survivor guilt. Both the model and treatment strategies require further detailed study and empirical validation, but provide testable hypotheses to stimulate fu…
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Isobe M, Kawabata M, Murao E, Noda T, Matsukawa N, Kawada R, Uwatoko T, Uwatoko T, Murai T, Noma S, Takahashi H (2018)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBioPsychoSocial medicine6 citations Exaggerated envy and guilt measured by economic games in Japanese women with anorexia nervosa.
Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) patients are assumed to express high levels of guilt and envy. Ultimatum game (UG) is a standard behavioral task that focuses on interpersonal behavior when splitting a sum of money between two players. UG studies consistently demonstrate that people tend to decrease their inequity in outcomes, one explanation being that economically irrational decision-making may partly arise from the emotions guilt and envy. We assumed that AN patients would perform excessively fair in UG, reflecting high guilt and envy.
Methods: We utilized UG to investigate the characteristics of guilt and envy among 24 Japanese AN patients and 22 age-matched healthy controls (HC). The relation between the outcome of UG and decision strategy confirmed by post-experimental questionnaires was analyzed.
Results: As proposer, AN offered a larger amount to the responder compared with HC (…
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A feasibility study of a 2-week self-compassionate letter-writing intervention for nontreatment seeking individuals with typical and atypical anorexia nervosa.
Objective: Most individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) do not seek treatment and shame is a common barrier. This study sought to determine whether a brief intervention designed to foster self-compassion would reduce shame and increase treatment motivation among nontreatment seeking individuals with AN.
Method: Forty nontreatment seeking females with AN (75%) and atypical AN were randomly assigned to 2 weeks of a daily self-compassionate letter-writing intervention or a waitlist control condition. All participants completed pre, mid, and post questionnaires, and were weighed pre and post.
Results: The intervention yielded respectable credibility ratings and compliance and retained 95% of participants. Compared to the control condition, it produced greater increases in self-compassion and greater decreases in shame and fears of self-compassion. BMI and readiness to get help for one's eatin…
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Compassion focused therapy: Exploring the effectiveness with a transdiagnostic group and potential processes of change.
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a compassion focused therapy (CFT) group with a transdiagnostic population, as compared to treatment as usual (TAU). A secondary aim was to explore the potential processes of change within the treatment.
Design: A non-randomized control trial was used.
Method: Fifty-eight participants who engaged in group CFT were compared to 29 participants receiving TAU. Group CFT consisted of 14 sessions twice weekly for 5 weeks and once weekly for 4 weeks. Participants completed measures of psychopathology, shame, self-criticism, fears of self-compassion, and social safeness, at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 2-month follow-up. Potential processes of change were examined using correlations and regression analysis.
Results: Significantly greater improvements were found for levels of psychopathology, fears of self-compassion and social sa…
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A network analysis of anger, shame, proposed ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder, and different types of childhood trauma in foster care settings in a sample of adult survivors.
Background: Anger and shame are aspects that are specifically associated with psychopathology and maladaptation after childhood abuse and neglect. They are known to influence symptom maintenance and exacerbation; however, their interaction is not fully understood. Objective: To explore with network analysis the association and interaction of prolonged, complex interpersonal childhood abuse and neglect in institutional foster care settings [institutional abuse (IA)] with anger, shame, and the proposed 11th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in adult survivors. Method: Adult survivors of IA (N = 220, mean age = 57.95 years) participated in the study and were interviewed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the International Trauma Questionnaire, the State-Trait Anger E…
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Lo KC, Wan NS (2026)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usResearch in developmental disabilities "There is a soil shortage in delivering services for fathers": Qualitative inquiry into service challenges and opportunities for fathers with disabled children: The practitioners' perspectives.
Drawing on a decade of research highlighting fathers' essential contributions to child development, this study notes that systemic, cultural, and institutional barriers continue to limit fathers' involvement, despite evidence of their positive impact. The research sought to capture practitioners' perspectives on these challenges and opportunities and to identify actionable strategies for improving father engagement and informing policy. A qualitative methodology was adopted, utilizing focus group discussions with 26 practitioners from NGOs and schools serving children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Data collection, combining semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis, guided by ecological systems theory and relationship-based models, revealed a multidimensional "soil shortage"- according to practitioners, there is a pervasive lack of foundational support for fathers, who mus…
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Aesthetic chills mitigate maladaptive cognition in depression.
Background: Depression is a major global health challenge, affecting over 300 million people worldwide. Current pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions have limited efficacy, underscoring the need for novel approaches. Emerging evidence suggests that peak emotional experiences characterized by awe, transcendence, and meaning hold promise for rapidly shifting maladaptive cognitive patterns in depression. Aesthetic chills, a peak positive emotion characterized by physical sensations such as shivers and goosebumps, may influence reward-related neural pathways and hold promise for modifying core maladaptive beliefs rooted in early adverse experiences.
Methods: We enrolled 96 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. A validated database of multimedia known to elicit chills responses (ChillsDB) was used for stimulus presentation. Participants' emotional responses were ass…
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Stellar JE (2021)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences10 citations Awe helps us remember why it is important to forget the self.
Awe is a self-transcendent emotion that exerts a powerful impact on the self. Through diminishing the ego, awe may help cultivate interconnection, wisdom, meaning, and purpose.
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Patterns of distress associated with exposure to potentially morally injurious events among Canadian Armed Forces service members and Veterans: A multi-method analysis.
Objective: This study describes patterns of distress associated with exposure to potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIEs) in a Canadian military sample.
Method: Thematic analysis was performed on interviews from PMIE-exposed military members and Veterans. Participants also completed structured diagnostic interviews, and measures of trauma exposure and psychopathology. Multiple regression examined associations among these variables. Information on pharmacological treatment and past diagnoses are reported.
Results: Eight qualitative themes were identified: changes in moral attitudes, increased sensitivity and reactivity to moral situations, loss of trust, disruptions in identity, disruptions in spirituality, disruptions in interpersonal relatedness, rumination, and internalizing and externalizing emotions and behaviors. Self-report data revealed that degree of PMIE exposure was me…
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Ter Heide FJJ (2020)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usEuropean journal of psychotraumatology15 citations Empathy is key in the development of moral injury.
Background: Moral injury is a relatively new field within psychotraumatology that focuses on understanding and treating psychosocial symptoms after exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIE's). There are currently three models of the development of moral injury which centre around the influence of attributions, coping and exposure. While the capacity for empathy is known to underlie moral behaviour, current models for moral injury do not explicitly include empathy-related factors. Objective: This paper aims to make a case for complementing current models of the development of moral injury with the perception-action model of empathy (PAM). Method: In this paper, the perception-action mechanism of empathy and the empathic behaviour that it may initiate, are described. The PAM states that perception of another person's emotional state activates the observer's own representation…
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Compassion Focused Approaches to Working With Distressing Voices.
This paper presents an outline of voice-hearing phenomenology in the context of evolutionary mechanisms for self- and social- monitoring. Special attention is given to evolved systems for monitoring dominant-subordinate social roles and relationships. These provide information relating to the interpersonal motivation of others, such as neutral, friendly or hostile, and thus the interpersonal threat, versus safe, social location. Individuals who perceive themselves as subordinate and dominants as hostile are highly vigilant to down-rank threat and use submissive displays and social spacing as basic defenses. We suggest these defense mechanisms are especially attuned in some individuals with voices, in which this fearful-subordinate - hostile-dominant relationship is played out. Given the evolved motivational system in which voice-hearers can be trapped, one therapeutic solution is to help…
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'Finding the person you really are … on the inside': Compassion focused therapy for adults with intellectual disabilities.
This study utilized a mixed methods approach to examine the feasibility and acceptability of group compassion focused therapy for adults with intellectual disabilities (CFT-ID). Six participants with mild ID participated in six sessions of group CFT, specifically adapted for adults with ID. Session-by-session feasibility and acceptability measures suggested that participants understood the group content and process and experienced group sessions and experiential practices as helpful and enjoyable. Thematic analysis of focus groups identified three themes relating to (1) direct experiences of the group, (2) initial difficulties in being self-compassionate and (3) positive emotional changes. Pre- and post-group outcome measures indicated significant reductions in both self-criticism and unfavourable social comparisons. Results suggest that CFT can be adapted for individuals with ID and pro…
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Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes.
Little is known about the assessment and treatment of self-stigma in substance abusing populations. This article describes the development of an acceptance based treatment (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - ACT) for self-stigma in individuals in treatment for substance use disorder. We report initial outcomes from a study with 88 participants in a residential treatment program. The treatment involves 6 h of a group workshop focused on mindfulness, acceptance, and values work in relation to self-stigma. Preliminary outcomes showed medium to large effects across a number of variables at post-treatment. Results were as expected with one potential process of change, experiential avoidance, but results with other potential mediators were mixed.
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