How feeling is noticed, tolerated, shifted or suppressed.
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1676 to 1700 of 3,214Hidden morbidity in cancer: spouse caregivers.
Purpose: This study assesses psychological distress among advanced cancer patients and their spouse caregivers, while examining the relative contribution of caregiving burden and relational variables (attachment orientation and marital satisfaction) to depressive symptoms in the spouse caregivers.
Methods: A total of 101 patients with advanced GI or lung cancer and their spouse caregivers were recruited for the study. Measures included Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Caregiving Burden scale, Experiences in Close Relationships scale, and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction scale.
Results: A total of 38.9% of the caregivers reported significant symptoms of depression (BDI-II > or = 15) compared with 23.0% of their ill spouses (P < .0001). In a hierarchical regression predicting caregiver's depression, spouse caregiver's age and patient's cancer site were entered in the first step, objective…
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Death anxiety and cancer-related stigma: a terror management analysis.
In a study designed to examine correlates of cancer-related stigma, 405 college students were assigned randomly to listen to an audiotaped interview in which the target's cancer type and smoking status were manipulated. In the lung cancer conditions, target gender also was manipulated. Social distance and emotional responses differed according to participant gender, death anxiety, and target cancer type. Participant gender and target characteristics also were associated with perceptions of the target's character. Findings partially support terror management theory and suggest that death attitudes, gender norms, and diagnostic status influence social distancing from individuals with cancer.
matched on Emotions (mesh), Adaptation, Psychological (mesh)
Distress tolerance in the eating disorders.
Objective: It is commonly noted that patients with eating disorders have difficulties in regulating emotional states. This construct is similar to the concept of distress tolerance, which has been identified as a problem in patients with impulsive disorders. However, the elements that make up distress tolerance are not clearly delineated, making it difficult to target treatment in relevant cases. This study aimed to develop a measure of distress tolerance, and to validate it clinically with the eating disorders.
Method: The sample consisted of 72 women with DSM-IV eating disorder diagnoses, and 62 women with no history of eating disorders. Each completed a newly developed measure of distress tolerance (the Distress Tolerance Scale; DTS) and the Eating Disorders Inventory.
Results: The DTS was made up of three scales, each with acceptable psychometric properties. Two of those scales diffe…
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Ayers S (2007)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBirth (Berkeley, Calif.)75 citations Thoughts and emotions during traumatic birth: a qualitative study.
Background: Previous research shows that 1 to 6 percent of women will develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth. The objective of this study was to examine thoughts and emotions during birth, cognitive processing after birth, and memories of birth that might be important in the development of postnatal posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Methods: In a qualitative study, women with posttraumatic stress symptoms (n= 25) and without (n = 25) were matched for obstetric events to examine the nonmedical aspects of birth that made it traumatic. Women were interviewed 3 months after birth.
Results: The following themes emerged for all women: thoughts during birth included mental coping strategies, wanting labor to end, poor understanding of what was going on, and mental defeat. More negative than positive emotions were described during birth, primarily feeling scared, frighte…
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Women of the 1950s and the "normative" life course: the implications of childlessness, fertility timing, and marital status for psychological well-being in late midlife.
We explore women's psychological well-being in late midlife in relation to childlessness and timing of entry into motherhood. Using two U.S. surveys, Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (1992) and National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) (Sweet, Bumpass, & Call, 1988), we assess the well-being of childless women in their 50s compared to mothers with early, delayed, or normatively timed first births. We focus on the cohorts born between 1928 and 1941, who experienced strong normative pressures during the baby boom with regard to marriage and child-bearing. We find few differences among childless women but lower well-being among early mothers, related to singlehood and poorer socioeconomic status. Unmarried mothers are significantly disadvantaged regardless of maternal timing, controlling for socioeconomic status. Current maternal demands are independently related to well-being and …
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Decreased cortisol response to awakening is associated with cognitive vulnerability to depression in a nonclinical sample of young adults.
Due to its high intraindividual stability, the cortisol awakening response (CAR) may be regarded as a trait measure of the dynamics of the HPA-axis activity. The present study aimed at investigating associations of the CAR with rumination as a cognitive vulnerability marker for depression assessed by both a trait measure and by experimental manipulation. After induction of sad mood by viewing a sad sequence of a movie, 42 healthy university students were randomly induced to either ruminatively self-focus on their feelings or to distract themselves from their mood by concentrating on respective text cards for 8min. Trait rumination and distraction were measured by the Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ) at baseline (T0), while current mood was recorded before (T1) and after (T2) the mood induction as well as after the rumination/distraction induction (T3) using the Positive and Negative A…
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Friedberg JP, Suchday S, Shelov DV (2007)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology27 citations The impact of forgiveness on cardiovascular reactivity and recovery.
The current study investigated the relationship between trait forgiveness and cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) and recovery in 99 normotensive participants (mean age=33.8). Cardiovascular parameters were obtained at 2-minute intervals during a 10-minute baseline period and a 20-minute recovery period, and at 1-minute intervals during a 4-minute anger recall task and a 4-minute serial subtraction task without harassment. Participants filled out a self-report measure of forgiveness prior to the laboratory procedure. Although forgiveness was not related to CVR, higher levels of trait forgiveness were predictive of lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at baseline (p<.02) and faster DBP recovery (p<.003). Findings suggest that forgiveness may be related to overall reductions in blood pressure levels and may aid in cardiovascular recovery from stress. The results also provide preliminary eviden…
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Shaw B, Han JY, Kim E, Gustafson D, Hawkins R, Cleary J, McTavish F, Pingree S, Eliason P, Lumpkins C (2007)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsycho-oncology50 citations Effects of prayer and religious expression within computer support groups on women with breast cancer.
Research indicates that two common ways breast cancer patients or women with breast cancer cope with their diagnosis and subsequent treatments are participating in computer support groups and turning to religion. This study is the first we are aware of to examine how prayer and religious expression within computer support groups can contribute to improved psychosocial outcomes for this population. Surveys were administered before group access and then 4 months later. Message transcripts were analyzed using a word counting program that noted the percentage of words related to religious expression. Finally, messages were qualitatively reviewed to better understand results generated from the word counting program. As hypothesized, writing a higher percentage of religion words was associated with lower levels of negative emotions and higher levels of health self-efficacy and functional well-…
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Does repressive coping promote resilience? Affective-autonomic response discrepancy during bereavement.
Traditional theories of coping emphasize the value of attending to and expressing negative emotion while recovering from traumatic life events. However, recent evidence suggests that the tendency to direct attention away from negative affective experience (i.e., repressive coping) may promote resilience following extremely aversive events (e.g., the death of a spouse). The current study extends this line of investigation by showing that both bereaved and nonbereaved individuals who exhibited repressive coping behavior--as measured by the discrepancy between affective experience and sympathetic nervous system response--had fewer symptoms of psychopathology, experienced fewer health problems and somatic complaints, and were rated as better adjusted by close friends than those who did not exhibit repressive coping. Results are discussed in terms of recent developments in cognitive and neuro…
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Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly.
Five studies investigated the cognitive and emotional processes by which self-compassionate people deal with unpleasant life events. In the various studies, participants reported on negative events in their daily lives, responded to hypothetical scenarios, reacted to interpersonal feedback, rated their or others' videotaped performances in an awkward situation, and reflected on negative personal experiences. Results from Study 1 showed that self-compassion predicted emotional and cognitive reactions to negative events in everyday life, and Study 2 found that self-compassion buffered people against negative self-feelings when imagining distressing social events. In Study 3, self-compassion moderated negative emotions after receiving ambivalent feedback, particularly for participants who were low in self-esteem. Study 4 found that low-self-compassionate people undervalued their videotaped …
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Burwell RA, Shirk SR (2007)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53236 citations Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping.
Prior research has indicated that rumination contributes to the maintenance or intensification of depressive symptoms among adults. This study examined associations between rumination and depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Using a short-term longitudinal design, we evaluated relations between subtypes of rumination and both depressive symptoms and coping among a community sample of 168 adolescents (70 boys, 98 girls, age M= 13.58). Results provided support for brooding and self-reflective subtypes of rumination. Brooding, but not reflection, predicted the development of depressive symptoms over time, particularly for girls. Brooding was related to maladaptive disengagement coping strategies, whereas reflection was related to adaptive primary and secondary coping strategies. These results suggest that not all types of self-focus on emotion contribute to the maintenance or intensifi…
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Shilling V, Jenkins V (2007)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usEuropean journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society139 citations Self-reported cognitive problems in women receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.
Self-reported cognitive problems are common among women receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer but are unrelated to actual cognitive impairment. To date, no studies have objectively measured impairment and asked patients to speak about the type and extent of problems they encounter. We report interview data from 142 breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant therapy. We aimed to identify the types of problems and the extent to which they interfered with everyday life. We investigated the relationship between self-reported and objective cognitive impairment, quality of life and psychological distress. The majority of participants reported problems with their memory (71% overall at 6 months, 60% at 18 months) and concentration (64% and 42%, respectively). This was unrelated to objective cognitive decline; rather, it was associated with psychological distress and quality of life. For t…
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Response styles to depressed mood in bipolar affective disorder.
Background: It has been hypothesised that dysfunctional strategies for avoiding depression play an important role in the pathway to mania. Support for this hypothesis comes from studies demonstrating that remitted and manic bipolar patients show similar cognitive biases to currently depressed patients.
Method: Manic patients, depressed bipolar patients, remitted bipolar patients and healthy controls were compared on an expanded version of Nolen-Hoeksema's [Nolen-Hoeksema, S., 1991. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.] Response Styles Questionnaire, measuring strategies for coping with depression.
Results: Manic patients reported greater use of active-coping and risk-taking compared to the depressed, remitted and healthy controls. Bipolar remitted patients reported greater rumination.
Conclusions: The f…
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Gall TL (2006)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usChild abuse & neglect27 citations Spirituality and coping with life stress among adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the role of spiritual coping in adult survivors' responses to current life stressors. Although there has been research on general coping and adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), there has been no work done on spiritual coping behaviour and survivors' current adjustment.
Method: One hundred and one adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse volunteered to participate in this study. Survivors were recruited through advertisements placed in various community venues. Survivors completed questionnaires on abuse descriptors, the coping resources of social support and general cognitive appraisal, spiritual coping and current distress. Spiritual coping was assessed in relation to a current negative life event.
Results: In general, spiritual coping predicted the current distress of adult survivors beyond the contribution of demographi…
matched on Affect (mesh), Adaptation, Psychological (mesh)
Chronic pain couples: perceived marital interactions and pain behaviours.
Patient adjustment to chronic pain is well known to be influenced by the spouse and his or her response to patient expressions of pain. However, these responses do not occur in a vacuum, and the aim of the present study was to investigate patient-spouse interactions in chronic pain in detail. Ninety-five patient-spouse dyads completed questionnaires relating to mood, marital satisfaction and communication, and 80 couples also took part in semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Results showed that spouses of chronic pain patients reported engaging in a far wider repertoire of responses to pain behaviours than has been recognised to date. New response categories of 'hostile-solicitous' and 'observe only' were identified. Patients generally interpreted solicitous responses less favourably than spouse responses which encouraged task persist…
matched on Affect (mesh), Adaptation, Psychological (mesh)
Self-conscious emotions and depression: rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive.
Feelings of shame and guilt are factors associated with depression. However, studies simultaneously investigating shame and guilt suggest that only shame has a strong unique effect, although it is not yet clear which psychological processes cause shame and not shame-free guilt to be related to depression. The authors hypothesized that shame, in contrast to guilt, elicits rumination, which then leads to depression. Therefore, in this study we investigated event-related shame and guilt, event-related rumination, and depression among 149 mothers and fathers following family breakup due to marital separation. Data were analyzed using latent variable modeling. The results confirm that shame but not guilt has a strong unique effect on depression. Moreover, the results show that the effect of shame is substantially mediated by rumination. The results are discussed against the background of self…
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Martel MM, Nigg JT (2006)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines187 citations Child ADHD and personality/temperament traits of reactive and effortful control, resiliency, and emotionality.
Background: Models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest developmental influences may feed into components of the disorder separately from associated disruptive behavior problems. We investigated this in terms of key personality/temperament traits of Reactive and Effortful Control, Resiliency, and Emotionality.
Methods: A sample of 179 children (age 6-12, 63% boys), of whom 92 had ADHD, 52 were Controls, and 35 were borderline or not otherwise specified cases of ADHD, were examined. Dispositional trait scores were derived from parent-completed California Q-sort and the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. Child ADHD symptoms were evaluated using maternal structured diagnostic interview and teacher-completed symptom ratings.
Results: Traits were differentially associated with symptoms. Reactive Control was related to hyperactivity-impulsivity as rated by both p…
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Post-traumatic growth in acquired brain injury: a preliminary small scale study.
Primary objective: To examine the nature, degree and time course of positive psychological change in people with severe acquired brain injury.
Research design: This preliminary exploratory study employed a cross-sectional design, comparing two matched samples, one early post-brain injury (M = 7 months) and one late post-brain injury (M = 10 years).
Methods and procedures: The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Sense of Coherence Scale-13 (SOC-13) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were administered.
Main outcomes and results: The samples differed significantly with respect to reported post-traumatic growth, with the late sample reporting higher levels. HADS anxiety was significantly associated with post-traumatic growth. Both samples achieved high scores on the SOC-13.
Conclusions: The participants showed evidence of substantial positive psychological change, demonstrat…
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Dietrich A (2006)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsychiatry research168 citations Transient hypofrontality as a mechanism for the psychological effects of exercise.
Although exercise is known to promote mental health, a satisfactory understanding of the mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not yet been achieved. A new mechanism is proposed that is based on established concepts in cognitive psychology and the neurosciences as well as recent empirical work on the functional neuroanatomy of higher mental processes. Building on the fundamental principle that processing in the brain is competitive and the fact that the brain has finite metabolic resources, the transient hypofrontality hypothesis suggests that during exercise the extensive neural activation required to run motor patterns, assimilate sensory inputs, and coordinate autonomic regulation results in a concomitant transient decrease of neural activity in brain structures, such as the prefrontal cortex, that are not pertinent to performing the exercise. An exercise-induced state of frontal h…
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Caregivers' role in breaking bad news: patients, doctors, and nurses' points of view.
The aim of the research was to identify the caregivers' response patterns when breaking bad news at the first time of cancer diagnosis and their affect on the patient. These issues were examined from 3 points of view: patients, doctors, and nurses. A total of 152 Israelis subjects participated in the research: 51 patients with cancer, 51 nurses, and 50 doctors. They filled out a questionnaire developed for the research that included 35 items. Support patterns identified as effective were as follows: allowing for the expression of emotions, empathetic silence, support through touch, and the use of participatory, commendation, and encouragement statements. The research findings indicate the crucial need in the involvement of a family member and a nurse in the process and in supplying written information for the receiver of the news. Significant differences (P < .05) between patients and ca…
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Stress and well-being among parents of children with rare diseases: a prospective intervention study.
Aim: This paper reports a study to assess stress, well-being and supportive resources experienced by mothers and fathers of children with rare disabilities, and how these variables were affected by an intensive family competence intervention.
Background: Despite diagnosis-specific studies, little overall knowledge exists about life-consequences for families of children with rare disorders.
Method: We used a prospective design with baseline data and two follow-ups (at 6 and 12 months) after an intervention. The intervention aimed at empowering parents in managing their child's disability. Parents from all parts of Sweden visiting a national centre for families of children with rare disabilities were consecutively selected (n = 136 mothers, 108 fathers). Instruments of parental stress, social support, self-rated health, optimism and life satisfaction and perceived physical or psychological…
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Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life.
In 3 studies, the authors investigated the functional role of psychological resilience and positive emotions in the stress process. Studies 1a and 1b explored naturally occurring daily stressors. Study 2 examined data from a sample of recently bereaved widows. Across studies, multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses revealed that the occurrence of daily positive emotions serves to moderate stress reactivity and mediate stress recovery. Findings also indicated that differences in psychological resilience accounted for meaningful variation in daily emotional responses to stress. Higher levels of trait resilience predicted a weaker association between positive and negative emotions, particularly on days characterized by heightened stress. Finally, findings indicated that over time, the experience of positive emotions functions to assist high-resilient individuals in their ability to …
matched on Affect (mesh), Adaptation, Psychological (mesh)
Coping with breast cancer in newly diagnosed Iranian women.
Aim: This paper reports a study exploring how Iranian women coped with newly diagnosed breast cancer and provides a foundation for cultural-based care.
Background: Although research has indicated that coping strategies are associated with adaptation to breast cancer, and despite the number of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer increasing each year, there is no information on how Iranian women cope with breast cancer when compared with women of other cultures.
Method: In this qualitative study, 19 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer were interviewed during the period May-September 2004 about coping with their disease. Interviews were analysed using a content analysis method.
Findings: The main themes emerging from this qualitative study included coping using a religious approach (acceptance of disease as God's will; spiritual fighting), thinking about the disease (positive thin…
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Impact of childhood epilepsy on maternal sleep and socioemotional functioning.
Examinations of parental adjustment to their children's chronic illness and parental sleep effects on their daily functioning have been conducted independently over the past 2 decades. As a result, very little is known about the association between parental sleep patterns and parental adjustment to their children's illnesses. The goal of this study was multifaceted. Little is known about the sleep patterns of parents within a stressful situation such as having a child who experiences chronic health problems; therefore, more descriptives of parents' sleep patterns needed to be identified. The second facet of this study was to examine the relationship between parental sleep problems and other measures of parental adjustment to their children's chronic illness. Findings from 50 parents of children (5 years old and younger) who had been diagnosed with epilepsy revealed that parents spent an …
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Barnett M (2005)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of clinical nursing125 citations Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a phenomenological study of patients' experiences.
Aim: The purpose of this study is to explore the experience of living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by investigating the subjective phenomenon as described by the patient.
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is now recognized as one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases in the United Kingdom, with a high prevalence of morbidity and mortality. As the disease progresses, symptoms increase which gradually influence all aspects of the lives of those affected by it.
Method: A phenomenological approach was identified as the most appropriate method to gain an understanding of living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The data were obtained from 10 participants using unstructured interviews to capture detailed experiences verbatim. Analysis, based on the framework of Diekelmann et al. (The NLN Criteria for Appraisal of Baccalaureate Programs: A Criti…
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