The chronic load carried by minority status, including anti-Muslim prejudice.
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201 to 225 of 599Sudak H, Maxim K, Carpenter M (2008)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usAcademic psychiatry : the journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry96 citations Suicide and stigma: a review of the literature and personal reflections.
Objective: The authors aim to educate mental health practitioners and trainees regarding the issues of stigma and suicide and how stigma impacts this diverse population of suicide attempters, completers, their families, friends, therapists, and others both personally and therapeutically.
Methods: The authors draw upon their own experiences as survivors and review pertinent literature illustrating the history and general impacts of this stigmatization. The authors present suggestions to diminish stigma both for survivors and the general public.
Results: Although there appears to have been some diminution in the stigmatization of the mentally ill over the past few decades, there appears to be less diminution in the stigma associated with suicide and suicide-survivorship.
Conclusion: Mental illness, in general, has become less stigmatized in recent years, but suicide remains nearly as stigm…
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The global burden and stigma of epilepsy.
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological conditions and it knows no age, racial, social class, geographic, or national boundaries. The impact of epilepsy rests not only on the individual patient, but also on the family and indirectly on the community. The burden of epilepsy may be due to the physical hazards of epilepsy resulting from the unpredictability of seizures; the social exclusion as a result of negative attitudes of others toward people with epilepsy; and the stigma, as children with epilepsy may be banned from school, adults may be barred from marriage, and employment is often denied, even when seizures would not render the work unsuitable or unsafe. Furthermore, epilepsy is a disorder associated with significant psychological consequences, with increased levels of anxiety, depression, and poor self-esteem compared with people without this condition. Here we discuss s…
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Depression and the workplace: a progress report.
There has been considerable interest recently in the relationship between depression and the workplace. This interest is driven by the growing recognition that depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the workplace and have an enormously negative impact on performance, productivity, absenteeism, and disability costs. A variety of clinical research with occupational-related samples has helped to define those at risk for depression and has led to a better understanding of the overlap of the construct of clinical depression with more longstanding occupational health and organizational psychology models such as stress, burnout, and job satisfaction. From an employer perspective, depression's impact remains largely unmitigated due to stigma, uncertainty about treatment's cost effectiveness, and lack of effective interventions delivered in a workplace setting. Progress in these areas is re…
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Corrigan PW, Wassel A (2008)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services107 citations Understanding and influencing the stigma of mental illness.
Life goals and the opportunities that define them are impaired by the stigma of mental illness. Three kinds of stigma may act as barriers to personal aspirations: public stigma, self-stigma, and label avoidance. Challenging mental illness stigm is essential in helping individuals accomplish recovery-related goals. Public stigma may be changed through protest, education, and contact. Self-stigma can be addressed by fostering group identity, changing the perceived legitimacy of stigma through cognitive rehabilitation, and making strategic decisions about disclosing one's mental health history. Stigma change for label avoidance is not as well understood but may include the education and contact approaches used for public stigma. Evidence-based approaches to stigma change need to be substantiated by rigorous investigations.
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Caplan S (2007)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPolicy, politics & nursing practice114 citations Latinos, acculturation, and acculturative stress: a dimensional concept analysis.
Background: Acculturation can be conceived of as a process of adaptation to stressful changes. In the field of public health, research indicates that recently arrived Latino immigrants, presumably most affected by acculturative stress, have better health outcomes than those who have spent greater time in the United States. This "immigrant paradox" is not well understood but supports the distinction between the process of acculturation and acculturative stress.
Aim: To understand the nature of acculturative stress for Latinos in the context of political, historical, and societal forces.
Results: Acculturative stress significantly affects the physical and mental health of many Latino immigrants. Types of stressors vary by ethnicity. Separation from family and lack of a community was the most often-cited stressor for new immigrants. Most Latino immigrants were adversely affected by discrimi…
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Prejudice and schizophrenia: a review of the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach.
Objective: Many anti-stigma programmes use the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach. This review evaluates the effectiveness of this approach in relation to schizophrenia.
Method: The academic literature was searched, via PsycINFO and MEDLINE, to identify peer-reviewed studies addressing whether public espousal of a biogenetic paradigm has increased over time, and whether biogenetic causal beliefs and diagnostic labelling are associated with less negative attitudes.
Results: The public, internationally, continues to prefer psychosocial to biogenetic explanations and treatments for schizophrenia. Biogenetic causal theories and diagnostic labelling as 'illness', are both positively related to perceptions of dangerousness and unpredictability, and to fear and desire for social distance.
Conclusion: An evidence-based approach to reducing discrimination would seek a range of…
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Stuart H (2006)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usCurrent opinion in psychiatry129 citations Mental illness and employment discrimination.
Purpose of review: Work is a major determinant of mental health and a socially integrating force. To be excluded from the workforce creates material deprivation, erodes self-confidence, creates a sense of isolation and marginalization and is a key risk factor for mental disability. This review summarizes recent evidence pertaining to employment-related stigma and discrimination experienced by people with mental disabilities. A broad understanding of the stigmatization process is adopted, which includes cognitive, attitudinal, behavioural and structural disadvantages.
Recent findings: Stigma is both a proximate and a distal cause of employment inequity for people with a mental disability who experience direct discrimination because of prejudicial attitudes from employers and workmates and indirect discrimination owing to historical patterns of disadvantage, structural disincentives agains…
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The fight against stigma: an overview of stigma-reduction strategies and interventions.
In many health conditions, people are severely affected by health-related stigma and discrimination. A literature review was conducted to identify stigma-reduction strategies and interventions in the field of HIV/AIDS, mental illness, leprosy, TB and epilepsy. The review identified several levels at which interventions and strategies are being implemented. These are the intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational/institutional, community and governmental/structural level. Although a lot of work has been carried out on stigma and stigma reduction, far less work has been done on assessing the effectiveness of stigma-reduction strategies. The effective strategies identified mainly concentrated on the individual and the community level. In order to reduce health-related stigma and discrimination significantly, single-level and single-target group approaches are not enough. What is required …
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Van Brakel WH (2006)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPsychology, health & medicine315 citations Measuring health-related stigma--a literature review.
Stigma related to chronic health conditions such as HIV/AIDS, leprosy, tuberculosis, mental illness and epilepsy is a global phenomenon with a severe impact on individuals and their families, and on the effectiveness of public health programmes. To compare stigma measurement in different disciplines, a literature review was conducted. References were obtained through a search of literature databases and through examining relevant bibliographies. Sixty-three papers were selected that addressed the issue of measurement of stigma or related constructs and that contained a sample of the instrument or items used. Five unpublished studies were also included in the review. The aspects of health-related stigma used for assessment can be grouped in five categories. First, the experience of actual discrimination and/or participation restrictions on the part of the person affected; second, attitude…
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Jester DJ, Thomas ML, Sturm ET, Harvey PD, Keshavan M, Davis BJ, Saxena S, Tampi R, Leutwyler H, Compton MT, Palmer BW, Jeste DV (2023)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usSchizophrenia bulletin88 citations Review of Major Social Determinants of Health in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Psychotic Disorders: I. Clinical Outcomes.
Background: Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are receiving growing attention and are particularly relevant to persons with schizophrenia-spectrum psychotic disorders (SSPDs), considering their heightened risk of comorbidities, cognitive and functional decline, and early mortality. Yet, we did not find any comprehensive review of multiple SDoHs in SSPD.
Study design: We conducted a scoping review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews of nine major SDoHs in SSPD.
Study results: Childhood abuse, parental psychopathology, parental communication problems, bullying, and urban settings with lower socioeconomic status were major risk factors for the greater incidence of SSPD and/or worse health. Social network size was inversely associated with overall psychopathology and negative symptoms. Experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination correlated with the prevalence of psychotic symptoms an…
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Racism, Bias, and Discrimination as Modifiable Barriers to Breastfeeding for African American Women: A Scoping Review of the Literature.
Introduction: Although breastfeeding has been shown to improve health outcomes for infants, African American women initiate and continue breastfeeding at lower rates than women from other racial groups. This scoping review was conducted to assess the effect racism, bias, and discrimination have on breastfeeding care, support, and outcomes for African American women.
Methods: A scoping review was performed of the literature published between January 2010 through December 2019 using databases MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts. Studies that examined racism, bias, or discrimination with breastfeeding as an outcome were included. After a review of titles and abstracts of the articles using exclusion and inclusion criteria, 5 full-text articles were included in the scoping review.
Results: The qualitative and quantitative studies reviewed provid…
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Bisexual-Specific Minority Stressors, Psychological Distress, and Suicidality in Bisexual Individuals: the Mediating Role of Loneliness.
Bisexual individuals are at higher risk for poor mental health outcomes compared to heterosexual as well as lesbian and gay individuals and experience minority stressors, such as discrimination, from both heterosexual and sexual minority communities. However, there is little research examining the negative effects of bisexual-specific minority stressors on bisexual individuals' mental health as well as psychological factors that might help explain minority stressors' deleterious effects. This research examined the effects of distal minority stressors (i.e., anti-bisexual experiences from both heterosexual as well as lesbian and gay people) and proximal stressors (i.e., internalized heterosexism and sexual orientation concealment) on psychological distress and suicidality among bisexual adults (N = 503). Building on the relational framing of the minority stress model, we also tested one r…
matched on Minority Groups (mesh), minority stress (text), Bisexuality (mesh)
Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of England.
Background: There has been little research into the prevalence of mental health problems in lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people in the UK with most work conducted in the USA.
Aims: To relate the prevalence of mental disorder, self-harm and suicide attempts to sexual orientation in England, and to test whether psychiatric problems were associated with discrimination on grounds of sexuality.
Method: The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007 (n = 7403) was representative of the population living in private UK households. Standardised questions provided demographic information. Neurotic symptoms, common mental disorders, probable psychosis, suicidality, alcohol and drug dependence and service utilisation were assessed. In addition, detailed information was obtained about aspects of sexual identity and perceived discrimination on these grounds.
Results: Self-reported identification as no…
matched on Prejudice (mesh), perceived discrimination (text), Bisexuality (mesh), Homosexuality, Female (mesh)
Mindfulness practice: A promising approach to reducing the effects of clinician implicit bias on patients.
Like the population at large, health care providers hold implicit racial and ethnic biases that may contribute to health care disparities. Little progress has been made in identifying and implementing effective strategies to address these normal but potentially harmful unconscious cognitive processes. We propose that meditation training designed to increase healthcare providers' mindfulness skills is a promising and potentially sustainable way to address this problem. Emerging evidence suggests that mindfulness practice can reduce the provider contribution to healthcare disparities through several mechanisms including: reducing the likelihood that implicit biases will be activated in the mind, increasing providers' awareness of and ability to control responses to implicit biases once activated, increasing self-compassion and compassion toward patients, and reducing internal sources of co…
matched on Racism (mesh), Prejudice (mesh)
Predictors of feminist activism among sexual-minority and heterosexual college women.
Engagement in activism is related to several aspects of social development in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Therefore, it is important to examine the correlates of different forms of activism, such as feminist collective action, among all youth. However, previous research has not investigated young sexual-minority women's engagement with feminist collective action. This study examined predictors of college-aged heterosexual and sexual-minority women's commitment to and participation in feminist activism. Sexual orientation, number of years in college, social support, experiences with discrimination, and gender identity were tested as predictors of commitment to and participation in feminist activism with a sample of 280 college-aged women (173 heterosexuals and 107 sexual minorities). Similar predictors were related to both commitment to and participation in feminist activism. Howe…
matched on Minority Groups (mesh), Bisexuality (mesh), Homosexuality, Female (mesh)
Examining the impact of racial discrimination on psychological distress and the mediation of forgiveness and self-esteem among latter-day saint Pacific Islander men in the United States.
There is a dearth of psychological research on the effects of racial discrimination on the mental health of Pacific Islander (PI) individuals in the United States in general, but more specially among Pacific Islander men. The objective of this study was to examine the intersections of racial discrimination, depression, anxiety, stress, anger, forgiveness, and self-esteem in a sample of 249 Latter-day Saint Pacific Islander men in the United States through an online Qualtrics survey. Specifically, this study also sought to examine the effects of racial discrimination and the indirect effects of forgiveness and self-esteem on anger and depression, anxiety, and stress among this Pacific Islander group. Elevated experiences of racial discrimination were linked to increased levels of anger and negative psychological outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, experiences…
matched on Racism (mesh), racial discrimination (text)
Associations between adolescent adversity and young adult depression symptoms and allostatic load in Mexican-origin individuals.
Childhood adversity increases risk for depression and higher allostatic load (AL), defined as long-term wear and tear on the body, and adolescence is an especially sensitive time for adversity to be biologically embedded. Individuals of Mexican origin may face multiple forms of adversities relating to their intersectional identities of ethnicity and class, including ethnic discrimination and economic hardship, the experience of which may further depend on sex. However, relatively little research has simultaneously assessed associations between these two types of adolescent adversity and outcomes of both young adult depression and AL longitudinally in Mexican-origin individuals. This preregistered study addressed these gaps in a longitudinal study of 208 Mexican-origin participants. Ethnic discrimination and economic hardship were assessed annually from ages 10-19 and AL and depression sy…
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Depressive symptoms, racism, and school belonging: examining correlates of substance use behaviors among Black college students.
College is a context in which Black adults are at heightened risk for substance use behaviors and subsequently more harmful consequences. Increasingly, scholars are recognizing that to better understand shifts in patterns of substance use behaviors and health disparities among Black adults, mental health and racism are important factors to consider. Racism is multidimensional; thus, research is needed to investigate its multiple forms. Currently, it is unknown how the occurrence of depressive symptoms and various racism experiences influence patterns of substance use behaviors among Black college students. Further, while school belonging is evidenced to promote better health outcomes during adolescence, research is needed to understand school belonging in relation to substance use among Black college students. Using latent profile analysis (LPA), we identify patterns of substance use beh…
matched on Racism (mesh), racial discrimination (text)
Bekteshi V (2024)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBMC women's health2 citations Decoding acculturative stress and psychological distress in Mexican immigrant women: insights from a path mediation analysis.
Background: This study investigates acculturative stress and its impact on psychological distress among Mexican immigrant women in the United States, with a particular focus on contextual factors shaping these acculturative stress experiences. It also seeks to provide actionable insights to address Mexican immigrant women's mental health needs.
Methods: Using the data from a total of 257 Mexican immigrant women in the National Latino Asian American Survey (NLAAS), path analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between acculturative stress, psychological distress, and various contextual factors.
Results: Acculturative stress was found to significantly contribute to psychological distress among Mexican immigrant women. Key factors affecting acculturative stress include contentment with the decision to move to the United States, English language proficiency, experiences of racial …
matched on Racism (mesh), racial discrimination (text)
A longitudinal pathway from ethnic-racial discrimination to sexual risk behaviors among Black women and Latinas: Ethnic-racial identity exploration as a protective factor.
Background: Black women and Latinas in their thirties continue to be at risk for HIV transmission via heterosexual intercourse.
Methods: Informed by the Theory of Gender and Power, this study investigated a longitudinal path model linking experiences of ethnic-racial discrimination in late adolescence to sexual risk behaviors in adulthood among 492 Black women and Latinas. We also tested whether ethnic-racial identity exploration served as a resilience asset protecting women against the psychological impact of ethnic-racial discrimination. Survey data from female participants in the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study, which has followed a cohort of New York City Black and Latinx youth since 1990, were analyzed. Data for this analysis were collected at four time points when participants were on average 19, 24, 29, and 32 years of age. Structural equation modeling was used to examine a …
matched on Racism (mesh), racial discrimination (text)
Cénat JM (2023)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPerspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science76 citations Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment.
Racial trauma refers to experiences related to threats, prejudices, harm, shame, humiliation, and guilt associated with various types of racial discrimination, either for direct victims or witnesses. In North American, European, and colonial zeitgeist societies, Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) experience racial microaggressions and interpersonal, institutional, and systemic racism on a repetitive, constant, inevitable, and cumulative basis. Although complex trauma differs from racial trauma in its origin, the consistency of racist victimization beyond childhood, and the internalized racism associated with it, strong similarities exist. Similar to complex trauma, racial trauma surrounds the victims' life course and engenders consequences on their physical and mental health, behavior, cognition, relationships with others, self-concept, and social and economic life. There is …
matched on Racism (mesh), racial discrimination (text)
Contextual risks and psychosocial outcomes among rural African American emerging adults: A latent profile analysis.
African American emerging adults face unique contextual risks that place them at heightened risk for poor psychosocial outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify profiles of contextual risks among rural African American emerging adults and determine how risk profiles relate to psychosocial outcomes. Our representative sample included 667 fifth graders who live in the rural South and were followed from preadolescence into emerging adulthood. Contextual risks were assessed at ages 19-21 years via six indicators: perceived stress, daily stress, community disadvantage, parent-child conflict, racial discrimination, and childhood trauma. Four psychosocial variables were also assessed at ages 19-21 years: self-regulation, racial identity, parent support, and friend support. Psychosocial outcomes were assessed at age 25 years: education, substance use, future orientation, depressive sym…
matched on Racism (mesh), racial discrimination (text)
Racial Discrimination is Associated with Acute Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Predicts Future Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity in Trauma-Exposed Black Adults in the United States.
In the United States, Black residents exposed to a traumatic event are at an increased risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and experiencing more severe symptoms compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Although previous work has suggested a link between racial discrimination and PTSD symptoms, no studies have assessed this association in a sample of traumatic injury survivors. The current study investigated whether (a) past racial discrimination was associated with acute posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and (b) discrimination prospectively contributed to the prediction of future PTSD symptoms. African American and/or Black patients (N = 113) were recruited from an emergency department in southeastern Wisconsin. Patients in the acute postinjury phase (i.e., 2 weeks posttrauma) completed self-report measures, with PTSD symptoms assessed using the Clinician…
matched on Racism (mesh), racial discrimination (text)
Does Ethnic Identity Moderate the Relationship between Racial Discrimination and Cannabis Use among US- and non-US Born Black Emerging Adults?
Race-based experiences of discrimination (EOD) have been documented as a risk factor for substance use among Black individuals, particularly during emerging adulthood, with ethnic identity serving as a protective influence. Our study extends epidemiologic research on EOD and cannabis use by examining this relation in U.S. and non-U.S. born Black emerging adults across immigrant generations (N = 466, 30% first-generation immigrants, 49% second-generation immigrants, and 21% non-immigrants). Results from self-reported data indicated EOD were associated with an increased likelihood of lifetime cannabis use, while ethnic identity was not significantly related to any odds of lifetime cannabis use. Odds of lifetime use was lower among first-generation immigrants compared to non-immigrants. Although the interaction between ethnic identity and EOD was not significantly associated with cannabis u…
matched on Racism (mesh), racial discrimination (text)
Chae DH, Yip T, Martz CD, Chung K, Richeson JA, Hajat A, Curtis DS, Rogers LO, LaVeist TA (2021)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPublic health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)153 citations Vicarious Racism and Vigilance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Mental Health Implications Among Asian and Black Americans.
Objectives: Experiences of vicarious racism-hearing about racism directed toward one's racial group or racist acts committed against other racial group members-and vigilance about racial discrimination have been salient during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined vicarious racism and vigilance in relation to symptoms of depression and anxiety among Asian and Black Americans.
Methods: We used data from a cross-sectional study of 604 Asian American and 844 Black American adults aged ≥18 in the United States recruited from 5 US cities from May 21 through July 15, 2020. Multivariable linear regression models examined levels of depression and anxiety by self-reported vicarious racism and vigilance.
Results: Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, among both Asian and Black Americans, greater self-reported vicarious racism was associated with more symptoms of depression (Asian:…
matched on Racism (mesh), racial discrimination (text)