A Muslim physician, treating the soul as an illness
If anyone tells you that treating the mind is a foreign import, this is the answer, and it is more than a thousand years old.
What the research says
Awaad R, Ali S (2015). Obsessional Disorders in al-Balkhi's 9th century treatise: Sustenance of the Body and Soul. Journal of Affective Disorders, 180, 185 to 189 doi
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, who died around 934, divided illness into ailments of the body and ailments of the soul, and inside the second he named anger, sadness, fear and obsessional thought. He called intrusive thoughts annoying thoughts and put them down to a bodily cause. What he prescribed for them would be recognised in a clinic today: keeping to daily activity, not being alone, and testing a frightening thought by talking it through with somebody trusted.