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1651 to 1675 of 3,214Stereotype threat spillover: how coping with threats to social identity affects aggression, eating, decision making, and attention.
Stereotype threat spillover is a situational predicament in which coping with the stress of stereotype confirmation leaves one in a depleted volitional state and thus less likely to engage in effortful self-control in a variety of domains. We examined this phenomenon in 4 studies in which we had participants cope with stereotype and social identity threat and then measured their performance in domains in which stereotypes were not "in the air." In Study 1 we examined whether taking a threatening math test could lead women to respond aggressively. In Study 2 we investigated whether coping with a threatening math test could lead women to indulge themselves with unhealthy food later on and examined the moderation of this effect by personal characteristics that contribute to identity-threat appraisals. In Study 3 we investigated whether vividly remembering an experience of social identity th…
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Which factors predict the persistence of DSM-IV depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders in the medically ill three months post hospital discharge?
Objective: This study sought to assess the persistence of DSM-IV depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders in a sample of 206 medical patients 3 months after hospital discharge and to examine which baseline factors predicted the persistence of disorder.
Methods: Patients were interviewed using the Monash Interview for Liaison Psychiatry (a structured psychiatric interview for the medically ill) during admission and again at 3 months post discharge. Scales completed during admission elicited sociodemographic data, psychiatric history, mental and physical functioning, illness behavior, coping modes, and number of close relationships. Best-subset logistic regression was employed to find the best combination of these potential predictors of the persistence of psychiatric disorder.
Results: Persistence of anxiety disorders [n=43; 50.6%; 95% CI=39.5-61.6], depression (n=55; 44.4%; 95% CI=3…
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When distress does not become depression: emotion context sensitivity and adjustment to bereavement.
Recent evidence suggests that the sensitivity of emotion responses to changing context may be a key element of psychological adjustment and psychopathology (Bonanno et al., 2007; Rottenberg, Kasch, Gross, & Gotlib, 2002). However, there have been no previous investigations to examine emotion context sensitivity and adjustment following stressful life events. This investigation addressed this deficit in a sample of middle-aged bereaved adults (N = 48) whose emotion responses were measured as they described loss and non-loss-related events during a laboratory interview 4 months after the death of their spouse or child. Symptoms of depression were assessed using structured clinical interviews at 4 and 18 months postloss. Although positive emotions were beneficial regardless of context, context sensitivity for negative emotions at 4 months predicted fewer depression symptoms at 18 months. Th…
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Healing the wounds of organizational injustice: examining the benefits of expressive writing.
Clinical and health psychology research has shown that expressive writing interventions-expressing one's experience through writing-can have physical and psychological benefits for individuals dealing with traumatic experiences. In the present study, the authors examined whether these benefits generalize to experiences of workplace injustice. Participants (N = 100) were randomly assigned to write on 4 consecutive days about (a) their emotions, (b) their thoughts, (c) both their emotions and their thoughts surrounding an injustice, or (d) a trivial topic (control). Post-intervention, participants in the emotions and thoughts condition reported higher psychological well-being, fewer intentions to retaliate, and higher levels of personal resolution than did participants in the other conditions. Participants in the emotions and thoughts condition also reported less anger than did participant…
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Personal space regulation by the human amygdala.
The amygdala plays key roles in emotion and social cognition, but how this translates to face-to-face interactions involving real people remains unknown. We found that an individual with complete amygdala lesions lacked any sense of personal space. Furthermore, healthy individuals showed amygdala activation upon close personal proximity. The amygdala may be required to trigger the strong emotional reactions normally following personal space violations, thus regulating interpersonal distance in humans.
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The benefits of prayer on mood and well-being of breast cancer survivors.
Objectives: Prayer is becoming more widely acknowledged as a way to cope with cancer. The goal of this study was to compare differences in use of prayer between breast cancer survivors from different ethnic groups and examine how use of prayer is related to mood and quality of life.
Methods: This study used a mixed methods design. One hundred and seventy-five breast cancer survivors participated in a longitudinal study of survivorship. Women completed in-depth qualitative interviews and a battery of measures including quality of life, spirituality, social support, and mood.
Results: Eighty-one percent of the women prayed. There were no significant differences between the groups for any of the psychological, social support, or quality of life variables with the exception of higher benefit finding and spiritual well-being among those who prayed. The data did show that women who prayed were…
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Illness perceptions and emotional well-being in men treated for localized prostate cancer.
Objective: Emotional adjustment to cancer survivorship may be influenced by how patients interpret treatment side effects and other cancer-related experiences. The current study examined cognitive representations of illness, as conceptualized by the Self-Regulatory Model (SRM), in men treated for localized prostate cancer (PC). More severe PC perceptions were hypothesized to predict poorer emotional well being, particularly among men experiencing greater post-treatment sexual dysfunction or general life stress.
Methods: The Perceived Stress Scale, Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite, Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy were administered to 214 men within 18 months of completing treatment for early stage PC.
Results: Perceptions that PC was less comprehensible, was less likely to be controlled by treatment, and was more likely caused …
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Evidence for similarities between adolescents and parents in sleep patterns.
Objective: Sleep in adolescence may vary according to strain and environmental factors. In particular, parents' behavior may affect their children's psychological functioning and sleep. However, no data have been gathered with respect to parents and their adolescent children's concurrent sleep patterns. This was the aim of the present study, together with exploration of the possible influence of parenting style on adolescents' sleep.
Methods: A total of 293 adolescents (mean age: 17.55; 214 females, 79 males) completed several questionnaires regarding their own psychological functioning as well as a sleep log for seven consecutive days. Additionally, adolescents rated parents' sleep and parenting styles.
Results: Adolescents' and parents' sleep patterns proved to be correlated. Moreover, mother's sleep was related to adolescents' psychological functioning. However, SEM showed that mother…
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Hope, dispositional optimism and severity of depression following traumatic brain injury.
Primary objective: To investigate the extent in which two coping variables-hope and dispositional optimism-are related to depression severity amongst individuals who have sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Methods and procedures: Sixty-five participants were administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Adult Hope Scale (AHS), the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) and a demographic and injury-related data questionnaire. In addition, relevant injury-related data was collected from the medical records.
Main outcomes and results: High levels of depression were experienced in the study sample, while hope and dispositional optimism were significantly lower in comparison to the general population. The correlation patterns indicate that both hope and dispositional optimism negatively correlated with participants' depression levels and that they showed significant positive corre…
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Religiosity, spirituality, and socioemotional functioning in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.
Religious beliefs, religious activities, and spirituality are coping resources used by many mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examined whether and how these resources were related to maternal socioemotional functioning. Mothers of children with ASD completed questionnaires assessing religiosity, spirituality, and a wide range of outcome variables, including stress, depression, self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect, and sense of control. Analyses revealed that religious beliefs and spirituality were associated with better positive outcomes and, to a lesser extent, lower levels of negative outcomes. Of the two predictors, spirituality accounted for more unique variance in positive outcomes. In contrast, religious activities were related to more negative outcomes and lower levels of positive outcomes.
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The experiences of carers in Taiwanese culture who have long-term schizophrenia in their families: a phenomenological study.
Schizophrenia is a severe illness with little hope of recovery and requires long-term care. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of carers who live with someone with long-term schizophrenia, within the cultural context of Taiwan. The study was conducted in a community setting in central Taiwan. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used to explore the experiences of carers. Purposive sampling was used by selecting the carers who were close relatives of the clients, had lived with the clients for at least 1 year and bore most of the responsibilities. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect the data and narratives were analysed using Colaizzi's (1978) seven-step method. Data saturation was achieved after interviewing 10 carers. Three themes and eight sub-themes were identified: burdens of caring (helping clients' illness, lack of professi…
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Relationship between forgiveness and psychological and physiological indices in cardiac patients.
Background: Research suggests that forgiveness is associated with better psychological and physical health and in particular cardiovascular functioning. Despite these findings, most forgiveness studies involve healthy participants.
Purpose: The current study assessed the psychological and physiological correlates of forgiveness in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD).
Method: Self-reported forgiveness, perceived stress, anxiety, and depression, and physiological data, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, high- (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, were obtained from 85 hospitalized CAD patients.
Results: Higher levels of forgiveness were associated with lower levels of anxiety (p < 0.05), depression (p < 0.01), and perceived stress (p < 0.005) as well as lower total cholesterol to HDL and LDL to HDL ratios (both at p < 0.05) after controlling for age and g…
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Perinatal loss: a qualitative study in Northern Ireland.
This article describes the experiences of women in Northern Ireland who have experienced a miscarriage or stillbirth. Pregnancy loss encompasses several dimensions of loss for women, loss of the future, loss of self-identity, and the loss of anticipated parenthood. The study explored how women emotionally responded to loss and the care they received from medical staff. Burial arrangements for the remains of the baby are also explored. The methodology adopted a narrative approach based upon in-depth interviews with 23 women who attended pregnancy loss self-help groups. The women's narratives highlight their emotional responses to loss, the medicalization of perinatal grief, and burial arrangements. Women felt that their experience was emotionally negative in that they had been subjected to a rationalizing process of medicalization. The primary focus for the women was on the need to recove…
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The impact of overactive bladder, incontinence and other lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life, work productivity, sexuality and emotional well-being in men and women: results from the EPIC study.
Objectives: To examine the effect overactive bladder (OAB) and other lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a population sample, as OAB often occurs in conjunction with many other LUTS.
Subjects and methods: A nested case-control analysis was performed on men and women with (cases) and without (controls) OAB, from the EPIC study. OAB was assessed using 2002 International Continence Society definitions. Based on their responses to questions about LUTS, cases were classified into five groups; continent OAB, OAB with incontinence, OAB + postmicturition, OAB + voiding, and OAB + postmicturition + voiding. Both cases and controls were asked questions about symptom bother (OAB-q), generic QoL (EQ-5D), work productivity (Work Productivity and Activity Impairment, WPAI), depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), sexual sati…
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Effect of couple illness perception congruence on psychological adjustment in women with rheumatoid arthritis.
Objective: To characterize similarities and differences in illness perceptions between women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their husbands, and examine whether illness perception congruence predicted wives' subsequent psychological adjustment.
Design: Women with RA and their husbands (N=190 couples) recruited from community and clinical settings completed mailed surveys at baseline and 4-month follow-up.
Main outcome measures: Data for this investigation included illness perceptions in partners and illness severity, marital variables, and psychological adjustment in wives.
Results: In general, wives and husbands had similar views of RA. Couple congruence concerning women's personal control over RA and its cyclic nature predicted better psychological adjustment in women 4 months later. Post hoc tests showed better psychological adjustment in wives from couples with similar optimistic …
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Leydon GM (2008)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsycho-oncology31 citations 'Yours is potentially serious but most of these are cured': optimistic communication in UK outpatient oncology consultations.
Objective: To describe how experienced doctors discuss radiotherapy and chemotherapy with cancer patients about to undergo such treatment.
Methods: Qualitative analysis of 27 consultations( )between consultant oncologists and patients with breast, head, and neck cancer or gastrointestinal cancer. Set in outpatient oncology clinics: one in the South West, one in the Midlands, and a large London teaching hospital. Participants included three experienced consultant oncologists and 27 patients diagnosed with cancer attending outpatient oncology consultations to discuss radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
Results: Doctors repeatedly invoked optimism when discussing bad and uncertain information about radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This was achieved by following relatively bad or uncertain information with some good information. Patients tended to collaborate in the construction of optimism.
Conclus…
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Effects of caregiving demand, mutuality, and preparedness on family caregiver outcomes during cancer treatment.
Purpose/objectives: To test a model of family caregiving derived from the interactionist approach to role theory that hypothesized that three caregiving role implementation variables (caregiving demand, mutuality between caregivers and patients, and preparedness for caregiving) would predict multiple caregiving-specific and generic outcomes with different patterns of association across outcomes.
Design: Descriptive, correlational.
Setting: Surgical, radiation, and medical oncology settings.
Sample: 87 family caregivers of adults receiving treatment for solid tumors or lymphoma.
Methods: Caregivers completed the Demand and Difficulty subscales of the Caregiving Burden Scale; the Mutuality, Preparedness, and Global Strain scales of the Family Care Inventory; and the 30-item short form of the Profile of Mood States. Data were analyzed with simultaneous multiple regression.
Main research var…
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On the mediating role of subtypes of rumination in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressed mood: brooding versus reflection.
Background: We examined the mediating role of rumination in the relationship between emotional abuse and depression, focusing on two subtypes of rumination: reflection versus brooding.
Methods: Students (n=101) completed the Emotional Abuse subscale of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; the Ruminative Response Scale; and the Beck Depression Inventory.
Results: Rumination was found to mediate the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressive symptoms. Further analyses showed that this was only the case for the brooding but not the reflective subtype of rumination.
Conclusions: Results further evidence the role of rumination as a mediator of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression, and are consistent with the recently proposed distinction between different subtypes or forms of rumination.
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Receiving a diagnosis of inoperable lung cancer: patients' perspectives of how it affects their life situation and quality of life.
Lung cancer is a disease with many biomedical and psychological symptoms. The diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer induces adverse effects. Having an inoperable lung cancer there are few possibilities of being cured. Management of patients with inoperable disease is directed at relieving local or systemic symptoms. The purpose of this study is to describe how it affects the patients' life situation and quality of life. Data was collected by qualitative interviews where the patient's lived experiences were articulated. Twenty-three Swedish patients diagnosed and starting palliative treatment for inoperable lung cancer were interviewed. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Data were interpreted trough interpretive phenomenology. Six themes were identified that were important for the informants' experience of their life situation and quality of life. The themes were: …
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Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder.
Unlabelled: While cognitive behavior therapy has been found to be effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a significant percentage of patients struggle with residual symptoms. There is some conceptual basis for suggesting that cultivation of mindfulness may be helpful for people with GAD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is a group treatment derived from mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn and colleagues. MBSR uses training in mindfulness meditation as the core of the program. MBCT incorporates cognitive strategies and has been found effective in reducing relapse in patients with major depression (Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V., Soulsby, J., & Lau, M. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical P…
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Reflection: an educational strategy to develop emotionally-competent nurse leaders.
Aim: This paper explores educational strategies for nurses that focus on reflectivity and promote the development of self-awareness, relationship and communication skills and ability to lead with presence and compassion in the midst of change.
Background: Today nurses move rapidly from carefully-controlled educational experiences to a fast-paced clinical world of increasing patient complexity amid calls for improved quality of care. Making the transition to clinical competence and leadership in practice requires a strong sense of self and emotional intelligence.
Evaluation: Pedagogies that integrate theoretical and data-based textbook learning with experiential learning and reflection are a foundation for the development of emotionally- and intellectually-competent leaders and requires new ways of assessing learner outcomes.
Key issues: Reflection is a key instructional strategy for prep…
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Post-traumatic growth after a myocardial infarction: a matter of personality, psychological health, or cognitive coping?
The aim of the present study was to focus on the relative contributions of personality, psychological health and cognitive coping to post-traumatic growth in patients with recent myocardial infarction (MI). The sample consisted of 139 patients who had experienced a first-time acute MI between 3 and 12 months before data assessment. Multivariate relationships were tested by means of Structural Equation Modeling. The results showed that besides the contribution of personality and psychological health, a significant amount of variance in growth was explained by the cognitive coping strategies people used to handle their MI. As cognitive coping strategies are generally assumed to be mechanisms that are subject to potential influence and change, this provides us with important targets for intervention.
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Association of information satisfaction, psychological distress and monitoring coping style with post-decision regret following breast reconstruction.
Little is known of the psychosocial factors associated with decision regret in the context of breast reconstruction following mastectomy for breast cancer treatment. Moreover, there is a paucity of theoretically-based research in the area of post-decision regret. Adopting the theoretical framework of the Monitoring Process Model (Cancer 1995;76(1):167-177), the current study assessed the role of information satisfaction, current psychological distress and the moderating effect of monitoring coping style to the experience of regret over the decision to undergo reconstructive surgery. Women (N=123) diagnosed with breast cancer who had undergone immediate or delayed breast reconstruction following mastectomy participated in the study. The majority of participants (52.8%, n=65) experienced no decision regret, 27.6% experienced mild regret and 19.5% moderate to strong regret. Bivariate analys…
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The stress moderating role of benefit finding on psychological distress and well-being among women living with HIV/AIDS.
This study examines whether the perception of having experienced growth as a result of a stressful event, often termed benefit finding, moderates the effects of stress (both physical symptomatology and social conflict) on psychological distress and well-being. For this cross-sectional study, an ethnically diverse sample (N = 138) of women living with HIV/AIDS completed a series of self-report measures. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that physical symptoms, social conflict, and benefit finding were associated with psychological distress and positive affect, even after controlling for social support, locus of control, and demographic confounds. Significant interactions revealed that among women with a high number of HIV-related physical symptoms, benefit finding moderated the negative effects of physical symptoms on both depressive and anxious symptoms. Benefit finding was n…
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Rheumatoid arthritis patients' experiences of wearing therapeutic footwear - a qualitative investigation.
Background: Specialist 'therapeutic' footwear is recommended for patients with diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a beneficial intervention for reducing foot pain, improving foot health, and increasing general mobility. However, many patients choose not to wear this footwear. Recommendations from previous studies have been implemented but have had little impact in improving this situation. The aim of this study was to explore RA patients' experiences of this footwear to ascertain the factors which influence their choice to wear it or not.
Method: Ten females and three males with RA and experience of wearing specialist footwear were recruited from four National Health Service orthotic services. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in the participants own homes. A hermeneutic phenomenological analysis of the transcripts was carried out to identify themes.
Results: The ana…
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