Being without connection, felt and structural.
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251 to 275 of 969Loneliness across the life span.
Most people have experienced loneliness and have been able to overcome it to reconnect with other people. In the current review, we provide a life-span perspective on one component of the evolutionary theory of loneliness-a component we refer to as the reaffiliation motive (RAM). The RAM represents the motivation to reconnect with others that is triggered by perceived social isolation. Loneliness is often a transient experience because the RAM leads to reconnection, but sometimes this motivation can fail, leading to prolonged loneliness. We review evidence of how aspects of the RAM change across development and how these aspects can fail for different reasons across the life span. We conclude with a discussion of age-appropriate interventions that may help to alleviate prolonged loneliness.
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The effect of psychological stress and social isolation on neuroimmunoendocrine communication.
The adaptive response to physical or psychological challenges or threats involves the modulation of the three regulatory systems: the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Correct communication between these systems is required to maintain a homeostatic balance, and to guarantee the health and survival of the individual. While the stress response is essential for survival, failure to cope with a stress can impair the function of these regulatory systems and prevent effective communication between them. Under such circumstances, the loss of homeostasis ultimately leads to the development of pathologies that can compromise survival. Social species live in groups, the maintenance of which ensures the survival of the individual by providing protection from environmental threats. However, the disruption of social bonds in such species constitutes a potent emotional stress. Thus, social isola…
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Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT (2010)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAnnals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine2,265 citations Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms.
As a social species, humans rely on a safe, secure social surround to survive and thrive. Perceptions of social isolation, or loneliness, increase vigilance for threat and heighten feelings of vulnerability while also raising the desire to reconnect. Implicit hypervigilance for social threat alters psychological processes that influence physiological functioning, diminish sleep quality, and increase morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this paper is to review the features and consequences of loneliness within a comprehensive theoretical framework that informs interventions to reduce loneliness. We review physical and mental health consequences of loneliness, mechanisms for its effects, and effectiveness of extant interventions. Features of a loneliness regulatory loop are employed to explain cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences of loneliness and to discuss interventio…
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The VLPFC versus the DLPFC in Downregulating Social Pain Using Reappraisal and Distraction Strategies.
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) are both crucial structures involved in voluntary emotional regulation. However, it remains unclear whether the functions of these two cortical regions that are involved in emotional regulation, which are usually active in non-social situations, could be generalized to the regulation of social pain as well. This study employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the causal relationship between the DLPFC/VLPFC and the emotional regulation of social pain via distraction and reappraisal. Ninety human participants (45 males and 45 females) initially underwent either active (DLPFC/VLPFC, n = 30/30) or sham (vertex, n = 30) TMS sessions. Participants were then instructed to use both distraction and reappraisal strategies to downregulate any negative emotions evoked by social exclusion pictures. Convergent r…
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Garstang J, Debelle G, Anand I, Armstrong J, Botcher E, Chaplin H, Hallett N, Morgans C, Price M, Tan EEH, Tudor E, Taylor J (2020)cohort or longitudinalMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMJ open42 citations Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on child protection medical assessments: a retrospective observational study in Birmingham, UK.
Objectives: To determine any change in referral patterns and outcomes in children (0-18) referred for child protection medical examination (CPME) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with previous years.
Design: Retrospective observational study, analysing routinely collected clinical data from CPME reports in a rapid response to the pandemic lockdown.
Setting: Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, which provides all routine CPME for Birmingham, England, population 1.1 million including 288 000 children.
Participants: Children aged under 18 years attending CPME during an 18-week period from late February to late June during the years 2018-2020.
Main outcome measures: Numbers of referrals, source of disclosure and outcomes from CPME.
Results: There were 78 CPME referrals in 2018, 75 in 2019 and 47 in 2020, this was a 39.7% (95% CI 12.4% to 59.0%) reduction in referrals from 2018 to …
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Yeterian JD, Berke DS, Carney JR, McIntyre-Smith A, St Cyr K, King L, Kline NK, Phelps A, Litz BT, Members of the Moral Injury Outcomes Project Consortium (2019)cohort or longitudinalMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of traumatic stress59 citations Defining and Measuring Moral Injury: Rationale, Design, and Preliminary Findings From the Moral Injury Outcome Scale Consortium.
In the current paper, we first describe the rationale for and methodology employed by an international research consortium, the Moral Injury Outcome Scale (MIOS) Consortium, the aim of which is to develop and validate a content-valid measure of moral injury as a multidimensional outcome. The MIOS Consortium comprises researchers and clinicians who work with active duty military service members and veterans in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia, and Canada. We describe the multiphase psychometric development process being conducted by the Consortium, which will gather phenomenological data from service members, veterans, and clinicians to operationalize subdomains of impact and to generate content for a new measure of moral injury. Second, to illustrate the methodology being employed by the Consortium in the first phase of measure development, we present a s…
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Development and Evaluation of the Perpetration-Induced Distress Scale for Measuring Shame and Guilt in Civilian Populations.
Although the topic of moral injury (MI) has been garnering increasing attention in recent years within military populations, research has rarely applied the concept to civilian contexts. Extant literature on distinct acts of perpetration or transgressions suggests similar emotional, cognitive, and behavioral patterns of distress associated with appraisals of wrongdoing. However, the absence of a psychometrically sound measure to detect and quantify pathological levels of distress associated with perpetrating harm against others has hindered additional research from being conducted on the topic. The current research presents the Perpetration-Induced Distress Scale (PIDS) as a valid and reliable measurement of distress associated with MI within civilian contexts. Factor analytic techniques revealed a two-factor solution characterized by perpetration-induced distress related to maladaptive …
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Li Q, Loke AY (2013)cohort or longitudinalMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usEuropean journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society65 citations A spectrum of hidden morbidities among spousal caregivers for patients with cancer, and differences between the genders: a review of the literature.
Objective: To explore the spectrum of hidden morbidities and gender differences in the spousal caregiving experience with regard to cancer patients across the cancer trajectory, and to discuss directions for future research and the implications for interventions to improve the caregiving experience.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted to identity articles published in English or Chinese from January 2000 to July 2012. Studies were located using an electronic search, a manual search, and an author search.
Results: A total of 19 articles were identified and included in this review. This review of the literature revealed that female spousal caregivers, in general, experienced more mental morbidity (higher levels of distress, depression, and anxiety, lower levels of mental health), physical morbidity (lower physical health scores, poorer physical functioning, and loss of physical stre…
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Rural disparity in domestic violence prevalence and access to resources.
Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a significant health issue in the United States and worldwide. The majority of studies on IPV have been conducted in urban populations. The objectives of this study are to determine if prevalence, frequency, and severity of IPV differ by rurality and to identify variance in geographic access to IPV resources.
Methods: A cross-sectional clinic-based survey of 1478 women was conducted to measure the 1-year prevalence of physical, sexual, and psychologic IPV. IPV intervention programs in the state were inventoried and mapped, and the distance to the closest program was estimated for each participant based on an innovative algorithm developed for use when only ZIP code location is available.
Results: Women in small rural and isolated areas reported the highest prevalence of IPV (22.5% and 17.9%, respectively) compared to 15.5% for u…
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Prevalence and related influencing factors of depressive symptoms for empty-nest elderly living in the rural area of YongZhou, China.
The number of empty-nest elderly is on the rise, especially in rural areas of China. The empty-nest elderly were concerned from social and demographic perspective, but researches on mental health issues of the aged were still rare in China. To clarify the prevalence of depression among empty-nest elderly in a rural area of YongZhou, Hunan and evaluate the impact of social support, coping style and socio-demographic factors on depression of the empty-nest elderly, with the goal of decreasing the rate of depression in empty-nest elderly, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 415 elderly persons. The determined prevalence of depressive symptoms was 74.46%. The empty-nest group, in comparison with the non-empty nest group, had higher levels of depression. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed associations between depressive symptoms and negative coping style, support utilization, …
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Discussing matters of sexual health with children: what issues relating to disclosure of parental HIV status reveal.
Little is published about the disclosure of parents' own HIV status to their children in Africa. Research shows that keeping family secrets from children, including those related to a parent's HIV status, can be detrimental to their psychological well-being and to the structure of the family. Further, children with HIV-positive parents have been shown to be more vulnerable to poorer reproductive health outcomes. This qualitative study in Botswana conducted in-depth interviews among 21 HIV-positive parents on antiretroviral therapy. The data revealed that parents found discussing the issue of HIV with children difficult, including disclosing their own HIV status to them. Reasons for disclosing included: children being HIV positive, the rest of the family knowing, or the parent becoming very sick. Reasons for not disclosing included: believing the child to be too young, not knowing how to …
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Resistance among domestic violence offenders: measurement development and initial validation.
Batterers' resistance to traditional intervention programs has been well documented. Within a Transtheoretical Model of Change (stage of change) framework, a measure of processes of resistance was developed and administered to 346 adult male domestic violence offenders in treatment. The study yielded a 38-item measure that assesses eight dimensions of resistance: (a) System Blaming, (b) Problems with Partner, (c) Problems with Alliance, (d) Social Justification, (e) Hopelessness, (f) Isolation, (g) Psychological Reactance, and (h) Passive Reactance. The relationship between resistance and stage of change, time in treatment, and partner aggression are reported. Results suggest that we look beyond the most common forms of resistance (e.g., denial and victim-blaming) to identify and address other forms of resistance that may be more internally based and difficult to detect. The processes of…
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The effect of perceived and actual social support on the mental health of HIV-positive persons.
The purpose of this paper is to compare the ways in which perceived and actual social support affect the mental health of gay men, straight or bisexual men, and women living with HIV/AIDS. Participants included 125 women and 232 men with an HIV-positive or AIDS diagnosis involved in three larger investigations of HIV, disclosure and mental health. Results suggest each sub-group experienced perceived social support as significantly predictive of better mental health while the effect of actual social support was minimal.
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Wickramaratne PJ, Yangchen T, Lepow L, Patra BG, Glicksburg B, Talati A, Adekkanattu P, Ryu E, Biernacka JM, Charney A, Mann JJ, Pathak J, Olfson M, Weissman MM (2022)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPloS one200 citations Social connectedness as a determinant of mental health: A scoping review.
Public health and epidemiologic research have established that social connectedness promotes overall health. Yet there have been no recent reviews of findings from research examining social connectedness as a determinant of mental health. The goal of this review was to evaluate recent longitudinal research probing the effects of social connectedness on depression and anxiety symptoms and diagnoses in the general population. A scoping review was performed of PubMed and PsychInfo databases from January 2015 to December 2021 following PRISMA-ScR guidelines using a defined search strategy. The search yielded 66 unique studies. In research with other than pregnant women, 83% (19 of 23) studies reported that social support benefited symptoms of depression with the remaining 17% (5 of 23) reporting minimal or no evidence that lower levels of social support predict depression at follow-up. In re…
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Nowland R, Necka EA, Cacioppo JT (2018)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPerspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science221 citations Loneliness and Social Internet Use: Pathways to Reconnection in a Digital World?
With the rise of online social networking, social relationships are increasingly developed and maintained in a digital domain. Drawing conclusions about the impact of the digital world on loneliness is difficult because there are contradictory findings, and cross-sectional studies dominate the literature, making causation difficult to establish. In this review, we present our theoretical model and propose that there is a bidirectional and dynamic relationship between loneliness and social Internet use. When the Internet is used as a way station on the route to enhancing existing relationships and forging new social connections, it is a useful tool for reducing loneliness. But when social technologies are used to escape the social world and withdraw from the "social pain" of interaction, feelings of loneliness are increased. We propose that loneliness is also a determinant of how people i…
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Social Isolation and Loneliness Elevating Osteoporosis and Fracture Morbidity, Mediated by Frailty and Systemic Inflammation.
Objective: Osteoporosis (OP) and fractures impose an increasingly heavy burden on aging populations. The social isolation and loneliness commonly experienced by older adults may influence skeletal health through multiple pathways. Therefore, we aim to examine the associations of social isolation and loneliness with the risk of OP and fractures.
Methods: We included 432,635 participants from the UK Biobank cohort, with 14,810 OP and 21,758 fracture incident cases during a 14.8-year (median) follow-up. Associations between social isolation and loneliness with incident OP and fracture risks were analyzed by using Cox regression models. With polygenetic risk scores constructed by genome-wide significant genetic variants, we analyzed joint and interaction effects of social isolation and loneliness and genetic predisposed OP and fracture risk. Mediation effects of frailty and systemic inflamma…
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Social isolation, loneliness and the relationship with serum biomarkers, functional parameters and mortality in older adults.
Background: Pathways between social isolation (SI), loneliness and health are unclear.
Aims: To analyze the relationship between SI and loneliness with biomarkers of inflammation, cardiac and immune function, functional parameters, and mortality.
Methods: SI (Lubben Social Network Scale) from family, friends, and overall as well as loneliness (single direct question) were assessed at baseline in a population-based cohort study of 1459 community-dwelling adults aged 65 + in Germany. Serum biomarkers and functional parameters measured at baseline and at three-year follow-up included high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-cTnI), high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT), gait speed, and hand grip strength. We used linear and Cox regression analyses adjusted for…
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Plasma proteomic signatures of social isolation and loneliness associated with morbidity and mortality.
The biology underlying the connection between social relationships and health is largely unknown. Here, leveraging data from 42,062 participants across 2,920 plasma proteins in the UK Biobank, we characterized the proteomic signatures of social isolation and loneliness through proteome-wide association study and protein co-expression network analysis. Proteins linked to these constructs were implicated in inflammation, antiviral responses and complement systems. More than half of these proteins were prospectively linked to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke and mortality during a 14 year follow-up. Moreover, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis suggested causal relationships from loneliness to five proteins, with two proteins (ADM and ASGR1) further supported by colocalization. These MR-identified proteins (GFRA1, ADM, FABP4, TNFRSF10A and ASGR1) exhibited broad association…
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Blanco JR, Albendin-Iglesias H, Negredo-Puigmal E, Barrios-Blandino AM, Tomás-Jimenez C, Sanjoaquin-Conde I, Saumoy M, Pérez-Esquerdo V, Gonzalez-Cuello I, López-Lirola AM, Galindo MJ, Cabello-Clotet N, Otero JA, Merino-Muñoz D, Cano-Smith J, Muelas-Fernandez M, De La Torre J, González-Baeza A, Romero L, Ocampo A, Torres R, Hidalgo C, Esteban H, Fernandes-López MA, Puig J, Fraile LG, Morell EB, Perez-Martinez L, Montero MM, Jarrin I, Olalla J, GESIDA 12021 STUDY GROUP (2025)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPloS one1 citations Lack of association between loneliness, social isolation and inflammation in people living with HIV aged ≥50 years: Results from the sub-study "No One Alone-Gesida Study".
Introduction: Inflammation is linked to multiple health conditions. Emerging evidence suggest it may play a role in the association between social isolation - loneliness and health outcomes. People living with HIV (PLWH) exhibit chronic inflammation even with viral suppression, likely due to ongoing immune activation. However, few studies have explored inflammatory biomarker in PLWH experiencing loneliness or social isolation. This study aimed to assess this association in PLWH aged 50 or older.
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Kim J, Hwang S (2024)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences21 citations Separating the Effects of Transitions Into and Out of Social Isolation and Loneliness on Cognitive Function in Later Life.
Objectives: This study investigates the effects of social isolation and loneliness on cognitive function, distinguishing between the effects of transitioning into and out of these states.
Methods: This study analyzed data from 6,663 adults aged 65 or older collected over the course of 7 waves (12 years) of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging from 2006 to 2018. A novel asymmetric fixed effects model was utilized to separately estimate the effects of transitions into and out of social isolation or loneliness.
Results: The association of transitions into social isolation due to a lack of informal social contact or loneliness with cognitive function (b = -1.387, p < .001 and b = -0.601, p < .001, respectively) was stronger than the association of transitions out of these states (b = 0.345, p < .05 and b = 0.353, p < .001, respectively). The magnitude of the negative and positive coefficie…
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Social isolation and depression as risk factors for weight loss of 5kg or more among older Korean adults.
Given a well-known overlapping prevalence of social isolation with loneliness and depression among older adults, this study aimed to contextually investigate the relationship of these constructs with weight loss of more than 5kg in a year, with a special focus on the intersection of living alone and marital dissolution as key dimensions of isolation. The data were obtained from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) from 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018, with an adult sample of those aged 65 and older (n = 5,481). The study evaluated several critical dimensions of social isolation: living alone, transition to living alone, infrequent social contact with children or friends, and infrequent social participation. These dimensions were examined individually and as a composite scale, along with loneliness and depressive symptoms, to determine their association with weight …
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The reciprocal associations between social deficits, social engagement, and inflammation: Longitudinal evidence comparing venous blood samples and dried blood spots and mapping the modifying role of phenotypic and genotypic depression.
Background: Social psychoneuroimmunology suggests an interplay between social deficits (loneliness and isolation) and chronic inflammation, but the direction of these relationships remains unclear. We estimated the reciprocal associations of social deficits and social engagement with levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), compared the consistency of the findings depending on the biological sampling method used, and examined the modifying role of phenotypic and genotypic depression.
Methods: We used longitudinal nationally representative data from the US (Health and Retirement Study, 3 waves, 2006-16) and England (English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, 4 waves, 2004-18). Loneliness, social isolation, and social engagement were self-reported. CRP was measured using dried blood spots (US) and venous blood samples (England). Cross-lagged panel models were fitted and tested interactions with phen…
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Improvement of Social Isolation and Loneliness and Excess Mortality Risk in People With Obesity.
Importance: Individuals with obesity experience markedly higher levels of social isolation and loneliness than those without obesity, but little is known about whether improvement of social isolation or loneliness might attenuate obesity-related excess risk of mortality.
Objective: To investigate whether improvement of social isolation or loneliness is associated with lower obesity-related excess risk of mortality.
Design, setting, and participants: This cohort study included individuals without cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline from the UK Biobank with follow-up beginning in March 2006 and ending in November 2021.
Main outcomes and measures: All-cause, cancer-related, and CVD-related mortality were estimated.
Results: A total of 398 972 participants were included in this study (mean [SD] age, 55.85 [8.08] years; 220 469 [55.26%] women; 13 734 [3.44%] Asian, 14 179 [3.55…
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Matthews T, Rasmussen LJH, Ambler A, Danese A, Eugen-Olsen J, Fancourt D, Fisher HL, Iversen KK, Schultz M, Sugden K, Williams B, Caspi A, Moffitt TE (2024)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBrain, behavior, and immunity75 citations Social isolation, loneliness, and inflammation: A multi-cohort investigation in early and mid-adulthood.
Social isolation and loneliness have been associated with poor health and increased risk for mortality, and inflammation might explain this link. We used data from the Danish TRIAGE Study of acutely admitted medical patients (N = 6,144, mean age 60 years), and from two population-representative birth cohorts: the New Zealand Dunedin Longitudinal Study (N = 881, age 45) and the UK Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study (N = 1448, age 18), to investigate associations of social isolation with three markers of systemic inflammation: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and a newer inflammation marker, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), which is thought to index systemic chronic inflammation. In the TRIAGE Study, socially isolated patients (those living alone) had significantly higher median levels of suPAR (but not CRP or IL-6) compared with pat…
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Psycho-social dimensions of cardiovascular risk: exploring the impact of social isolation and loneliness in middle-aged and older adults.
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major health concern for middle-aged and older adults, with lifestyle and metabolic risk factors well-studied. However, the role of psychosocial factors in CVD remains underexplored.
Objective: This study aims to delve into the connection between psychosocial factors and the occurrence of CVD.
Methods: We utilized data from the UK Biobank, a large-scale study covering adults aged 38 to 73 recruited from various centers across the UK between 2006 and 2010. We employed Cox proportional hazards models to analyze the relationship between social isolation, loneliness, and incident CVD. CVD diagnoses were confirmed through hospital records and death-register data. Additionally, we conducted mediation analyses to assess the impact of low-grade inflammation.
Results: The study encompassed 427,942 participants free from CVD, 55.8% of whom are women. H…
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