The chronic load carried by minority status, including anti-Muslim prejudice.
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276 to 300 of 599Braun-Lewensohn O, Mayer CH (2020)editorial or commentMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of environmental research and public health25 citations Salutogenesis and Coping: Ways to Overcome Stress and Conflict.
This Special Issue aims to explore the concepts of stress, coping resources, and coping strategies, which are rooted in several theories, such as the stress and coping theory and the salutogenesis theory, and to understand how their core constructs are manifested in various ethnic and cultural groups around the world. This Special Issue includes 13 articles on salutogenesis and coping from different disciplinary, socio-cultural, historical, political, and economic perspectives. These articles address salutogenesis on the individual, organizational, and societal levels. The empirical studies are based in different societal and national contexts and refer to different ethnic groups within those contexts. Other studies examine international leaders in industry from a global perspective and present a systemic review of the literature concerning individuals in specific professions, such as nu…
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Eiroa-Orosa FJ (2020)editorial or commentMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational journal of environmental research and public health43 citations Understanding Psychosocial Wellbeing in the Context of Complex and Multidimensional Problems.
This Special Issue deals with the topic of how people and social groups face problems in an increasingly complex and globalized society. The topics included in the call for papers were the interaction of psychosocial well-being and mental health with economic, gender, racial and ethnic inequalities, migration and demographic change and conflict and war, as well as the effects of stigma on people discriminated against because of their differential characteristics, whether they are of a sexual, disability or other minority. We made this proposal because we believed that, despite the introduction of the biopsychosocial model in the late 1970s as a paradigm of the integration of different disciplinary views, research in mental health and psychosocial well-being is still highly fragmented. For decades, we have tried to advance by emphasizing a part of the equation, with results that are at le…
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Minority Stressors, Rumination, and Psychological Distress in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals.
This study tested the mechanisms by which social stigma contributes to psychological distress in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. A large community sample (N = 4248, M age = 29.9 years, 42.9% female, 57.1% male, 35.7% bisexual, 64.3% lesbian/gay, 9.9% non-white) was recruited using targeted and general advertisements for an online cross-sectional survey. Participants completed measures of childhood gender nonconformity, prejudice events, victimization, microaggressions, sexual orientation concealment, sexual orientation disclosure, expectations of rejection, self-stigma, rumination, and distress. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships between these variables in a model based upon minority stress theory and the integrative mediation framework with childhood gender nonconformity as the initial independent variable and distress (depression, anxiety, and well-…
matched on minority stress (text), Bisexuality (mesh), Prejudice (keyword)
Disentangling effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter protests on implicit anti-Black bias.
Terror Management Theory (TMT) holds that mortal threats bolster people's desire to support their worldviews, which may contribute to increased outgroup bias. In 2020, two events likely increased mortality salience and death anxiety: COVID-19 and the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests that followed George Floyd's murder. We used Project Implicit data to investigate their impact on implicit anti-Black bias, controlling for demographic variables. Study 1 (N = 82,639) found a decrease in anti-Black bias from April 1-May 20, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, indicating that increased mortality salience amid the pandemic failed to increase anti-Black bias. Study 2 (N = 96,957) examined anti-Black bias and death anxiety across two seven-week periods prior to (April 1-May 20, 2020) and during the BLM protests (May 27-July 15, 2020). Death anxiety increased during the protests, while anti…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Racism, Identity-Based Discrimination, and Intersectionality in Adolescence.
Adolescence is a critical developmental stage for young people as they transition into adulthood. Several important developmental tasks that must be completed during this transition include exploring one's identity, developing and applying abstract thinking, adjusting to a new physical sense of self, and fostering stable and productive peer relationships while striving for autonomy and independence from parents. Young people begin to adopt a personal value system and form their racial and ethnic, social, sexual, and moral identity within a society that may provide conflicting and nonaffirming messages. Adolescent development strives toward an affirmed sense of self and self-esteem, which is best accomplished within a nurturing psychosocial context that fosters positive youth development. Youth-focused interventions should intentionally promote affirmation of ancestry and cultural identit…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Māori Medical Student and Physician Exposure to Racism, Discrimination, Harassment, and Bullying.
Importance: Discrimination, bullying, and harassment in medicine have been reported internationally, but exposures for Indigenous medical students and physicians, and for racism specifically, remain less examined.
Objective: To examine the prevalence of racism, discrimination, bullying, and harassment for Māori medical students and physicians in New Zealand and associations with demographic and clinical characteristics.
Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study used data from an anonymous national survey of Māori medical students and physicians in New Zealand in late 2021 and early 2022. Data were analyzed from March 2022 to April 2024.
Exposures: Age, gender, marginalized status (ie, in addition to being Māori, belonging to other groups traditionally marginalized or underrepresented in medicine), year of medical school, year of graduation, and main work role.
Main ou…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Chiang AY, Schwartz G, Hamad R (2024)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine5 citations School Segregation and Health Across Racial Groups: A Life Course Study.
Purpose: Contemporary school racial segregation is a manifestation of structural racism shown to harm Black children's health. Yet, evidence on its long-term impacts throughout life, as well as effects among children of other racial backgrounds, is sparse.
Methods: Data on Black and White children were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Using multilevel models, we estimated associations between district-level school segregation and measures of short-term and long-term health, including self-reported outcomes and biomarkers. Models were run separately for Black and White children, adjusting for individual- and district-level covariates. We further carried out subgroup analyses by school racial composition (i.e., majority White vs. majority non-White schools).
Results: School segregation was associated with worsened short- and long-term risk factors o…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Associations between social factors and school belonging among newcomer and non-newcomer youth in Sweden.
Feeling a sense of belonging at school is associated with important positive outcomes for youth and requires youth to engage in positive social relationships. Yet there is a limited understanding of the social factors most associated with youths' school belonging and limited evidence about whether correlates of school belonging vary for marginalized groups like newcomers compared to majority groups. Sweden provides an important context for investigation of these issues because, over the past two decades, the country has experienced an influx of asylum seekers and educational reforms that have altered the composition and functioning of Swedish secondary schools. This study addresses these gaps by (1) investigating which of eight social factors are associated with school belonging among diverse Swedish youth, and (2) examining whether newcomer status moderates the relationship between soci…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Racialized Health Inequities: Quantifying Socioeconomic and Stress Pathways Using Moderated Mediation.
Racism drives population health inequities by shaping the unequal distribution of key social determinants of health, such as socioeconomic resources and exposure to stressors. Research on interrelationships among race, socioeconomic resources, stressors, and health has proceeded along two lines that have largely remained separate: one examining differential effects of socioeconomic resources and stressors on health across racialized groups (moderation processes), and the other examining the role of socioeconomic resources and stressors in contributing to racial inequities in health (mediation processes). We conceptually and analytically integrate these areas using race theory and a novel moderated mediation approach to path analysis to formally quantify the extent to which an array of socioeconomic resources and stressors-collectively and individually-mediate racialized health inequities…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Examination of perceived religion in Muslim women's access to counseling and psychotherapy services: An audit study.
Across the United States and Canada, the marginalization of Muslims has contributed to many Muslim women having mental health difficulties, making it essential that services are available and accessible. An email correspondence audit design research study was used to investigate whether mental health practitioners demonstrate implicit bias in the form of aversive prejudice against Muslim women during a request for counseling/psychotherapy services. A total of 450 counselors or psychologists participated. Practitioners received an email from either a Muslim or non-Muslim woman, signified by name and a religious quotation, requesting an appointment. Based on the Aversive Racism Framework, it was hypothesized that practitioners would (a) respond more frequently to the Muslim woman and (b) respond faster to the Muslim woman but (c) offer services to the Muslim woman at a lesser or similar fr…
matched on Racism (mesh)
"Arab, brown, and other": Voices of Muslim Arab American women on identity, discrimination, and well-being.
Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to explore Muslim Arab American women's intersecting identities, the types of discrimination they experience, and the psychosocial effects of those experiences on identity and well-being.
Method: Thirteen Muslim Arab American women were interviewed utilizing the consensual qualitative research (CQR) approach.
Results: Final domains that emerged from the data included conceptualization of racial, ethnic, and religious identity; experiences and effect of microaggressions; and coping strategies.
Conclusions: The results document discrimination at the intersection of their multiple identities, a perceived shift in stereotypes from weak and oppressed to anti-American and violent, and within-group discrimination in the form of colorism and judgment. Reported psychological effects of discrimination include internalization of stereotypes, burden t…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Racial Disparities in School Belonging and Prospective Associations With Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome.
Importance: School belonging has important implications for academic, psychological, and health outcomes, but the associations between racial disparities in school belonging and health have not been explored to date.
Objective: To examine associations between school-level racial disparities in belonging and cardiometabolic health into adulthood in a national sample of Black and White children, adolescents, and young adults.
Design, setting, and participants: Prospective cohort study of a US national sample of 4830 Black and White students (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health) followed up for 13 years. The study was conducted from 1994 to 1995 for wave 1 and in 2008 for wave 4. Data were analyzed from June 14 to August 13, 2021.
Main outcomes and measures: School-level racial disparities in belonging at baseline were calculated as the mean level of school belonging for Black …
matched on Racism (mesh)
Nguyen TT, Criss S, Kim M, De La Cruz MM, Thai N, Merchant JS, Hswen Y, Allen AM, Gee GC, Nguyen QC (2023)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities43 citations Racism During Pregnancy and Birthing: Experiences from Asian and Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern Women.
Background: Despite persistent racial disparities in maternal health in the USA, there is limited qualitative research on women's experiences of discrimination during pregnancy and childbirth that focuses on similarities and differences across multiple racial groups.
Methods: Eleven focus groups with Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI), Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern women (N = 52) in the USA were conducted to discuss the extent to which racism and discrimination impact pregnancy and birthing experiences.
Results: Participants across groups talked about the role of unequal power dynamics, discrimination, and vulnerability in patient-provider relationships. Black participants noted the influence of prior mistreatment by providers in their healthcare decisions. Latinas expressed fears of differential care because of immigration status. Middle Eastern women stated that the Muslim …
matched on Racism (mesh)
More Than Identity: An Intersectional Approach to Understanding Mental-Emotional Well-Being of Emerging Adults by Centering Lived Experiences of Marginalization.
Understanding social determinants that shape pertinent developmental shifts during emerging adulthood (i.e., ages 18-25 years) and their associations with psychological health requires a nuanced approach. In our exploratory study, we investigated how multiple social identities and lived experiences generated by systems of marginalization and power (e.g., racism, classism, sexism) intersect in connection to the mental-emotional well-being of emerging adults (EAs). Eating and Activity Over Time (EAT, 2010-2018) data were collected from 1,568 EAs (mean age = 22.2 (standard deviation, 2.0) years) recruited initially in 2010 from Minneapolis/St. Paul schools. Conditional inference tree analyses were employed to treat "social location" and systems of marginalization and power as interdependent social factors influencing EAs' mental-emotional well-being outcomes: depressive symptoms, stress, se…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Leveraging Collective Impact to Address Structural Racism in Buncombe County, North Carolina.
Buncombe County, North Carolina, was recognized in 2014 as a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Culture of Health Prize Winner for its work fostering collaboration and partnership to address community health needs. As part of this work, Buncombe County Health and Human Services (HHS) convened a cross-sector Public Health Advisory Council that supported community-based initiatives and ensured that community members were involved in identifying and implementing solutions to issues such as poverty and child well-being. Leveraging existing relationships and past efforts, Buncombe County has continued to build collaborative networks for systems change using a collective impact framework. Bringing together partners across sectors, including the faith community, Black fraternities and sororities, community health workers, consulates, and others, Buncombe County HHS is supporting efforts to train an…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Aked H (2022)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBioethics1 citations 'Mad', bad or Muslim? The UK's Vulnerability Support Hubs and the nexus of mental health, counterterrorism and racism.
The UK government's 'Prevent' counter-extremism policy was placed on a statutory footing in 2015, requiring specified authorities including NHS providers by law to work to 'prevent people being drawn into terrorism', leading to calls for a boycott on ethical grounds. Since 2016, mental health professionals have been embedded within counterterrorism police units in 'Vulnerability Support Hubs', to assist in the management of individuals referred to Prevent perceived to have vulnerabilities related to mental health. Drawing on data obtained through Freedom of Information requests, this paper examines these hubs in the context of Prevent's racial politics. It examines the pseudo-scientific concept of radicalization through the lens of racialization theory and explores the whitewashing and colourblindness endemic to most research and practice at the nexus of counterterrorism and mental healt…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Shift and Persist in Mexican American Youth: A Longitudinal Test of Depressive Symptoms.
This paper tested whether shift-&-persist coping, or coping involving the combination of cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, and optimism (Chen & Miller, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2012, 7, 135), attenuates the risks presented by economic hardship and ethnic discrimination for change in depressive symptoms from 9th to 12th grade, in a sample of 674 Mexican American youth (Mage W1 = 10.86; 50% female; 72% US born) and whether this effect depends on ethnic pride. Structural equation modeling indicated that, when accounting for economic hardship, shift-&-persist was associated with fewer concurrent depression symptoms. Youth with lower ethnic pride who endorsed high levels of shift-&-persist were protected against the negative impacts of peer ethnic discrimination on depressive symptoms. Future research on ethnic discrimination should examine patterns of coping and identity that …
matched on Racism (mesh)
Examining school ethnic-racial socialization in the link between race-related stress and academic well-being among African American and Latinx adolescents.
Experiences with race-related stressors at school are linked to negative academic consequences, such as lowered belonging and engagement. One factor known to buffer racial stressors is ethnic-racial socialization (ERS). Although students receive ERS messages in school, less is known about how school ERS may reduce the negative consequences of school race-related stress (SRS) on youth's academic outcomes. To date no studies have examined the moderating effects of school ERS on SRS and whether the associations vary for African American and Latinx youth. Thus, the current study examined the direct effects of SRS and school ERS on youth's academic well-being, the moderating role of school ERS against SRS, and whether these associations varied for African American and Latinx youth. Multiple group regression analysis with 221 African American and 219 Latinx adolescents demonstrated that SRS wa…
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Chetty R, Jackson MO, Kuchler T, Stroebel J, Hendren N, Fluegge RB, Gong S, Gonzalez F, Grondin A, Jacob M, Johnston D, Koenen M, Laguna-Muggenburg E, Mudekereza F, Rutter T, Thor N, Townsend W, Zhang R, Bailey M, Barberá P, Bhole M, Wernerfelt N (2022)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNature108 citations Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility.
Social capital-the strength of an individual's social network and community-has been identified as a potential determinant of outcomes ranging from education to health1-8. However, efforts to understand what types of social capital matter for these outcomes have been hindered by a lack of social network data. Here, in the first of a pair of papers9, we use data on 21 billion friendships from Facebook to study social capital. We measure and analyse three types of social capital by ZIP (postal) code in the United States: (1) connectedness between different types of people, such as those with low versus high socioeconomic status (SES); (2) social cohesion, such as the extent of cliques in friendship networks; and (3) civic engagement, such as rates of volunteering. These measures vary substantially across areas, but are not highly correlated with each other. We demonstrate the importance of…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Structural Racism and Immigrant Health in the United States.
Immigration has been historically and contemporarily racialized in the United States. Although each immigrant group has unique histories, current patterns, and specific experiences, racialized immigrant groups such as Latino, Asian, and Arab immigrants all experience health inequities that are not solely due to nativity or years of residence but also influenced by conditional citizenship and subjective sense of belonging or othering. Critical race theory and intersectionality provide a critical lens to consider how structural racism might uniquely impact the health of racialized immigrants, and to understand and intervene on the interlocking systems that shape these shared experiences and health consequences. We build on and synthesize the work of prior scholars to advance how society codifies structural disadvantages for racialized immigrants into governmental and institutional policies…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Dawson MA (2021)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2 citations Black Nurses Collaborative Approach to Addressing COVID-19 in Black Communities.
As with other national disasters, epidemics, and pandemics, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted health disparities in Black communities in the USA. Healthcare providers, community activists, politicians, members of faith-based organizations, professional athletes, and Black families are asking crucial questions about why Black and Brown people are disproportionately infected by, and dying from, the COVID-19. Evidence in healthcare and social sciences literature demonstrates that historically, systemic racism and injustices play a large role in the health and well-being of Blacks living in the USA. For decades, the National Black Nurses Association has been on the forefront, engaging our people using a collaborative community-based practice model. The healthcare goal in the USA should center on health protection, promotion, and prevention, moving toward a …
matched on Racism (mesh)
Tracking COVID-19 Discourse on Twitter in North America: Infodemiology Study Using Topic Modeling and Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis.
Background: Social media is a rich source where we can learn about people's reactions to social issues. As COVID-19 has impacted people's lives, it is essential to capture how people react to public health interventions and understand their concerns.
Objective: We aim to investigate people's reactions and concerns about COVID-19 in North America, especially in Canada.
Methods: We analyzed COVID-19-related tweets using topic modeling and aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), and interpreted the results with public health experts. To generate insights on the effectiveness of specific public health interventions for COVID-19, we compared timelines of topics discussed with the timing of implementation of interventions, synergistically including information on people's sentiment about COVID-19-related aspects in our analysis. In addition, to further investigate anti-Asian racism, we compare…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Risk and resilience among Asian American youth: Ramifications of discrimination and low authenticity in self-presentations.
This study examines adjustment patterns among a group neglected in developmental science-Asian American students in high-achieving schools. National reports have declared such schools to connote risk for elevated problems among teens. Asian American students are commonly referred to as model minorities, but little is known about adjustment issues within academically competitive settings, specifically. Guided by past research on culturally salient issues, multiple U.S. high schools were examined to (a) determine areas of relative strength versus weakness in adjustment of Asian Americans compared with Whites, and (b) more importantly, to illuminate salient within-group processes related to Asian Americans' well-being. Risk modifiers examined were perceptions of ethnic discrimination, parent perfectionism, internalized achievement pressure, authenticity in self-presentation, and closeness t…
matched on Racism (mesh)
Pervasive Discrimination and Allostatic Load in African American and White Adults.
Objective: This study aimed to examine associations among race, the accumulation of multiple forms of discriminatory experiences (i.e., "pervasive discrimination"), and allostatic load (AL) in African Americans and whites in midlife.
Methods: Using data collected in 2004 to 2006 from 226 African American and 978 white adults (57% female; mean [SD] age = 54.7 [0.11] years) in the Midlife in the United States II Biomarker Project, a pervasive discrimination score was created by combining three discrimination scales, and an AL score was created based on 24 biomarkers representing seven physiological systems. Linear regression models were conducted to examine the association between pervasive discrimination and AL, adjusting for demographics and medical, behavioral, and personality covariates. A race by pervasive discrimination interaction was also examined to determine whether associations …
matched on Racism (mesh)
Racism as Experienced by Physicians of Color in the Health Care Setting.
Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of racism experienced by physicians of color in the workplace.
Methods: We utilized a mixed-methods, cross-sectional, survey design. Seventy-one participants provided qualitative responses describing instances of racism from patients, colleagues, and their institutions. These responses were then coded in order to identify key domains and categories. Participants also completed quantitative measures of their professional quality of life and the incidence of microaggressions experienced while at work.
Results: We found that physicians of color were routinely exposed to instances of racism and discrimination while at work. Twenty-three percent of participants reported that a patient had directly refused their care specifically due to their race. Microaggressions experienced at work and symptoms of secondary traum…
matched on Racism (mesh)