What is eaten and how it bears on mind and body.
Everything below was reached through this subject, not through the words you typed. Every row states how it was reached.
Research library, full list
401 to 425 of 1,410Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes.
This narrative review explores the relationship between sleep and nutrition. Various nutritional interventions have been shown to improve sleep including high carbohydrate, high glycaemic index evening meals, melatonin, tryptophan rich protein, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit and micronutrients. Sleep disturbances and short sleep duration are behavioural risk factors for inflammation, associated with increased risk of illness and disease, which can be modified to promote sleep health. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration and quality; particularly for athletes whose physical and mental recovery needs may be greater due to the high physiological and psychological demands placed on them during training and competition. Sleep has been shown to have a restorative effect on the immune system, the endocrine system, facilitate the recovery of the nervo…
matched on Diet (mesh), Dietary Carbohydrates (mesh), Fruit (mesh), nutrition (text)
Froy O (2018)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe Proceedings of the Nutrition Society23 citations Circadian rhythms, nutrition and implications for longevity in urban environments.
Presently, about 12% of the population is 65 years or older and by the year 2030 that figure is expected to reach 21%. In order to promote the well-being of the elderly and to reduce the costs associated with health care demands, increased longevity should be accompanied by ageing attenuation. Energy restriction, which limits the amount of energy consumed to 60-70% of the daily intake, and intermittent fasting, which allows the food to be available ad libitum every other day, extend the life span of mammals and prevent or delay the onset of major age-related diseases, such as cancer, diabetes and cataracts. Recently, we have shown that well-being can be achieved by resetting of the circadian clock and induction of robust catabolic circadian rhythms via timed feeding. In addition, the clock mechanism regulates metabolism and major metabolic proteins are key factors in the core clock mecha…
matched on Nutritional Status (mesh), Feeding Behavior (mesh), nutrition (text)
Lake AA (2018)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe Proceedings of the Nutrition Society56 citations Neighbourhood food environments: food choice, foodscapes and planning for health.
The burden of obesity contributes to increasing health inequality, and placing healthcare systems under huge strain. The modern society could broadly be described to support unhealthful eating patterns and sedentary behaviour; also described as obesogenic. Obesity prevention and treatment has focused on educational and behavioural interventions, with limited overall success. A sustainable approach is to address the environments that promote less healthy eating and high energy intake as well as sedentary behaviour. Approaches which modify the environment have the potential to assist in the prevention of this complex condition. The present paper focuses on food environments within the context of obesogenic environments. Takeaway and fast food, a fixture of our diet, is usually nutrient poor and energy dense. A 'concentration effect' has been observed, where there is a clustering of fast fo…
matched on Diet (mesh), Feeding Behavior (mesh), nutrition (text)
Obesity with Comorbid Eating Disorders: Associated Health Risks and Treatment Approaches.
Obesity and eating disorders are each associated with severe physical and mental health consequences, and individuals with obesity as well as comorbid eating disorders are at higher risk of these than individuals with either condition alone. Moreover, obesity can contribute to eating disorder behaviors and vice-versa. Here, we comment on the health complications and treatment options for individuals with obesity and comorbid eating disorder behaviors. It appears that in order to improve the healthcare provided to these individuals, there is a need for greater exchange of experiences and specialized knowledge between healthcare professionals working in the obesity field with those working in the field of eating disorders, and vice-versa. Additionally, nutritional and/or behavioral interventions simultaneously addressing weight management and reduction of eating disorder behaviors in indiv…
matched on Nutritional Status (mesh), Feeding Behavior (mesh), nutrition (text)
Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs.
Adolescence is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends in early adulthood. Most commonly, adolescence is divided into three developmental periods: early adolescence (10-14 years of age), late adolescence (15-19 years of age), and young adulthood (20-24 years of age). Adolescence is marked by physical and sexual maturation, social and economic independence, development of identity, acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. Adolescence is characterized by a rapid pace of growth that is second only to that of infancy. Nutrition and the adolescent transition are closely intertwined, since eating patterns and behaviors are influenced by many factors, including peer influences, parental modeling, food availability, food preferences, cost, convenience, personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, and body im…
matched on Nutritional Status (mesh), Feeding Behavior (mesh), nutrition (text)
Infant feeding: beyond the nutritional aspects.
Objective: To draw attention to the importance of interaction between caregiver and child during feeding and the influence of parenting style on dietary habit formation.
Source of data: A search was performed in the PubMed and Scopus databases for articles addressing responsive feeding; the articles considered most relevant by the authors were selected.
Synthesis of data: The way children are fed is decisive for the formation of their eating habits, especially the strategies that parents/caregivers use to stimulate feeding. In this context, responsive feeding has been emphasized, with the key principles: feed the infant directly and assist older children when they already eat on their own; feed them slowly and patiently, and encourage children to eat but do not force them; if the child refuses many types of foods, experiment with different food combinations, tastes, textures, and methods…
matched on Nutritional Status (mesh), Feeding Behavior (mesh), nutrition (text)
Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the link between non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and nutrition.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as a pathologic accumulation of fat in the form of triglycerides (TG) in the liver (steatosis) that is not caused by alcohol. A subgroup of NAFLD patients shows liver cell injury and inflammation coupled with the excessive fat accumulation (steatohepatitis), which is referred to as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Patients with NASH may develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD shares the key features of metabolic syndrome including obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is multi-factorial, however the oxidative stress seems to plays a major role in the development and progression of the disease. The emerging field of epigenetics provides a new perspective on the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Epigenetics is an inheritable but reversible phenomenon that affects gene expre…
matched on Nutritional Status (mesh), Feeding Behavior (mesh), nutrition (text)
A review of interventions that promote eating by internal cues.
Traditional diet programs that encourage individuals to consciously restrict their dietary intake have not only been ineffective in terms of weight outcomes, but have also been counterproductive, promoting psychological distress and unhealthy eating behaviors. Nondiet approaches shift the focus away from weight outcomes to the improvement of health outcomes and psychological well-being. One such approach, intuitive eating, promotes dietary intake based on internal cues of hunger and fullness, body acceptance, and making behavior choices based on health as well as enjoyment. Several studies have implemented such ideas into intervention programs. The purpose of our review was to examine the physical and psychological effects of these programs. Twenty interventions were identified. Overall, studies had positive results, demonstrating improvements in eating habits, lifestyle, and body image …
matched on Diet (mesh), Feeding Behavior (mesh), nutrition (text)
Anjos T, Altmäe S, Emmett P, Tiemeier H, Closa-Monasterolo R, Luque V, Wiseman S, Pérez-García M, Lattka E, Demmelmair H, Egan B, Straub N, Szajewska H, Evans J, Horton C, Paus T, Isaacs E, van Klinken JW, Koletzko B, Campoy C, NUTRIMENTHE Research Group (2013)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usEuropean journal of nutrition87 citations Nutrition and neurodevelopment in children: focus on NUTRIMENTHE project.
There is growing evidence that early nutrition affects later cognitive performance. The idea that the diet of mothers, infants, and children could affect later mental performance has major implications for public health practice and policy development and for our understanding of human biology as well as for food product development, economic progress, and future wealth creation. To date, however, much of the evidence is from animal, retrospective studies and short-term nutritional intervention studies in humans. The positive effect of micronutrients on health, especially of pregnant women eating well to maximise their child's cognitive and behavioural outcomes, is commonly acknowledged. The current evidence of an association between gestational nutrition and brain development in healthy children is more credible for folate, n-3 fatty acids, and iron. Recent findings highlight the fact t…
matched on Diet (mesh), Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena (mesh), Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena (mesh), nutrition (text)
Intergenerational influences on child growth and undernutrition.
Intergenerational effects on linear growth are well documented. Several generations are necessary in animal models to 'wash out' effects of undernutrition, consistent with the unfolding of the secular trend in height in Europe and North America. Birthweight is correlated across generations and short maternal stature, which reflects intrauterine and infant growth failure, is associated with low birthweight, child stunting, delivery complications and increased child mortality, even after adjusting for socio-economic status. A nutrition intervention in Guatemala reduced childhood stunting; it also improved growth of the next generation, but only in the offspring of girls. Possible mechanisms explaining intergenerational effects on linear growth are not mutually exclusive and include, among others, shared genetic characteristics, epigenetic effects, programming of metabolic changes, and the …
matched on Nutritional Status (mesh), Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena (mesh), Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena (mesh), nutrition (text)
Effects of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies during pregnancy on fetal, infant, and child development.
The importance of folate in reproduction can be appreciated by considering that the existence of the vitamin was first suspected from efforts to explain a potentially fatal megaloblastic anemia in young pregnant women in India. Today, low maternal folate status during pregnancy and lactation remains a significant cause of maternal morbidity in some communities. The folate status of the neonate tends to be protected at the expense of maternal stores; nevertheless, there is mounting evidence that inadequate maternal folate status during pregnancy may lead to low infant birthweight, thereby conferring risk of developmental and long-term adverse health outcomes. Moreover, folate-related anemia during childhood and adolescence might predispose children to further infections and disease. The role of folic acid in prevention of neural tube defects (NTD) is now established, and several studies s…
matched on Nutritional Status (mesh), Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena (mesh), Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena (mesh), nutrition (text)
Nutrition, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease: an update.
Many epidemiological studies have indicated a protective role for a diet rich in fruits and vegetables against the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Physical inactivity and unhealthy eating contribute to these conditions. This article assesses the scientific rationale of benefits of physical activity and good nutrition on CVD, especially on atherosclerosis-related diseases. Compelling evidence has accumulated on the role of oxidative stress in endothelial dysfunction and in the pathogenesis of CVD. Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability due to oxidative stress seems to be the common molecular disorder comprising stable atherosclerotic narrowing lesions. Energy expenditure of about 1000 kcal (4200 kJ) per week (equivalent to walking 1 h 5 days a week) is associated with significant health benefit…
matched on Diet (mesh), Fruit (mesh), Vegetables (mesh), nutrition (text)
Engaging Fathers in Child Nutrition: Exploring Intra-household Gender Dynamics in Nutrition Interventions in Ethiopia.
This study aims to examine intra-household gender dynamics in response to a nutrition intervention (maternal Behaviour Change Communication (BCC), paternal BCC, and food vouchers) aimed at improving IYCF practices using qualitative methods. Participants were drawn from a subset of households enrolled in a larger cluster - randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in rural Ethiopia. A total of 40 participants (20 mother-father pairs) from intervention and control households were interviewed separately to explore intra-dyadic beliefs and household decision-making. Furthermore, this study explores plausible mechanisms behind the main RCT finding that greater father involvement, while increasing knowledge, did not consistently improve infant and young child feeding (IYCF) outcomes. We find that BCC mothers had the tendency to adopt more gender-equal beliefs, particularly regarding men's ro…
matched on Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena (mesh), nutrition (text)
The impact of olive oil polyphenol supplementation on metabolic syndrome parameters The OleoMetS study: A randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Background & aims: Olive oil aldehydic phenols (OOPs), including oleocanthal, oleacein, oleuropein aglycone, and ligstroside aglycone, are highly bioactive secoiridoids with unique health-protective properties. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated that OOPs possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant attributes. The aim of the study was to assess the direct health properties of OOPs as a food supplement in humans diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were chosen as primary endpoints because they are key indicators of glucose control, a core aspect of metabolic syndrome. Their combined assessment offers a comprehensive view of both short-term and long-term glucose regulation, making them highly relevant for evaluating interventions.
Methods: This double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial screened 110 individuals for eligi…
matched on Olive Oil (mesh), nutrition (text)
Effects of intermittent (5:2) or continuous energy restriction on basal and postprandial metabolism: a randomised study in normal-weight, young participants.
Background/objectives: Intermittent energy restriction (IER) may overcome poor long-term adherence with continuous energy restriction (CER), for weight reduction. We compared the effects of IER with CER for fasting and postprandial metabolism and appetite in metabolically healthy participants, in whom excess weight would not confound intrinsic metabolic differences.
Subjects/methods: In a 2-week randomised, parallel trial, 16 young, healthy-weight participants were assigned to either CER (20% below estimated energy requirements (EER)) or 5:2 IER (70% below EER on 2 non-consecutive days; 5 days at EER, per week). Metabolic and appetite regulation markers were assessed before and for 3 h after a liquid breakfast; followed by an ad libitum lunch; pre- and post-intervention.
Results: Weight loss was similar in both groups: -2.5 (95% CI, -3.4, -1.6) kg for 5:2 IER vs. -2.3 (-2.9, -1.7) kg for…
matched on Energy Intake (mesh), nutrition (text)
Castela I, Rodrigues C, Ismael S, Barreiros-Mota I, Morais J, Araújo JR, Marques C, Silvestre MP, Ângelo-Dias M, Martins C, Borrego LM, Monteiro R, Coutinho SR, Calhau C, Faria A, Pestana D, Martins C, Teixeira D (2022)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usClinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)36 citations Intermittent energy restriction ameliorates adipose tissue-associated inflammation in adults with obesity: A randomised controlled trial.
Background & aims: Although intermittent energy restriction (IER) seems to be as effective as continuous energy restriction (CER) for weight loss, there is still a need to determine the putative effect of this strategy upon the metabolic-inflammatory status. This study aimed to compare the effects of IER versus CER on cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers, over a 12-week period, in adults with obesity.
Methods: Twenty-eight Norwegian adults (20-55 years) with obesity [body mass index: 35.4 (3.7) kg/m2] from a clinical trial (NCT02169778) who completed a 12-weeks diet-induced weight loss as IER (n = 14) or CER (n = 14) were included in this study. Cardiometabolic, adipokines and inflammatory markers were evaluated at baseline and after the intervention. Plasma levels of 13 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-1β, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-18…
matched on Energy Intake (mesh), nutrition (text)
The Influence of Fluid Intake Behavior on Cognition and Mood among College Students in Baoding, China.
Introduction: Water is a critical nutrient, and it is important for the maintenance of the physiological function of the human body [1-3]. In addition to fluid amounts, fluid intake frequency is also important for hydration status [4, 5]. At present, only few guidelines mention fluid intake behavior that recommend drinking water frequently while in small quantities, however, there is no scientific evidence to support it. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the appropriate fluid intake behavior.
Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of different fluid intake behavior on cognition and mood, to provide scientific basis for proposing the appropriate fluid intake behavior.
Methods: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed and implemented among college students aged 18-23 years in Baoding, China. Subjects were randomly assigned into each of 3 gr…
matched on Diet, Healthy (mesh), nutrition (text)
Compensatory mechanisms activated with intermittent energy restriction: A randomized control trial.
Background & aims: Strong compensatory responses, with reduced resting metabolic rate (RMR), increased exercise efficiency (ExEff) and appetite, are activated when weight loss (WL) is achieved with continuous energy restriction (CER), which try to restore energy balance. Intermittent energy restriction (IER), where short spells of energy restriction are interspaced by periods of habitual energy intake, may offer some protection in minimizing those responses. We aimed to compare the effect of IER versus CER on body composition and the compensatory responses induced by WL.
Methods: 35 adults (age: 39 ± 9 y) with obesity (BMI: 36 ± 4 kg/m2) were randomized to lose a similar weight with an IER (N = 18) or a CER (N = 17) diet over a 12 week period. Macronutrient composition and overall energy restriction (33% reduction) were similar between groups. Body weight/composition, RMR, fasting respir…
matched on Energy Intake (mesh), nutrition (text)
Kessler CS, Stange R, Schlenkermann M, Jeitler M, Michalsen A, Selle A, Raucci F, Steckhan N (2018)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)27 citations A nonrandomized controlled clinical pilot trial on 8 wk of intermittent fasting (24 h/wk).
Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether intermittent fasting (IF) is an effective preventive measure, and whether it is feasible for healthy volunteers under every day conditions.
Methods: A nonrandomized controlled clinical trial on IF was performed with healthy volunteers over a period of 8 wk, and a subsequent 4-mo follow-up. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, after 8 wk, and after 6 mo. Volunteers who were not interested in fasting served as a control group. Participants in the fasting group were asked to continue their regular nutritional habits on the nonfasting days, whereas the control group maintained their habitual nutrition throughout the whole period. Outcomes included changes of metabolic parameters (insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor-1, brain-derived neurotropic factor, lipids, liver enzymes, hemoglobin A1c) and coagulation mar…
matched on Energy Intake (mesh), nutrition (text)
Consumption of anthocyanin-rich cherry juice for 12 weeks improves memory and cognition in older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia.
Purpose: Dietary flavonoids, including anthocyanins, may positively influence cognition and may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of dementia. We aimed to assess whether daily consumption of anthocyanin-rich cherry juice changed cognitive function in older adults with dementia. Blood pressure and anti-inflammatory effects were examined as secondary outcomes.
Methods: A 12-week randomised controlled trial assessed cognitive outcomes in older adults (+70 year) with mild-to-moderate dementia (n = 49) after consumption of 200 ml/day of either a cherry juice or a control juice with negligible anthocyanin content. Blood pressure and inflammatory markers (CRP and IL-6) were measured at 6 and 12 weeks. ANCOVA controlling for baseline and RMANOVA assessed change in cognition and blood pressure.
Results: Improvements in verbal fluency (p = 0.014), short-term memory (p = 0.014) and lon…
matched on Fruit (mesh), nutrition (text)
Investigation into the acute effects of total and partial energy restriction on postprandial metabolism among overweight/obese participants.
The intermittent energy restriction (IER) approach to weight loss involves short periods of substantial (75-100 %) energy restriction (ER) interspersed with normal eating. This study aimed to characterise the early metabolic response to these varying degrees of ER, which occurs acutely and prior to weight loss. Ten (three female) healthy, overweight/obese participants (36 (SEM 5) years; 29·0 (sem 1·1) kg/m2) took part in this acute three-way cross-over study. Participants completed three 1-d dietary interventions in a randomised order with a 1-week washout period: isoenergetic intake, partial 75 % ER and total 100 % ER. Fasting and postprandial (6-h) metabolic responses to a liquid test meal were assessed the following morning via serial blood sampling and indirect calorimetry. Food intake was also recorded for two subsequent days of ad libitum intake. Relative to the isoenergetic contro…
matched on Energy Intake (mesh), nutrition (text)
Brüll V, Burak C, Stoffel-Wagner B, Wolffram S, Nickenig G, Müller C, Langguth P, Alteheld B, Fimmers R, Naaf S, Zimmermann BF, Stehle P, Egert S (2015)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe British journal of nutrition131 citations Effects of a quercetin-rich onion skin extract on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with (pre-)hypertension: a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial.
The polyphenol quercetin may prevent CVD due to its antihypertensive and vasorelaxant properties. We investigated the effects of quercetin after regular intake on blood pressure (BP) in overweight-to-obese patients with pre-hypertension and stage I hypertension. In addition, the potential mechanisms responsible for the hypothesised effect of quercetin on BP were explored. Subjects (n 70) were randomised to receive 162 mg/d quercetin from onion skin extract powder or placebo in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over trial with 6-week treatment periods separated by a 6-week washout period. Before and after the intervention, ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and office BP were measured; urine and blood samples were collected; and endothelial function was measured by EndoPAT technology. In the total group, quercetin did not significantly affect 24 h ABP parameters and office BP. In th…
matched on Energy Intake (mesh), nutrition (text)
Gerards SM, Dagnelie PC, Gubbels JS, van Buuren S, Hamers FJ, Jansen MW, van der Goot OH, de Vries NK, Sanders MR, Kremers SP (2015)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPloS one44 citations The effectiveness of lifestyle triple P in the Netherlands: a randomized controlled trial.
Introduction: Lifestyle Triple P is a general parenting intervention which focuses on preventing further excessive weight gain in overweight and obese children. The objective of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of the Lifestyle Triple P intervention in the Netherlands.
Method: We used a parallel randomized controlled design to test the effectiveness of the intervention. In total, 86 child-parent triads (children 4-8 years old, overweight or obese) were recruited and randomly assigned (allocation ratio 1:1) to the Lifestyle Triple P intervention or the control condition. Parents in the intervention condition received a 14-week intervention consisting of ten 90-minute group sessions and four individual telephone sessions. Primary outcome measure was the children's body composition (BMI z-scores, waist circumference and skinfolds). The research assistant who performed the m…
matched on Energy Intake (mesh), nutrition (text)
Effect of weight loss, exercise, or both on cognition and quality of life in obese older adults.
Background: Obesity impairs cognition and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older adults; however, the appropriate treatment of obese older adults remains controversial.
Objective: The objective was to determine the independent and combined effects of weight loss and exercise on cognition, mood, and HRQOL in obese older adults.
Design: One hundred seven frail, obese older adults were randomly assigned to a control, weight-management (diet), exercise, or weight-management-plus-exercise (diet-exercise) group for 1 y. In this secondary analysis, main outcomes were Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) and total Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite (IWQOL) scores. Other outcomes included Word Fluency Test, Trail Making Test Parts A and B, and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores.
Results: Scores on the 3MS improved more in the diet (mean ± SE: 1.7 ± 0.4), exercise (2.8 …
matched on Energy Intake (mesh), nutrition (text)
Umpierrez GE, Spiegelman R, Zhao V, Smiley DD, Pinzon I, Griffith DP, Peng L, Morris T, Luo M, Garcia H, Thomas C, Newton CA, Ziegler TR (2012)randomised controlled trialMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usCritical care medicine43 citations A double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing soybean oil-based versus olive oil-based lipid emulsions in adult medical-surgical intensive care unit patients requiring parenteral nutrition.
Objective: Parenteral nutrition has been associated with metabolic and infectious complications in intensive care unit patients. The underlying mechanism for the high risk of complications is not known but may relate to the proinflammatory effects of soybean oil-based lipid emulsions, the only Food and Drug Administration-approved lipid formulation for clinical use.
Design: Prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
Setting: Medical-surgical intensive care units from a major urban teaching hospital and a tertiary referral university hospital.
Patients: Adult medical-surgical intensive care unit patients.
Intervention: Parenteral nutrition containing soybean oil-based (Intralipid) or olive oil-based (ClinOleic) lipid emulsions.
Measurements: Differences in hospital clinical outcomes (nosocomial infections and noninfectious complications), hospital length of stay, glycemic co…
matched on Olive Oil (mesh), nutrition (text)