Drive, reward sensitivity and the flattening of both.
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كتب التراث6 shownArabic originals, reached through the subject’s Arabic senses. Interpretive sources, never proof of a ruling.
mukhtasar-minhaj §321mukhtasar-minhajArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
ومن آدابه: أن لا يمتلئ من الطعام فى الليل، بل يأكل بمقدار، فانه ما ملأ ابن آدم وعاء شرا من بطن. ومتى شبع أول الليل لم ينتفع بنفسه فى باقيه، وكذلك إذا شبع وقت السحر لم ينتفع بنفسه إلى قريب من الظهر، لأن كثرة الأكل تورث الكسل والفتور، ثم يفوت المقصود من الصيام بكثرة الأكل، لأن المراد منه أن يذوق طعم الجوع، ويكون تاركا للمشتهى.
madarij §3757madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
بين القبض والبسط أي ينقطع إلى صحبة الحال وهو الوارد الذي يرد على القلب من تأثيره بالمعاملة السالب لوصف الكسل والفتور الجالب له إلى مرافقة الرفيق الأعلى الذين أنعم الله عليهم فينتقل من مقام العلم إلى مقام الكشف ومن مقام رسوم الأعمال إلى مقام حقائقها وأذواقها ومواجيدها وأحوالها فيترقى من الإسلام إلى الإيمان ومن الإيمان إلى الإحسان
wabil-sayyib §43wabil-sayyibArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
فحقيقة التعظيم للامر والنهي ان لا يعارضا بترخص جاف ولا يعرضا لتشديد غال فان المقصود هو الصراط المستقيم الموصل إلى الله عز وجل بسالكه وما امر الله عز وجل بأمر الا وللشيطان فيه نزغتان اما تقصير وتفريط واما افراط وغلو فلا يبالي بما ظفر من العبد من الخطيئتين فانه ياتي إلى قلب العبد فيستامه فان وجد فيه فتورا وتوانيا وترخيصا اخذه من هذه الخطة فثبطه واقعده وضربه بالكسل والتواني والفتور وفتح له باب التاويلات والرجاء وغير ذلك حتى ربما ترك العبد المامور جملة
fawaid §490fawaidArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
العزيمة فيصدقه في عزمه وفي فعله قال تعالى فإذا عزم الأمر فلو صدقوا الله لكان خيرا لهم فسعادته في صدق العزيمة وصدق الفعل فصدق العزيمة جمعها وجزمها وعدم التردد فيها بل تكون عزيمة لا يشوبها تردد ولا تلوم فإذا صدقت عزيمته بقى عليه صدق الفعل وهو استفراغ الوسع وبذل الجهد فيه وأن لا يتخلف عنه بشيء من ظاهره وباطنه فعزيمة القصد تمنعه من ضعف الإرادة والهمة وصدق الفعل يمنعه من الكسل والفتور ومن صدق الله في جميع أموره صنع الله له فوق ما يصنع لغيره وهذا الصدق معنى يلتئم من صحة الإخلاص وصدق التوكل فأصدق الناس من صح إخلاصه وتوكله
madarij §6757madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
فالإيمان بالصفات ومعرفتها وإثبات حقائقها وتعلق القلب بها وشهوده لها هو مبدأ الطريق ووسطه وغايته وهو روح السالكين وحاديهم إلى الوصول ومحرك عزماتهم إذا فتروا ومثير هممهم إذا قصروا فإن سيرهم إنما هو على الشواهد فمن كان لا شاهد له فلا سير له ولا طلب ولا سلوك له وأعظم الشواهد صفات محبوبهم ونهاية مطلوبهم وذلك هو العلم الذي رفع لهم في السير فشمروا إليه كما قالت عائشة رضي الله عنها من رأى رسول الله فقد رآه غاديا رائحا لم يضع لبنة على لبنة ولكن رفع له علم فشمر إليه ولا يزال العبد في التواني والفتور والكسل حتى يرفع الله عز وجل له بفضله ومنه علما يشاهده بقلبه فيشمر إليه ويعمل عليه
madarij §1930madarijArabic sense: الفتور, الكسل, فتور, كسل
قال الله تعالى : ففروا إلى الله الذاريات : 50 ] وحقيقة الفرار : الهرب من شيء إلى شيء وهو نوعان : فرار السعداء وفرار الأشقياء ففرار السعداء : الفرار إلى الله عز وجل وفرار الأشقياء : الفرار منه لا إليه وأما الفرار منه إليه : ففرار أوليائه قال ابن عباس في قوله تعالى : ففروا إلى الله الذاريات : 50 ] : فروا منه إليه واعملوا بطاعته وقال سهل بن عبدالله : فروا مما سوى الله إلى الله وقال آخرون : اهربوا من عذاب الله إلى ثوابه بالإيمان والطاعة وقال صاحب المنازل : هو الهرب مما لم يكن إلى من لم يزل وهو على ثلاث درجات : فرار العامة من الجهل إلى العلم عقدا وسعيا ومن الكسل إلى التشمير جدا وعزما ومن الضيق إلى السعة ثقة ورجاء يريد بما لم يكن الخلق وبما لم يزل الحق وقوله : فرار العامة : من الجهل إلى العلم عقدا وسعيا الجهل نوعان : عدم العلم بالحق النافع وعدم العمل بموجبه ومقتضاه فكلاهما جهل لغة وعرفا وشرعا وحقيقة قال موسى : أعوذ بالله أن أكون من الجاهلين البقره : 67 ] لما قال له قومه : أتتخذنا هزوا البقره :
Research library, full list
676 to 700 of 1,483A dopaminergic switch for fear to safety transitions.
Overcoming aversive emotional memories requires neural systems that detect when fear responses are no longer appropriate so that they can be extinguished. The midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine system has been implicated in reward and more broadly in signaling when a better-than-expected outcome has occurred. This suggests that it may be important in guiding fear to safety transitions. We report that when an expected aversive outcome does not occur, activity in midbrain dopamine neurons is necessary to extinguish behavioral fear responses and engage molecular signaling events in extinction learning circuits. Furthermore, a specific dopamine projection to the nucleus accumbens medial shell is partially responsible for this effect. In contrast, a separate dopamine projection to the medial prefrontal cortex opposes extinction learning. This demonstrates a novel function for the …
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Tonic or Phasic Stimulation of Dopaminergic Projections to Prefrontal Cortex Causes Mice to Maintain or Deviate from Previously Learned Behavioral Strategies.
Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) encode reward prediction errors and can drive reinforcement learning through their projections to striatum, but much less is known about their projections to prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here, we studied these projections and observed phasic VTA-PFC fiber photometry signals after the delivery of rewards. Next, we studied how optogenetic stimulation of these projections affects behavior using conditioned place preference and a task in which mice learn associations between cues and food rewards and then use those associations to make choices. Neither phasic nor tonic stimulation of dopaminergic VTA-PFC projections elicited place preference. Furthermore, substituting phasic VTA-PFC stimulation for food rewards was not sufficient to reinforce new cue-reward associations nor maintain previously learned ones. However, the same patterns of stimul…
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Dopamine reward prediction errors reflect hidden-state inference across time.
Midbrain dopamine neurons signal reward prediction error (RPE), or actual minus expected reward. The temporal difference (TD) learning model has been a cornerstone in understanding how dopamine RPEs could drive associative learning. Classically, TD learning imparts value to features that serially track elapsed time relative to observable stimuli. In the real world, however, sensory stimuli provide ambiguous information about the hidden state of the environment, leading to the proposal that TD learning might instead compute a value signal based on an inferred distribution of hidden states (a 'belief state'). Here we asked whether dopaminergic signaling supports a TD learning framework that operates over hidden states. We found that dopamine signaling showed a notable difference between two tasks that differed only with respect to whether reward was delivered in a deterministic manner. Our…
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Dopamine Neurons Respond to Errors in the Prediction of Sensory Features of Expected Rewards.
Midbrain dopamine neurons have been proposed to signal prediction errors as defined in model-free reinforcement learning algorithms. While these algorithms have been extremely powerful in interpreting dopamine activity, these models do not register any error unless there is a difference between the value of what is predicted and what is received. Yet learning often occurs in response to changes in the unique features that characterize what is received, sometimes with no change in its value at all. Here, we show that classic error-signaling dopamine neurons also respond to changes in value-neutral sensory features of an expected reward. This suggests that dopamine neurons have access to a wider variety of information than contemplated by the models currently used to interpret their activity and that, while their firing may conform to predictions of these models in some cases, they are not…
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Calipari ES, Juarez B, Morel C, Walker DM, Cahill ME, Ribeiro E, Roman-Ortiz C, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K, Han MH, Nestler EJ (2017)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNature communications312 citations Dopaminergic dynamics underlying sex-specific cocaine reward.
Although both males and females become addicted to cocaine, females transition to addiction faster and experience greater difficulties remaining abstinent. We demonstrate an oestrous cycle-dependent mechanism controlling increased cocaine reward in females. During oestrus, ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neuron activity is enhanced and drives post translational modifications at the dopamine transporter (DAT) to increase the ability of cocaine to inhibit its function, an effect mediated by estradiol. Female mice conditioned to associate cocaine with contextual cues during oestrus have enhanced mesolimbic responses to these cues in the absence of drug. Using chemogenetic approaches, we increase VTA activity to mechanistically link oestrous cycle-dependent enhancement of VTA firing to enhanced cocaine affinity at DAT and subsequent reward processing. These data have implications for s…
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Matthews GA, Nieh EH, Vander Weele CM, Halbert SA, Pradhan RV, Yosafat AS, Glober GF, Izadmehr EM, Thomas RE, Lacy GD, Wildes CP, Ungless MA, Tye KM (2016)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usCell302 citations Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Represent the Experience of Social Isolation.
The motivation to seek social contact may arise from either positive or negative emotional states, as social interaction can be rewarding and social isolation can be aversive. While ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons may mediate social reward, a cellular substrate for the negative affective state of loneliness has remained elusive. Here, we identify a functional role for DA neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), in which we observe synaptic changes following acute social isolation. DRN DA neurons show increased activity upon social contact following isolation, revealed by in vivo calcium imaging. Optogenetic activation of DRN DA neurons increases social preference but causes place avoidance. Furthermore, these neurons are necessary for promoting rebound sociability following an acute period of isolation. Finally, the degree to which these neurons modulate behavior is …
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Brief optogenetic inhibition of dopamine neurons mimics endogenous negative reward prediction errors.
Correlative studies have strongly linked phasic changes in dopamine activity with reward prediction error signaling. But causal evidence that these brief changes in firing actually serve as error signals to drive associative learning is more tenuous. Although there is direct evidence that brief increases can substitute for positive prediction errors, there is no comparable evidence that similarly brief pauses can substitute for negative prediction errors. In the absence of such evidence, the effect of increases in firing could reflect novelty or salience, variables also correlated with dopamine activity. Here we provide evidence in support of the proposed linkage, showing in a modified Pavlovian over-expectation task that brief pauses in the firing of dopamine neurons in rat ventral tegmental area at the time of reward are sufficient to mimic the effects of endogenous negative prediction…
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Francis TC, Chandra R, Friend DM, Finkel E, Dayrit G, Miranda J, Brooks JM, Iñiguez SD, O'Donnell P, Kravitz A, Lobo MK (2015)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBiological psychiatry308 citations Nucleus accumbens medium spiny neuron subtypes mediate depression-related outcomes to social defeat stress.
Background: The nucleus accumbens is a critical mediator of depression-related outcomes to social defeat stress. Previous studies demonstrate distinct neuroplasticity adaptations in the two medium spiny neuron (MSN) subtypes, those enriched in dopamine receptor D1 versus dopamine receptor D2, in reward and reinforcement leading to opposing roles for these MSNs in these behaviors. However, the distinct roles of nucleus accumbens MSN subtypes, in depression, remain poorly understood.
Methods: Using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology, we examined excitatory input to MSN subtypes and intrinsic excitability measures in D1-green fluorescent protein and D2-green fluorescent protein bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice that underwent chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Optogenetic and pharmacogenetic approaches were used to bidirectionally alter firing of D1-MSNs or D2-MSNs aft…
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Arithmetic and local circuitry underlying dopamine prediction errors.
Dopamine neurons are thought to facilitate learning by comparing actual and expected reward. Despite two decades of investigation, little is known about how this comparison is made. To determine how dopamine neurons calculate prediction error, we combined optogenetic manipulations with extracellular recordings in the ventral tegmental area while mice engaged in classical conditioning. Here we demonstrate, by manipulating the temporal expectation of reward, that dopamine neurons perform subtraction, a computation that is ideal for reinforcement learning but rarely observed in the brain. Furthermore, selectively exciting and inhibiting neighbouring GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) neurons in the ventral tegmental area reveals that these neurons are a source of subtraction: they inhibit dopamine neurons when reward is expected, causally contributing to prediction-error calculations. Finally, bila…
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Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediates IL-1β-related inflammation in prefrontal cortex of depressive rats.
Depression is an inflammatory disorder. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) may play a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS) inflammation of depression. Here, we investigated IL-1β alteration in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-exposed rats, a well-documented model of depression, and further explored the molecular mechanism by which CUMS procedure induced IL-1β-related CNS inflammation. We showed that 12-week CUMS procedure remarkably increased PFC IL-1β mRNA and protein levels in depressive-like behavior of rats, without significant alteration of serum and CSF IL-1β levels. We found that CUMS procedure significantly caused PFC nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway activation in rats. The intriguing finding in this study was the induced activation of nucleotide binding and ol…
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Pair housing reverses post-stroke depressive behavior in mice.
Social isolation (SI) has been linked epidemiologically to high rates of morbidity and mortality following stroke. In contrast, strong social support enhances recovery and lowers stroke recurrence. However, the mechanism by which social support influences stroke recovery has not been adequately explored. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of post-stroke pair housing and SI on behavioral phenotypes and chronic functional recovery in mice. Young male mice were paired for 14 days before a 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or sham surgery and assigned to various housing environments immediately after stroke. Post-stroke mice paired with either a sham or stroke partner showed significantly higher (P<0.05) sociability after MCAO than isolated littermates. Sociability deficits worsened over time in isolated animals. Pair-housed mice showed restored sucrose c…
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A causal link between prediction errors, dopamine neurons and learning.
Situations in which rewards are unexpectedly obtained or withheld represent opportunities for new learning. Often, this learning includes identifying cues that predict reward availability. Unexpected rewards strongly activate midbrain dopamine neurons. This phasic signal is proposed to support learning about antecedent cues by signaling discrepancies between actual and expected outcomes, termed a reward prediction error. However, it is unknown whether dopamine neuron prediction error signaling and cue-reward learning are causally linked. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated dopamine neuron activity in rats in two behavioral procedures, associative blocking and extinction, that illustrate the essential function of prediction errors in learning. We observed that optogenetic activation of dopamine neurons concurrent with reward delivery, mimicking a prediction error, was sufficient to ca…
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Expectancy-related changes in firing of dopamine neurons depend on orbitofrontal cortex.
The orbitofrontal cortex has been hypothesized to carry information regarding the value of expected rewards. Such information is essential for associative learning, which relies on comparisons between expected and obtained reward for generating instructive error signals. These error signals are thought to be conveyed by dopamine neurons. To test whether orbitofrontal cortex contributes to these error signals, we recorded from dopamine neurons in orbitofrontal-lesioned rats performing a reward learning task. Lesions caused marked changes in dopaminergic error signaling. However, the effect of lesions was not consistent with a simple loss of information regarding expected value. Instead, without orbitofrontal input, dopaminergic error signals failed to reflect internal information about the impending response that distinguished externally similar states leading to differently valued future…
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Adamantidis AR, Tsai HC, Boutrel B, Zhang F, Stuber GD, Budygin EA, Touriño C, Bonci A, Deisseroth K, de Lecea L (2011)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience301 citations Optogenetic interrogation of dopaminergic modulation of the multiple phases of reward-seeking behavior.
Phasic activation of dopaminergic neurons is associated with reward-predicting cues and supports learning during behavioral adaptation. While noncontingent activation of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental are (VTA) is sufficient for passive behavioral conditioning, it remains unknown whether the phasic dopaminergic signal is truly reinforcing. In this study, we first targeted the expression of channelrhodopsin-2 to dopaminergic neurons of the VTA and optimized optogenetically evoked dopamine transients. Second, we showed that phasic activation of dopaminergic neurons in freely moving mice causally enhances positive reinforcing actions in a food-seeking operant task. Interestingly, such effect was not found in the absence of food reward. We further found that phasic activation of dopaminergic neurons is sufficient to reactivate previously extinguished food-seeking behavior in t…
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Neural correlates of variations in event processing during learning in basolateral amygdala.
The discovery that dopamine neurons signal errors in reward prediction has demonstrated that concepts empirically derived from the study of animal behavior can be used to understand the neural implementation of reward learning. Yet the learning theory models linked to phasic dopamine activity treat attention to events such as cues and rewards as static quantities; other models, such as Pearce-Hall, propose that learning might be influenced by variations in processing of these events. A key feature of these accounts is that event processing is modulated by unsigned rather than signed reward prediction errors. Here we tested whether neural activity in rat basolateral amygdala conforms to this pattern by recording single units in a behavioral task in which rewards were unexpectedly delivered or omitted. We report that neural activity at the time of reward is providing an unsigned error sign…
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Haluk DM, Floresco SB (2009)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology162 citations Ventral striatal dopamine modulation of different forms of behavioral flexibility.
Different forms of behavioral flexibility are facilitated by interactions between separate regions of the prefrontal cortex and their striatal outputs. However, the contribution of ventral striatal dopamine (DA) to these functions is unclear. The present study assessed the involvement of DA receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core on either between- or within-strategy shifts using operant chamber-based tasks. Strategy set-shifting required rats initially to learn a visual-cue discrimination and, on the following day, shift to using an egocentric spatial response strategy to obtain reward. For reversal learning, rats were initially trained on a response discrimination and then required to select the opposite lever to receive food reward. Intra-NAc microinfusions of D(1) (SCH23390) but not D(2) (eticlopride) receptor antagonists impaired set-shifting, disrupting the maintenance of a n…
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The orbitofrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area are necessary for learning from unexpected outcomes.
Humans and other animals change their behavior in response to unexpected outcomes. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in such adaptive responding, based on evidence from reversal tasks. Yet these tasks confound using information about expected outcomes with learning when those expectations are violated. OFC is critical for the former function; here we show it is also critical for the latter. In a Pavlovian overexpectation task, inactivation of OFC prevented learning driven by unexpected outcomes, even when performance was assessed later. We propose this reflects a critical contribution of outcome signaling by OFC to encoding of reward prediction errors elsewhere. In accord with this proposal, we report that signaling of reward predictions by OFC neurons was related to signaling of prediction errors by dopamine neurons in ventral tegmental area (VTA). Furthermore, bilateral inac…
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Murray GK, Corlett PR, Clark L, Pessiglione M, Blackwell AD, Honey G, Jones PB, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Fletcher PC (2008)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usMolecular psychiatry354 citations Substantia nigra/ventral tegmental reward prediction error disruption in psychosis.
While dopamine systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and psychosis for many years, how dopamine dysfunction generates psychotic symptoms remains unknown. Recent theoretical interest has been directed at relating the known role of midbrain dopamine neurons in reinforcement learning, motivational salience and prediction error to explain the abnormal mental experience of psychosis. However, this theoretical model has yet to be explored empirically. To examine a link between psychotic experience, reward learning and dysfunction of the dopaminergic midbrain and associated target regions, we asked a group of first episode psychosis patients suffering from active positive symptoms and a group of healthy control participants to perform an instrumental reward conditioning experiment. We characterized neural responses using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We o…
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Ji H, Shepard PD (2007)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience319 citations Lateral habenula stimulation inhibits rat midbrain dopamine neurons through a GABA(A) receptor-mediated mechanism.
Transient changes in the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons encode an error signal that contributes to associative learning. Although considerable attention has been devoted to the mechanisms contributing to phasic increases in dopamine activity, less is known about the origin of the transient cessation in firing accompanying the unexpected loss of a predicted reward. Recent studies suggesting that the lateral habenula (LHb) may contribute to this type of signaling in humans prompted us to evaluate the effects of LHb stimulation on the activity of dopamine and non-dopamine neurons of the anesthetized rat. Single-pulse stimulation of the LHb (0.5 mA, 100 micros) transiently suppressed the activity of 97% of the dopamine neurons recorded in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. The duration of the cessation averaged approximately 85 ms and did not differ between the two regio…
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Dopamine neurons encode the better option in rats deciding between differently delayed or sized rewards.
The dopamine system is thought to be involved in making decisions about reward. Here we recorded from the ventral tegmental area in rats learning to choose between differently delayed and sized rewards. As expected, the activity of many putative dopamine neurons reflected reward prediction errors, changing when the value of the reward increased or decreased unexpectedly. During learning, neural responses to reward in these neurons waned and responses to cues that predicted reward emerged. Notably, this cue-evoked activity varied with size and delay. Moreover, when rats were given a choice between two differently valued outcomes, the activity of the neurons initially reflected the more valuable option, even when it was not subsequently selected.
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Krishnan V, Han MH, Graham DL, Berton O, Renthal W, Russo SJ, Laplant Q, Graham A, Lutter M, Lagace DC, Ghose S, Reister R, Tannous P, Green TA, Neve RL, Chakravarty S, Kumar A, Eisch AJ, Self DW, Lee FS, Tamminga CA, Cooper DC, Gershenfeld HK, Nestler EJ (2007)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usCell1,861 citations Molecular adaptations underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeat in brain reward regions.
While stressful life events are an important cause of psychopathology, most individuals exposed to adversity maintain normal psychological functioning. The molecular mechanisms underlying such resilience are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that an inbred population of mice subjected to social defeat can be separated into susceptible and unsusceptible subpopulations that differ along several behavioral and physiological domains. By a combination of molecular and electrophysiological techniques, we identify signature adaptations within the mesolimbic dopamine circuit that are uniquely associated with vulnerability or insusceptibility. We show that molecular recapitulations of three prototypical adaptations associated with the unsusceptible phenotype are each sufficient to promote resistant behavior. Our results validate a multidisciplinary approach to examine the neurobiological me…
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Mobile technology habits: patterns of association among device usage, intertemporal preference, impulse control, and reward sensitivity.
Mobile electronic devices are playing an increasingly pervasive role in our daily activities. Yet, there has been very little empirical research investigating how mobile technology habits might relate to individual differences in cognition and affect. The research presented in this paper provides evidence that heavier investment in mobile devices is correlated with a relatively weaker tendency to delay gratification (as measured by a delay discounting task) and a greater inclination toward impulsive behavior (i.e., weaker impulse control, assessed behaviorally and through self-report) but is not related to individual differences in sensitivity to reward. Analyses further demonstrated that individual variation in impulse control mediates the relationship between mobile technology usage and delay of gratification. Although based on correlational results, these findings lend some backing to…
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Liu Z, Zhou J, Li Y, Hu F, Lu Y, Ma M, Feng Q, Zhang JE, Wang D, Zeng J, Bao J, Kim JY, Chen ZF, El Mestikawy S, Luo M (2014)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNeuron391 citations Dorsal raphe neurons signal reward through 5-HT and glutamate.
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in the midbrain is a key center for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT)-expressing neurons. Serotonergic neurons in the DRN have been theorized to encode punishment by opposing the reward signaling of dopamine neurons. Here, we show that DRN neurons encode reward, but not punishment, through 5-HT and glutamate. Optogenetic stimulation of DRN Pet-1 neurons reinforces mice to explore the stimulation-coupled spatial region, shifts sucrose preference, drives optical self-stimulation, and directs sensory discrimination learning. DRN Pet-1 neurons increase their firing activity during reward tasks, and this activation can be used to rapidly change neuronal activity patterns in the cortex. Although DRN Pet-1 neurons are often associated with 5-HT, they also release glutamate, and both neurotransmitters contribute to reward signaling. These experiments demonstrat…
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Skelin I, Hakstol R, VanOyen J, Mudiayi D, Molina LA, Holec V, Hong NS, Euston DR, McDonald RJ, Gruber AJ (2014)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe European journal of neuroscience30 citations Lesions of dorsal striatum eliminate lose-switch responding but not mixed-response strategies in rats.
We used focal brain lesions in rats to examine how dorsomedial (DMS) and dorsolateral (DLS) regions of the striatum differently contribute to response adaptation driven by the delivery or omission of rewards. Rats performed a binary choice task under two modes: one in which responses were rewarded on half of the trials regardless of choice; and another 'competitive' one in which only unpredictable choices were rewarded. In both modes, control animals were more likely to use a predictable lose-switch strategy than animals with lesions of either DMS or DLS. Animals with lesions of DMS presumably relied more on DLS for behavioural control, and generated repetitive responses in the first mode. These animals then shifted to a random response strategy in the competitive mode, thereby performing better than controls or animals with DLS lesions. Analysis using computational models of reinforceme…
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Decision-making, sensitivity to reward and attrition in weight management.
Objective: Attrition is a common problem in weight management. Understanding the risk factors for attrition should enhance professionals' ability to increase completion rates and improve health outcomes for more individuals. A model that draws upon neuropsychological knowledge on reward-sensitivity in obesity and overeating to predict attrition is proposed.
Methods: A total of 52 participants in a weight-management program completed a complex decision-making task. Decision-making characteristics-including sensitivity to reward-were further estimated using a quantitative model. Impulsivity and risk-taking measures were also administered.
Results: Consistent with the hypothesis that sensitivity to reward predicted attrition, program dropouts had higher sensitivity to reward than completers (P < 0.03). No differences were observed between completers and dropouts in initial BMI, age, employm…
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