The chronic load carried by minority status, including anti-Muslim prejudice.
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351 to 375 of 599Self-stigma, empowerment, and perceived legitimacy of discrimination among women with mental illness.
Objective: The study sought to better understand why some people with mental illness self-stigmatize and develop low self-esteem while others remain indifferent to stigma or respond with a sense of empowerment. The authors hypothesized that a high level of perceived discrimination, little sense of identification with the group of people with mental illness, and a high level of perceived legitimacy of discrimination lead to self-stigma.
Methods: Sixty women with borderline personality disorder and 30 women with social phobia, who were recruited at three centers in Germany and Switzerland, completed stigma-related questionnaires.
Results: After depression and index diagnosis were controlled for, a low level of perceived discrimination and of the legitimacy of discrimination predicted high self-esteem and high empowerment. Identification with the group of people with mental illness did not …
matched on Prejudice (mesh), perceived discrimination (text)
Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among african american women in detroit: results from a longitudinal analysis.
Objectives: Our understanding of the relationships between perceived discrimination and health was limited by the cross-sectional design of most previous studies. We examined the longitudinal association of self-reported everyday discrimination with depressive symptoms and self-rated general health.
Methods: Data came from 2 waves (1996 and 2001) of the Eastside Village Health Worker Partnership survey, a community-based participatory survey of African American women living on Detroit's east side (n=343). We use longitudinal models to test the hypothesis that a change in everyday discrimination over time is associated with a change in self-reported symptoms of depression (positive) and on self-reported general health status (negative).
Results: We found that a change over time in discrimination was significantly associated with a change over time in depressive symptoms (positive) (b=0.12…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), perceived discrimination (text)
Racism and health: the relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand.
Accumulating research suggests that racism may be a major determinant of health. Here we report associations between self-reported experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Data from the 2002/2003 New Zealand Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey involving face-to-face interviews with 12,500 people, were analysed. Five items were included to capture racial discrimination in two dimensions: experience of ethnically motivated attack (physical or verbal), or unfair treatment because of ethnicity (by a health professional, in work or when gaining housing). Ethnicity was classified using self-identification to one of four ethnic groups: Māori, Pacific, Asian and European/Other peoples. Logistic regression, accounting for the survey design, age, sex, ethnicity and deprivation, was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Māori reported the hig…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), racial discrimination (text)
Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Māori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional study.
Background: Inequalities in health between different ethnic groups in New Zealand are most pronounced between Māori and Europeans. Our aim was to assess the effect of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on health inequalities in these two ethnic groups.
Methods: We used data from the 2002/03 New Zealand Health Survey to assess prevalence of experiences of self-reported racial discrimination in Māori (n=4108) and Europeans (n=6269) by analysing the responses to five questions about: verbal attacks, physical attacks, and unfair treatment by a health professional, at work, or when buying or renting housing. We did logistic regression analyses to assess the effect of adjustment for experience of racial discrimination and deprivation on ethnic inequalities for various health outcomes.
Findings: Māori were more likely to report experiences of self-reported racial discrimination…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), racial discrimination (text)
Key ingredients of anti-stigma programs for health care providers: a data synthesis of evaluative studies.
Objective: As part of its ongoing effort to combat stigma against mental illness among health care providers, the Mental Health Commission of Canada partnered with organizations conducting anti-stigma interventions. Our objective was to evaluate program effectiveness and to better understand what makes some programs more effective than others. Our paper reports the elements of these programs found to be most strongly associated with favourable outcomes.
Methods: Our study employed a multi-phased, mixed-methods design. First, a grounded theory qualitative study was undertaken to identify key program elements. Next, each program (n = 22) was coded according to the presence or absence of the identified key program ingredients. Then, random-effects, meta-regression modelling was used to examine the association between program outcomes and the key ingredients.
Results: The qualitative analysi…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), Persons with Psychiatric Disorders (mesh)
'Just a little hint': bisexual-specific microaggressions and their connection to epistemic injustices.
A growing body of evidence indicates disproportionate rates of mental health disorders among bisexual women compared to both heterosexual and lesbian women. Such disparities are often attributed to stressors related to minority status, including experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Prior research has made little distinction between the prejudicial experiences of bisexual groups as compared to lesbian/gay groups. Based on qualitative data gathered in focus groups with 10, predominantly White, bisexual-identified women, which occurred in a large city in the USA, we posit that differences in prejudicial experiences do exist for bisexual groups, and that such differences reside in the realms of the epistemic, yet have very real implications for bisexual women's daily lived experiences. We discuss everyday slights and insults, also known as microaggressions, reported by the participan…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), Bisexuality (mesh)
The "backbone" of stigma: identifying the global core of public prejudice associated with mental illness.
Objectives: We used the Stigma in Global Context-Mental Health Study to assess the core sentiments that represent consistent, salient public health intervention targets.
Methods: Data from 16 countries employed a nationally representative sampling strategy, international collaboration for instrument development, and case vignettes with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition depression and schizophrenia criteria. We measured knowledge and prejudice with existing questions and scales, and employed exploratory data analysis to examine the public response to 43 items.
Results: Across countries, levels of recognition, acceptance of neurobiological attributions, and treatment endorsement were high. However, a core of 5 prejudice items was consistently high, even in countries with low overall stigma levels. The levels were generally lower for depression than schiz…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), Persons with Psychiatric Disorders (mesh)
Development and responsiveness of a scale to measure clinicians' attitudes to people with mental illness (medical student version).
Objective: We report the rationale, reliability, validity and responsiveness studies of the Mental Illness: Clinicians' Attitudes (MICA) Scale, a 16-item scale designed to measure attitudes of health care professionals towards people with mental illness.
Method: Items were generated through focus groups with service users, carers, medical students and trainee psychiatrists. Psychometric testing was completed in a number of student samples. The responsiveness of the scale was tested after a 1.5 h mental illness stigma related intervention with medical students.
Results: The MICA scale showed good internal consistency, alpha = 0.79. The test-retest reliability (concordance) was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.68-0.91). The standardised response mean for the scale was 0.4 (95% CI 0.02-0.8) after a mental illness related stigma intervention.
Conclusion: The MICA scale is a responsive, reliable and valid too…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), Persons with Psychiatric Disorders (mesh)
Public attitudes towards people with mental illness in England and Scotland, 1994-2003.
Background: Understanding trends in public attitudes towards people with mental illness informs the assessment of ongoing severity of stigma and evaluation of anti-stigma campaigns.
Aims: To analyse trends in public attitudes towards people with mental illness in England and Scotland using Department of Health Attitudes to Mental Illness Surveys, 1994-2003.
Method: We analysed trends in attitudes for 2000 respondents in each survey year (6000 respondents in 1996 and 1997) using quota sampling methods and the adapted Community Attitudes Toward the Mentally Ill scale.
Results: Comparing 2000 and 2003, there was significant deterioration for 17/25 items in England and for 4/25 items in Scotland. Neither country showed significant improvements in items between 2000 and 2003.
Conclusions: Public attitudes towards people with mental illness in England and Scotland became less positive during 1…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), Persons with Psychiatric Disorders (mesh)
Lauber C, Rössler W (2007)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usInternational review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)254 citations Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia.
Background: There is a wide range of literature on stigmatization and discrimination of people with mental illness. Most studies, however, derive from Western countries. This review aims at summarizing results from developing countries in Asia published between 1996-2006.
Method: Medline search focusing on English-speaking literature.
Results: Comparable to Western countries, there is a widespread tendency to stigmatize and discriminate people with mental illness in Asia. People with mental illness are considered as dangerous and aggressive which in turn increases the social distance. The role of supernatural, religious and magical approaches to mental illness is prevailing. The pathway to care is often shaped by scepticism towards mental health services and the treatments offered. Stigma experienced from family members is pervasive. Moreover, social disapproval and devaluation of famili…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), Persons with Psychiatric Disorders (mesh)
Perceptions of barriers and benefits to physical activity among outpatients in psychiatric rehabilitation.
Purpose: To explore perceived barriers and benefits to physical activity in people with serious and persistent mental illness (SPMI) who were enrolled in community-based psychiatric rehabilitation.
Design and methods: Four focus groups, two for men and two for women, were held with a total of 34 outpatients from two program sites. The investigators used a semistructured interview guide to facilitate the discussions. Audiotapes of the discussions were transcribed and analyzed for concepts and themes.
Findings: Significant barriers to physical activity were: mental illness symptoms, medications, weight gain from medications, fear of discrimination, and safety concerns. Being in a psychiatric rehabilitation program offered comfort and belonging, but it also had the effect of leaving activity initiation up to the program staff, which some participants perceived was part of required program c…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), Persons with Psychiatric Disorders (mesh)
Cook JA (2006)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)91 citations Employment barriers for persons with psychiatric disabilities: update of a report for the President's Commission.
A major public policy problem is the extremely low labor force participation of people with severe mental illness coupled with their overrepresentation on the public disability rolls. This situation is especially troubling given the existence of evidence-based practices designed to return them to the labor force. This article reviews research from the fields of disability, economics, health care, and labor studies to describe the nature of barriers to paid work and economic security for people with disabling mental disorders. These barriers include low educational attainment, unfavorable labor market dynamics, low productivity, lack of appropriate vocational and clinical services, labor force discrimination, failure of protective legislation, work disincentives caused by state and federal policies, poverty-level income, linkage of health care access to disability beneficiary status, and …
matched on Prejudice (mesh), Persons with Psychiatric Disorders (mesh)
What works to address prejudice? Look to developmental science research for the answer.
Developmental perspectives on prejudice provide a fundamental and important key to the puzzle for determining how to address prejudice. Research with historically disadvantaged and advantaged groups in childhood and adolescence reveals the complexity of social cognitive and moral judgments about prejudice, discrimination, bias, and exclusion. Children are aware of status and hierarchies, and often reject the status quo. Intervention, to be effective, must happen early in development, before prejudice and stereotypes are deeply entrenched.
matched on Prejudice (mesh)
Stigma: ignorance, prejudice or discrimination?
The term stigma refers to problems of knowledge (ignorance), attitudes (prejudice) and behaviour (discrimination). Most research in this area has been based on attitude surveys, media representations of mental illness and violence, has only focused upon schizophrenia, has excluded direct participation by service users, and has included few intervention studies. However, there is evidence that interventions to improve public knowledge about mental illness can be effective. The main challenge in future is to identify which interventions will produce behaviour change to reduce discrimination against people with mental illness.
matched on Prejudice (mesh)
The Effects of Intersecting Stigma: A Longitudinal Examination of Minority Stress, Mental Health, and Substance Use among Black, Latino, and Multiracial Gay and Bisexual Men.
Objective: Although Black, Latino, and multiracial gay and bisexual men (GBM) are disproportionately affected by health inequities facing GBM more broadly in the United States (CDC, 2017), there is a dearth of research examining how intersectional stigma affects psychological and behavioral outcomes such as depressive and anxiety symptoms and substance use. Based in minority stress and intersectionality theories, this study examined the main and intersectional effects of racial discrimination and gay rejection sensitivity on emotion regulation difficulties, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and later drug use and heavy drinking.
Method: We collected longitudinal data from 170 GBM of Black, Latino, or multiracial descent. Measurements included baseline racial discrimination, gay rejection sensitivity, and emotion regulation difficulties, 6 month depressive and anxiety symptoms, and baselin…
matched on minority stress (text), racial discrimination (text)
The impact of civil union legislation on minority stress, depression, and hazardous drinking in a diverse sample of sexual-minority women: A quasi-natural experiment.
Rationale: A small but growing body of research documents associations between structural forms of stigma (e.g., same-sex marriage bans) and sexual minority health. These studies, however, have focused on a limited number of outcomes and have not examined whether sociodemographic characteristics, such as race/ethnicity and education, influence the relationship between policy change and health among sexual minorities.
Objective: To determine the effect of civil union legalization on sexual minority women's perceived discrimination, stigma consciousness, depressive symptoms, and four indicators of hazardous drinking (heavy episodic drinking, intoxication, alcohol dependence symptoms, adverse drinking consequences) and to evaluate whether such effects are moderated by race/ethnicity or education.
Methods: During the third wave of data collection in the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of…
matched on minority stress (text), perceived discrimination (text)
Koehler VB, Rutherford MD (2026)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usEvolutionary psychology : an international journal of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behavior Harshness Predicts Reproduction in Brazilian Municipalities and US Counties: A Life History Theory Approach.
Psychosocial acceleration theory (PAT) posits that harsh and unpredictable ecologies during childhood can cue humans into developing earlier and more frequent reproduction. This study tested whether variables measuring harsh and unpredictable circumstances in 4,135 Brazilian municipalities and in 2,763 US counties would predict reproductive behavior 10 to 14 years later. Data was extracted from the Brazilian Census and American Community Survey samples. A secondary analysis explored whether the percentage of visible minorities (Black and Indigenous population) would also be a predictor or mediator of the same outcomes. Partial least squares structural equation modeling and multivariate linear regression were used in the analysis of Brazil and US data, respectively. Municipalities with higher rates of lack of resources, with young mothers both married or separated, and with large families…
matched on Minority Groups (mesh)
School Diversity Perspectives and Classmate Diversity Climate: Understanding High School Students' School Belonging, Well-Being, and Intercultural Contact.
This study examined how school diversity perspectives (multiculturalism, critical consciousness, color-evasion) may enhance student outcomes (school belonging, well-being, intercultural contact) and whether a strong diversity climate among classmates (openness and appreciation of diversity) may moderate this link. We surveyed N = 280 high school students (Mage = 15.95; 47.5% female; 1.8% nonbinary) in the Netherlands. We performed multigroup structural equation modeling, comparing cultural minority (n = 81) and majority (n = 203) students, and multilevel analysis to separate individual-level from classroom-level effects. A strong diversity climate among classmates and color-evasion in school (not multiculturalism and critical consciousness) were robustly, positively related to belonging and well-being (minority and majority students) and intercultural contact (minority students). For all…
matched on Minority Groups (mesh)
Discriminatory Climate and School Adjustment in Ethnically Minoritized Adolescents and Majority Adolescents: An Investigation of the Mediating Role of Teaching Quality.
Discriminatory teacher beliefs and behaviors, as reflected in a discriminatory climate, are negatively related to student adjustment, but little is known about the classroom processes contributing to this relationship. This study investigated the role of teaching quality as a mechanism behind the associations between a discriminatory climate at school and students' school adjustment. The study used PISA data collected in Germany in 2018 (N = 2947; Mage = 15.47 years, SD = 0.65; 48.4% girls) and included ninth graders (1) from ethnically minoritized groups that are highly stigmatized (i.e., with heritage from Turkey, the SWANA region, sub-Saharan Africa, and Kurdish areas; n = 198), (2) from other ethnically minoritized groups (n = 445), and (3) from the ethnic majority (n = 2304). The students in Group 1 reported a more discriminatory climate at school than the other student groups did. …
matched on Minority Groups (mesh)
Tendencies for Comparing Up and Down: An Examination of the Directional Subscales of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure.
People vary in their individual tendencies to compare to others-referred to as social comparison orientation (SCO). Researchers have heretofore developed and validated a scale to assess SCO-the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM). The standard INCOM assesses non-directional comparisons, but not directional comparisons to better- and worse-off others. The goal of the present research was to examine the factor structure and validity of directional (and non-directional) comparison tendencies using the expanded INCOM. Across four archival studies and one pre-registered study using student and non-student samples, we provide evidence for 1) a 3-factor structure for the INCOM with non-directional, directional-upward, and directional-downward SCO dimensions, 2) inter-correlations among the SCO dimensions suggesting convergent validity of the directional scales, 3) greater en…
matched on Minority Groups (mesh)
Religious minority identity associates with stress and psychological health among Muslim and Hindu women in Bangladesh and London.
Objectives: This study examined the association of minority religious identification (Hindu or Muslim) with self-reported stress and psychological symptoms among sedentee and immigrant Bangladeshi women.
Methods: Women, aged 35-59 (n = 531) were drawn from Sylhet, Bangladesh and London, England. Muslim immigrants in London and Hindu sedentees in Sylhet represented minority religious identities. Muslim sedentees in Sylhet and Londoners of European descent represented majority religious identities. In bivariate analyses, minority religious identity was examined in relation to self-reported measures of stress, nervous tension, and depressed mood. Logistic regression was applied to examine the relationship between these variables while adjusting for marital status, parity, daily walking, and perceived financial comfort.
Results: In bivariate analyses, religious minorities reported more stres…
matched on Minority Groups (mesh)
Assessing child development scores among minority and Indigenous language versus dominant language speakers: a cross-sectional analysis of national Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
Background: Multiple studies have highlighted the inequities minority and Indigenous children face when accessing health care. Health and wellbeing are positively impacted when Indigenous children are educated and receive care in their maternal language. However, less is known about the association between minority or Indigenous language use and child development risks and outcomes. In this study, we provide global estimates of development risks and assess the associations between minority or Indigenous language status and early child development using the ten-item Early Child Development Index (ECDI), a tool widely used for global population assessments in children aged 3-4 years.
Methods: We did a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from 65 UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) containing the ECDI from 2009-19 (waves 4-6). We included individual-level data for childre…
matched on Minority Groups (mesh)
Yassa MA, Edinger AL (2023)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usFASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology3 citations Diversifying faculty recruitment in biomedical sciences.
A wealth of data has consistently demonstrated that a diverse faculty maximizes productivity and innovation in the research enterprise and increases the persistence and success of groups that are underrepresented in STEM. While the diversity of students in graduate programs has steadily increased, faculty diversity, particularly in the biomedical sciences, continues to remain relatively flat. Several issues contribute to this mismatch between the pipeline and the professoriate including biases in search and hiring practices, lack of equity and equal opportunities for individuals from underrepresented backgrounds, and unwelcoming campus climates that lead to marginalization and isolation in academic life. A comprehensive approach that addresses these challenges is necessary for institutions of higher education to achieve their faculty diversity goals and create a climate where individuals…
matched on Minority Groups (mesh)
"How's your mood": Recorded physician mental health conversations with Chinese and Latino patients in routine primary care visits.
Objective: Patient-physician communication patterns may influence discussions around depressive symptoms and contribute to engagement in depression care among racial/ethnic minority adults. We examined patient-physician communication about depressive symptoms during routine primary care visits with Chinese and Latino patients with and without language barriers.
Methods: We examined 17 audio-recorded conversations between primary care physicians and Chinese (N = 7) and Latino (N = 10) patients who discussed mental health during their visit and reported depressive symptoms on a post-visit survey. Conversations (in English, Cantonese, Mandarin, Hoisan-wa, Spanish) were transcribed and translated by bilingual/bicultural research assistants and analyzed using inductive and deductive thematic and discourse analysis.
Results: Patients initiated mental health discussion in eleven visits. Physici…
matched on Minority Groups (mesh)
Racial, Ethnic, and Sex Diversity in Academic Medical Leadership.
Importance: For the past 50 years, significant gaps have existed in gender and racial diversity across various medical specialties, despite the many benefits of a diverse physician workforce. One proposed approach to increasing diversity is top-down diversification, in which diverse leadership results in increased minority and female workforce representation.
Objective: To investigate the changes in academic medical leadership diversity from 2007 to 2019 and to assess the recent leadership diversity of various specialties compared with the averages across all specialties.
Design, setting, and participants: This was a cross-sectional analysis of physicians in varying academic roles in 2007, 2019, and 2020. Demographic data were collected via specialized reports from the Association of American Medical Colleges. Included were 4 primary care specialties (internal medicine, family medicine, …
matched on Minority Groups (mesh)