Drive, reward sensitivity and the flattening of both.
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701 to 725 of 1,483Impulsivity in binge eating disorder: food cues elicit increased reward responses and disinhibition.
Background: Binge eating disorder (BED) represents a distinct eating disorder diagnosis. Current approaches assume increased impulsivity to be one factor leading to binge eating and weight gain. We used eye tracking to investigate both components of impulsivity, namely reward sensitivity and rash-spontaneous behaviour towards food in BED for the first time.
Methods: Overweight and obese people with BED (BED+; n = 25), without BED (BED-; n = 26) and healthy normal-weight controls (NWC; n = 25) performed a free exploration paradigm measuring reward sensitivity (experiment 1) and a modified antisaccade paradigm measuring disinhibited, rash-spontaneous behaviour (experiment 2) using food and nonfood stimuli. Additionally, trait impulsivity was assessed.
Results: In experiment 1, all participants located their initial fixations more often on food stimuli and BED+ participants gazed longer on …
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Vinkers CH, Zorn JV, Cornelisse S, Koot S, Houtepen LC, Olivier B, Verster JC, Kahn RS, Boks MP, Kalenscher T, Joëls M (2013)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsychoneuroendocrinology74 citations Time-dependent changes in altruistic punishment following stress.
Decisions are rarely made in social isolation. One phenomenon often observed in social interactions is altruistic punishment, i.e. the punishment of unfair behavior by others at a personal cost. The tendency for altruistic punishment is altered by affective states including those induced by stress exposure. Stress is thought to exert bi-directional effects on behavior: immediately after stress, reflex-like and habitual behavior is promoted while later on more far-sighted, flexible and goal-directed behavior is enhanced. We hypothesized that such time-dependent effects of stress would also be present in the context of altruistic punishment behavior. Healthy male participants (N=80) were exposed to either a grouped stress test or a control condition. Participants were tested in prosocial decision making tasks either directly after stress or 75 min later. Altruistic punishment was assessed …
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Blunted neural response to rewards prospectively predicts depression in adolescent girls.
The prevalence of depression increases substantially during adolescence. Several predictors of major depressive disorder have been established, but their predictive power is limited. In the current study, the feedback negativity (FN), an event-related potential component elicited by feedback indicating monetary gain versus loss, was recorded in 68 never-depressed adolescent girls. Over the following 2 years, 24% of participants developed a major depressive episode (MDE); illness onset was predicted by blunted FN at initial evaluation. Lower FN amplitude predicted more depressive symptoms during the follow-up period, even after controlling for neuroticism and depressive symptoms at baseline. This is the first prospective study to demonstrate a link between a neural measure of reward sensitivity and the first onset of an MDE. The current results suggest that low reward sensitivity may be a…
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The high-sweet-fat food craving among women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: emotional response, implicit attitude and rewards sensitivity.
This study aimed to: (1) evaluate food craving and high-sweet-fat food craving across the menstrual cycle; (2) compare the craving and explicit/implicit emotional response to different food; and (3) investigate the reward sensitivity among PMDD and control groups. The PMDD group without treatment history and control group were evaluated for food craving, emotional response to food, implicit attitude task to food, and responsiveness to reward both in luteal and follicular phases. A total of 59 women with PMDD and 60 controls had completed the study. The results revealed that both PMDD diagnosis and luteal phase were associated with higher body mass index. The high-sweet-fat food provoked higher craving, positive emotional, and positive implicit response more than other foods. The luteal phase contributed to higher food and high-sweet-fat food cravings. Besides, the PMDD women had higher r…
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Patients with schizophrenia have a reduced neural response to both unpredictable and predictable primary reinforcers.
One prevalent theory of learning states that dopamine neurons signal mismatches between expected and actual outcomes, called temporal difference errors (TDEs). Evidence indicates that dopamine system dysfunction is involved in negative symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ), including avolition and anhedonia. As such, we predicted that brain responses to TDEs in dopamine midbrain nuclei and target areas would be abnormal in SZ. A total of 18 clinically stable patients with chronic SZ and 18 controls participated in an fMRI study, which used a passive conditioning task. In the task, the delivery of a small amount of juice followed a light stimulus by exactly 6 s on approximately 75% of 78 total trials, and was further delayed by 4-7 s on the remaining trials. The delayed juice delivery was designed to elicit the two types of TDE signals, associated with the recognition that a reward was omitted a…
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Reduced capacity to sustain positive emotion in major depression reflects diminished maintenance of fronto-striatal brain activation.
Anhedonia, the loss of pleasure or interest in previously rewarding stimuli, is a core feature of major depression. While theorists have argued that anhedonia reflects a reduced capacity to experience pleasure, evidence is mixed as to whether anhedonia is caused by a reduction in hedonic capacity. An alternative explanation is that anhedonia is due to the inability to sustain positive affect across time. Using positive images, we used an emotion regulation task to test whether individuals with depression are unable to sustain activation in neural circuits underlying positive affect and reward. While up-regulating positive affect, depressed individuals failed to sustain nucleus accumbens activity over time compared with controls. This decreased capacity was related to individual differences in self-reported positive affect. Connectivity analyses further implicated the fronto-striatal netw…
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Schlaepfer TE, Cohen MX, Frick C, Kosel M, Brodesser D, Axmacher N, Joe AY, Kreft M, Lenartz D, Sturm V (2008)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology602 citations Deep brain stimulation to reward circuitry alleviates anhedonia in refractory major depression.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) to different sites allows interfering with dysfunctional network function implicated in major depression. Because a prominent clinical feature of depression is anhedonia--the inability to experience pleasure from previously pleasurable activities--and because there is clear evidence of dysfunctions of the reward system in depression, DBS to the nucleus accumbens might offer a new possibility to target depressive symptomatology in otherwise treatment-resistant depression. Three patients suffering from extremely resistant forms of depression, who did not respond to pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy, were implanted with bilateral DBS electrodes in the nucleus accumbens. Stimulation parameters were modified in a double-blind manner, and clinical ratings were assessed at each modification. Additionally, brain metabolism was assessed 1 w…
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Individual differences in trait anhedonia: a structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging study in non-clinical subjects.
Anhedonia, the reduced capacity to gain pleasure from pleasurable experiences, is a key symptom of major depression and schizophrenia. Reduced hedonic capacity can also be measured as an enduring trait in non-clinical subjects. Such altered hedonic capacity is likely the result of a basic neuropsychophysiological dysfunction and a vulnerability marker that potentially precedes and contributes to the liability of developing psychiatric disorders. The characterization of the structural and functional neural correlates of trait anhedonia in non-clinical individuals may provide new insights for the early detection of such psychiatric diseases. Twenty-nine non-clinical subjects were scanned at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Trait anhedonia was measured using the Chapman Revised Physical Anhedonia Scale. Semi-automated and automated structural MRI segmentation techniques were used to exp…
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Neuroscience: waiting for serotonin.
Serotonin dysfunction is implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders yet the precise behavioral functions of this neuromodulator are not well understood. A new study employs optogenetic methods to activate serotonin neurons during an effort-demanding waiting behavior and demonstrates that serotonin release increases patience, the capacity for self-control.
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Stimulus representation and the timing of reward-prediction errors in models of the dopamine system.
The phasic firing of dopamine neurons has been theorized to encode a reward-prediction error as formalized by the temporal-difference (TD) algorithm in reinforcement learning. Most TD models of dopamine have assumed a stimulus representation, known as the complete serial compound, in which each moment in a trial is distinctly represented. We introduce a more realistic temporal stimulus representation for the TD model. In our model, all external stimuli, including rewards, spawn a series of internal microstimuli, which grow weaker and more diffuse over time. These microstimuli are used by the TD learning algorithm to generate predictions of future reward. This new stimulus representation injects temporal generalization into the TD model and enhances correspondence between model and data in several experiments, including those when rewards are omitted or received early. This improved fit m…
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When struggle becomes strength: The psychology of grit, flourishing, and well-being as mediators of motivational intensity in STEM students.
Investment in STEM education is increasing worldwide, but student engagement and retention remain problematic. This highlights the need to understand the psychological processes that underpin motivation, particularly in non-Western nations such as Saudi Arabia, where these objectives are reflected in national development strategies, including Vision 2030. This research examines both direct and indirect hypotheses regarding how grit influences motivational intensity among Saudi university students enrolled in STEM fields, with flourishing and affect balance as potential mediating variables, employing a culturally informed mixed-methods approach. Following a sequential explanatory design, I initially summarised 1050 STEM students' survey responses using PLS-SEM and then conducted qualitative interviews with 20 purposively selected students. Grit, flourishing, positive/negative emotions, an…
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Associations of autonomous motivation and physical activity with mobile phone addiction and bedtime procrastination: a cross-sectional study.
Background: Excessive pre-sleep mobile phone use fuels bedtime procrastination and sleep insufficiency, contributing to a self-reinforcing cycle of dependency. While physical activity benefits sleep health, the reasons for sustained engagement and the role of motivation quality in downstream outcomes remain understudied. This study integrates self-determination theory, compensatory internet use theory, the self-regulatory failure model, and the dual-system model to examine how autonomous motivation operating through physical activity is associated with mobile phone addiction and bedtime procrastination.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1,246 Chinese adults, including 389 university students (164 male, 225 female) and 857 working adults (524 male, 333 female), were recruited. The mean age of participants was 32.47 years (SD = 9.86). Validated scales were used to assess autonomous m…
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Emotional Dynamics of Social Comparisons: Nonlinear Relationships Between Comparison Extremity and Social Emotions, and Their Motivational Functioning.
In an experience-sampling study, we examined how emotions stemming from social comparisons influence daily motivation. Analyzing 2,976 daily real-world social comparisons, we examined the interplay of comparison direction (upward vs. downward) and extremity (from moderate to extreme), two pleasant emotions (schadenfreude and happy-for-ness), two unpleasant emotions (benign envy, malicious envy), three motivational tendencies (pushing, coasting, and disengagement), and effort intentions. The relationships between comparison extremity and emotions were characterized by nonlinearity: Benign envy and happy-for-ness peaked with moderate upward comparisons, whereas malicious envy and schadenfreude increased especially with extreme upward and downward comparisons. Concerning motivational functioning, results suggest that benign envy and happy-for-ness promote motivation (i.e., associated with p…
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Bringing Light into the Dark: Moral Injury and Exploring the Impact of Eliciting Moral Elevation on the Daily Experiences of U.S. Veterans.
Moral elevation is described as feeling inspired after witnessing someone engage in virtuous behavior, whereas moral injury is the result of internal conflict that stems from exposure to morally injurious experiences. Building on previous work that used moral elevation to benefit veterans, this study explored the relationship between eliciting elevation, daily motives, and affective experiences for veterans with moral injury-related distress. Using an ABA experimental design, veterans (final n = 22) first completed 4 daily surveys that only included brief daily measures (A), followed by 4 days of measures combined with a daily elevation-eliciting exercise (B), then 4 daily surveys with measures only again (A). On days 5-8, elevation was elicited by presenting short video clips featuring moral exemplars performing virtuous acts, consistent with previous work. Using linear mixed effects mo…
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Cormier M, Murray NE, Li S, Saad Hossne J, Marin-Dragu S, Muzamil M, Bagnell A, Sherry SB, Orji R, Stewart SH, Meier S (2026)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usArchives of sexual behavior Screen Usage and Social Media Motives in Gender and Sexual Minority Adolescents.
Gender and sexual minority adolescents experience higher rates of discrimination, stigma, and mental health challenges compared to their majority peers. They also tend to spend more time online, potentially using social media and other digital platforms as a coping mechanism. However, little research has examined how gender identity and sexual orientation relate to both the motives for and duration of screen use. The present study aimed to address this gap by exploring these associations and investigating whether gender and sexual minority status moderated the relationships between screen use motives and screen time. A cross-sectional online study was conducted in Canada, recruiting 2132 adolescents aged 10-18 years. Among them, 1111 identified as cisgender girls, 921 as cisgender boys, and 100 as gender diverse; of the gender diverse participants, 84 were female, 8 were male, and 8 did …
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From parentification to parenthood: caregiving responsibilities in childhood and childbearing desire in young adulthood.
Introduction: Childbearing and childrearing challenge parents' physical, social and emotional capacities. Childbearing motivations and desires are indicators of person's psychological readiness to meet these challenges and to establish a healthy bond with the child. Yet, much uncertainty still exists on how childbearing motivations and desires develop in the life course and to what extent early experiences in the family of origin contribute to their development.
Objective: The overall goal of the present study was to understand the relationship between early caregiving responsibilities (i.e. childhood parentification) in the family of origin and childbearing motivations and the desire to have a first child.
Methods: In the cross-sectional design study, childless Polish adults (N = 384; 20-35 years old) completed a set of self-report measures. Different dimensions of parentification exper…
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Liao CH (2025)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usScientific reports Exploring the influence of media and social factors on altruistic behavior using the general learning model and norm activation theory.
Altruism is beneficial to society as it promotes mental and physical health alongside economic and societal growth. Previous studies have indicated, however, that people tend not to engage in altruistic behaviors toward strangers. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the factors that motivate individuals to participate in altruistic actions. This study explores the dynamic interplay of media and social factors that enhance altruistic behavior in adults, utilizing the General Learning Model (GLM) and Norm Activation Theory (NAT). To achieve this, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach, coupled with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), is applied. The research comprehensively examines the direct and indirect influence of media elements (such as prosocial media content and persuasive communication) and social factors (including religiosity and social norms…
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Teachers' academic motivation and student procrastination behaviour: mediating effects of emotion regulation and study habits.
Purpose: The present study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of external and personal regulatory mechanisms in reducing procrastination behavior among university students. For this purpose, the role of teachers' academic motivation is worthwhile in shaping the learning environment and reducing procrastination, with a focus on the mediating roles of emotion regulation and study habits considered imperative.
Research design/method: By employing a quantitative, cross-sectional research design, data were collected from a sample of 210 teachers working in universities located in Multan-Pakistan via convenient sampling, yielding a usable response rate of 70.28%.
Data analysis & study results: The gathered data was analyzed using Smart PLS 4 software. Results from the structural equation model (PLS-SEM) indicated that teachers' academic motivation significantly affects student procrastination.…
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Guo M (2025)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of adolescence4 citations The Longitudinal Relationship Between Perceived Parental Growth Mindset and Children's Math-Specific Grit: The Mediational Role of Growth Mindset and Self-Efficacy.
Background: Grit has been identified as playing a prominent role in the learning process. However, the development of students' grit within the family environment remains under-researched.
Aims: This study employed a longitudinal design to explore how perceived parental growth mindsets (T1) influence students' math-specific grit (T2) and examined the mediating role of growth mindset and self-efficacy; (T2) in this relationship.
Sample: The participants included 1005 secondary school students in China.
Methods: Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationship between parental growth mindset and children's motivational beliefs and grit. Bootstrap analysis was further conducted to assess the mediating roles of growth mindset and self-efficacy.
Results: The results demonstrated that perceived parental growth mindsets positively predicted students' growth mindsets. Consis…
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Chen J (2025)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usActa psychologica1 citations Examining the role of Chinese language learners' grit and self-efficacy on their engagement in artificial intelligence-driven settings.
Background: The presentation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the educational domain has turned conventional learning settings into advanced tools that maximize the performance of students. Engagement is a crucial determinant of students' success in AI-driven settings. However, identifying how psychological variables like self-efficacy and grit influence engagement in such settings is an emerging area in education. Directed by Self-determination theory (SDT), the present research aims to examine the interaction between students' grit, self-efficacy, and engagement.
Methods: The data were collected from 382 students in three Chinese universities with a range of academic majors. The three questionnaires were administered, and following data collection, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to determine the model, and multiple regression analyses tested the predictive power of self-…
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Profiles of growth mindset and grit among rural Chinese students and their associations with math anxiety, motivation, and self-efficacy.
Growth mindset, consistency of interest, and perseverance of effort have been demonstrated to positively influence students' mathematical abilities. This study investigates how these characteristics interact and affect non-cognitive skills, enabling mathematics teachers to develop tailored interventions that enhance learning and persistence among rural students. We examined the profiles of growth mindset and Grit among 1495 rural Chinese students from three secondary schools in China, analyzing their relationships with math anxiety, motivation, and self-efficacy in mathematics lessons. Our analysis identified four distinct profiles: Fixed-Oriented Mindset, Lower Tendency Toward Growth, Tendency Toward Growth, and Growth-Oriented Mindset. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in students' mathematics motivation between the Lower Tendency Toward Growth, Tendency Toward Growth,…
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Associations of Death Anxiety, Inclusion of Smartphone in the Self, and Affiliation Motivation with Smartphone use and Addiction: A Multiple Mediation Study.
This study is the first to apply terror management theory to understanding smartphone addiction by examining the potential indirect effect of death anxiety on smartphone addiction via inclusion of smartphone in the self (i.e., self-expansion), affiliation motivation (the desire to connect with others) for emotional support, and smartphone use. The sample consisted of 1483 Chinese university students between the ages of 18 and 24 (M = 19.14, SD = 1.03) who voluntarily completed an anonymous questionnaire survey. As hypothesized, death anxiety, inclusion of smartphone in the self, affiliation motivation, and smartphone use were directly, positively correlated with smartphone addiction. In addition, death anxiety exerted significant indirect effects via various pathways, including (i) affiliation motivation for emotional support and smartphone use and (ii) inclusion of smartphone in the sel…
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Dissecting the Predictors of Cyber-Aggression Through an Explainable Machine Learning Model.
The general aggression model (GAM) suggests that cyber-aggression stems from individual characteristics and situational contexts. Previous studies have focused on limited factors using linear models, leading to oversimplified predictions. This study used the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) to identify and rank the importance of various risk and protective factors in cyber-aggression. The SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) technique estimated each variable's predictive effects, and two-dimensional partial dependence (PD) Plots examined interactions among predictors. Among 30 potential factors, the top five were attitudes toward violence, revenge motivation, anti-bullying attitudes, moral disengagement, and anger rumination. PD analysis showed significant interactions between protective factors (anti-bullying attitudes and moral reasoning) and risk factors (attitudes toward vi…
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Investigating latent mean differences in achievement emotions among Chinese secondary EFL learners: A gender and grade perspective.
The control-value theory (CVT) of achievement emotions posits that achievement emotions are significantly associated with the key indicators of academic outcomes, including academic motivation, engagement, and performance. Existing studies have tested the theoretical hypothesis of the CVT in a variety of cultures, disciplines, and samples. However, evidence is limited for whether there are gender and grade differences in achievement emotions, especially in the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). 1,460 Chinese secondary school students (male N = 671; female N = 789; seventh-graders N = 731; eighth-graders N = 729) took part in the study. Confirmatory factor analyses and multi-group analyses were conducted to explore the possible gender and grade differences in EFL-related achievement emotions. Results indicated that there are gender or grade differences in EFL-related enjoymen…
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Neural basis responsible for effect of grit on procrastination: The interaction between the self-regulation and motivation neural pathways.
Procrastination has a detrimental impact on academic performance, health, and subjective well-being. Previous studies indicated that grit was negatively related to procrastination. However, the underlying neural basis of this relationship remains unclear. To address this issue, we utilized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis to identify the neural substrates of how is grit linked to procrastination. Behavioral results showed that procrastination was negatively associated with grit. VBM analysis revealed that gray matter volume (GMV) in the left precuneus was positively associated with the consistency of interest (CI), a subcomponent of grit, while the right medial orbital frontal cortex (mOFC) was positively correlated with the perseverance of effort (PE), another subcomponent of grit. Moreover, the RSFC analysis indicated that both pre…
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