What is eaten and how it bears on mind and body.
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526 to 550 of 1,410Weight change during and after Ramadan fasting.
Background: During Ramadan, observant Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset for a month. Knowing whether Ramadan fasting affects body weight has implications for health advice to the Muslim community, for understanding the effects of skipping meals on body weight, and for general weight management advice.
Methods: We compared body weight before and after the Ramadan fast and 1 month later in observant Muslims attending a Mosque in East London, UK.
Results: In 202 participants who provided weight at the beginning and the end of Ramadan, there was a small weight decrease (-0.84 kg, 95% CI = -0.6 to -1, P < 0.0001), with 46% of participants losing >1 kg. Participants who fasted throughout Ramadan lost significantly more weight (1 kg) than those who occasionally broke fast (0.3 kg, P = 0.013). In 87 participants who provided weight at the beginning and end of Ramadan and also 1 month later, al…
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Social network concordance in food choice among spouses, friends, and siblings.
Objectives: We investigated whether eating behaviors were concordant among diverse sets of social ties.
Methods: We analyzed the socioeconomic and demographic distribution of eating among 3418 members of the Framingham Heart Study observed from 1991 to 2001. We used a data-classification procedure to simplify choices into 7 nonoverlapping patterns that we matched with information on social network ties. We used correlation analysis to examine eating associations among 4 types of peers (spouses, friends, brothers, and sisters). Longitudinal multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate evidence for peer influences on eating.
Results: Of all peer types, spouses showed the strongest concordances in eating patterns over time after adjustment for social contextual factors. Across all peers, the eating pattern most likely to be shared by socially connected individuals was "alcohol and snac…
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Diet-related restrictive parenting practices. Impact on dietary intake of 2-year-old children and interactions with child characteristics.
This study examined the relationship between diet-related parenting practices, parental characteristics, child characteristics, and 2-year-old child's dietary intake. Cross-sectional data (N=2578) originated from the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Principal component analyses revealed two restrictive parenting practice clusters: a cluster characterized by prohibition of the intake of various snacks and soft drinks, and a separate cluster characterized by prohibition of cookies and cake. Regression analyses showed that these clusters were related to the children's behavioural style (i.e. oppositional, depressive and/or aggressive behaviour) and to educational level, age and alternative lifestyle of the mother. The clusters also had a favourable influence on dietary intake (i.e. restrictive parenting practices were related to less consumption of the restricted (unhealthy) items and higher consu…
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Hou L, Savage SA, Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez G, Hoxha M, Dioni L, Pegoraro V, Dong LM, Zatonski W, Lissowska J, Chow WH, Baccarelli A (2009)cohort or longitudinalMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology93 citations Telomere length in peripheral leukocyte DNA and gastric cancer risk.
Telomere length reflects lifetime cumulative oxidative stress from environmental exposures, such as cigarette smoking and chronic inflammation. Shortened telomere length is thought to cause genomic instability and has been associated with several cancers. We examined the association of telomere length in peripheral leukocyte DNA with gastric cancer risk as well as potential confounding factors and risk modifiers for telomere length-related risk. In a population-based study of gastric cancer conducted in a high-risk population in Warsaw, Poland, between 1994 and 1996, we measured relative telomere length in 300 cases and 416 age- and gender-matched controls using quantitative real-time PCR. Among controls, telomeres were significantly shorter in association with aging (P < 0.001), increasing pack-years of cigarette smoking (P = 0.02), decreasing fruit intake (P = 0.04), and Helicobacter p…
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Hay DF (2009)cohort or longitudinalMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usBritish journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)16 citations The roots and branches of human altruism.
The authors' rigorous and ingenious programme of work documents young humans' capacity for prosocial action (Warneken & Tomasello, 2009). Their laboratory findings are corroborated by centuries of observational data, spanning cultures, and historical epochs. Two general questions are raised. Firstly, what are the rules of evidence needed in using comparative data to make claims about the evolution of human social behaviours? Secondly, what ontogenetic processes contribute to the transformation of toddlers' helpfulness into mature, cognitively informed and rule-governed altruism? These findings alone do not provide complete evidence for the phylogenetic roots of altruism. I argue that selective pressures in human evolution have favoured sociability, which could lead to aggression or altruism, depending on context and the nature of the rearing environment. Any social behaviour shown in inf…
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Indulgent feeding style and children's weight status in preschool.
Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to examine whether parent affect and child temperament characteristics differ across feeding styles in low-income families, given suggestive evidence. The secondary aim was to examine whether feeding styles were still related to children's body mass index independent of parent affect, child temperament, and known correlates.
Methods: Participants in this study were 718 parents of children attending Head Start programs across two sites (Texas and Alabama). Parents were categorized into feeding styles of authoritative (n = 118), authoritarian (n = 219), indulgent (n = 240) and uninvolved (n = 141) using a parent-report questionnaire characterizing feeding in a general parenting paradigm. Parents completed questionnaires and measured height and weight was obtained from parents and children.
Results: Differences were found across feeding styles on p…
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Genetic influence on appetite in children.
Background: The modern environment is ubiquitously 'obesogenic', yet people vary enormously in weight. One factor contributing to weight variation could be genetically determined differences in appetite that modulate susceptibility to the environment. We assessed the relative contribution of genes and environment for two aspects of appetite that have been implicated in obesity.
Methods: Parents of a population-based sample of 8- to 11-year-old twins (n=5435 pairs) completed validated, questionnaire measures of responsiveness to satiety and responsiveness to food cues for both children.
Results: Quantitative genetic model fitting gave estimates of 63% (95% confidence interval: 39-81%) for the heritability of satiety responsiveness and 75% (52-85%) for food cue responsiveness. Shared and non-shared environmental influences were 21% (0-51%) and 16% (10-21%) for satiety responsiveness, and 1…
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Xie B, Chou CP, Spruijt-Metz D, Reynolds K, Clark F, Palmer PH, Gallaher P, Sun P, Guo Q, Johnson CA (2006)cohort or longitudinalMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPreventive medicine99 citations Weight perception and weight-related sociocultural and behavioral factors in Chinese adolescents.
Background: Rapid economic development accompanied by imported Western media, advertising, fashion, and lifestyle in mainland China has resulted in shifts in cultural beliefs and beauty ideals in adolescents. The present study focused on understanding relationships among weight perception and weight-related sociocultural and behavioral factors in Chinese adolescents.
Methods: Data collected in 2002 from 6863 middle and high school students and their parents from four large cities in mainland China were used. Weight status was determined by measured weight and height. Weight perception, media exposure, attitudes, and health behaviors were assessed by a structured questionnaire survey.
Results: Boys were more likely to describe themselves as either too thin or relatively thin than girls (37.32% vs. 18.79%), while girls more often considered themselves either relatively heavy or too heavy t…
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le Grange D, Binford RB, Peterson CB, Crow SJ, Crosby RD, Klein MH, Bardone-Cone AM, Joiner TE, Mitchell JE, Wonderlich SA (2006)cohort or longitudinalMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usThe International journal of eating disorders68 citations DSM-IV threshold versus subthreshold bulimia nervosa.
Objective: The purpose of the present work is to determine whether bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorder not otherwise specified, BN type (EDNOS-BN) were qualitatively distinct in terms of eating and general psychopathology.
Method: This study presents a comparison of 138 women with BN and 57 with EDNOS-BN from a multisite study on eating-related and general psychopathology measures.
Results: Although women with BN reported higher lifetime history rates of anorexia nervosa, greater binge eating and vomiting frequency, and more eating concerns, no significant differences were observed between groups on measures of perfectionism, impulsivity, obsessive-compulsiveness, anxiety, depressive symptomatology, or alcohol/substance problems. Based on the partial eta2 values, the distinction between BN and EDNOS-BN accounted for <5% of the criterion variance in general psychopathology measures. …
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Actions of glucocorticoids at a seasonal baseline as compared to stress-related levels in the regulation of periodic life processes.
For decades, demands associated with the predictable life-history cycle have been considered stressful and have not been distinguished from stress that occurs in association with unpredictable and life-threatening perturbations in the environment. The recent emergence of the concept of allostasis distinguishes behavioral and physiological responses to predictable routines as opposed to unpredictable perturbations, and allows for their comparison within one theoretical framework. Glucocorticosteroids (GCs) have been proposed as important mediators of allostasis, as they allow for rapid readjustment and support of behavior and physiology in response to predictable and unpredictable demands (allostatic load). Much work has already been done in defining GC action at the high concentrations that accompany life-threatening perturbations. However, less is known about the role of GCs in relation…
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Comorbidity of bipolar and eating disorders: distinct or related disorders with shared dysregulations?
Background: The co-occurrence of bipolar and eating disorders, though of major clinical and public health importance, remains relatively unexamined.
Methods: In reviewing the literature on this comorbidity, we compared bulimia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorders and bipolar disorders on phenomenology, course, family history, biology, and treatment response.
Results: Epidemiological studies show an association between subthreshold bipolar disorder and eating disorders in adolescents, and between hypomania and eating disorders, especially binge eating behavior, in adults. Of the clinical studies, most show that patients with bipolar disorder have elevated rates of eating disorders, and vice versa. Finally, the phenomenology, course, comorbidity, family history, and pharmacologic treatment response of these disorders show considerable overlap on all of these parameter…
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Health-related quality of life and health risk behaviors among smokers.
Background: It is well established that smoking has detrimental effects on physical health, but its associations with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and a variety of health behaviors have not been widely investigated in the U.S. population.
Methods: Data obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), an ongoing, state-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey of non-institutionalized persons aged > or =18 years in the United States, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, were used in this investigation. The BRFSS monitors the prevalence of key health- and safety-related behaviors and characteristics. In 2001 and 2002 combined, trained interviewers administered HRQOL questions in 23 states and the District of Columbia (n=82,918). This analysis was conducted in 2004.
Results: Overall, an estimated 22.4% of adults were current smokers, 24.1% were former …
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European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults.
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterised by an increase of body fat stores. It is a gateway to ill health, and it has become one of the leading causes of disability and death, affecting not only adults but also children and adolescents worldwide. In clinical practice, the body fatness is estimated by BMI, and the accumulation of intra-abdominal fat (marker for higher metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk) can be assessed by waist circumference. Complex interactions between biological, behavioural, social and environmental factors are involved in regulation of energy balance and fat stores. A comprehensive history, physical examination and laboratory assessment relevant to the patient's obesity should be obtained. Appropriate goals of weight management emphasise realistic weight loss to achieve a reduction in health risks and should include promotion of weight loss, mainte…
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On carrots and curiosity: eating fruit and vegetables is associated with greater flourishing in daily life.
Objectives: Our aim was to determine whether eating fruit and vegetables (FV) is associated with other markers of well-being beyond happiness and life satisfaction. Towards this aim, we tested whether FV consumption is associated with greater eudaemonic well-being - a state of flourishing characterized by feelings of engagement, meaning, and purpose in life. We also tested associations with two eudaemonic behaviours - curiosity and creativity.
Design: Daily diary study across 13 days (micro-longitudinal, correlational design).
Methods: A sample of 405 young adults (67% women; mean age 19.9 [SD 1.6] years) completed an Internet daily diary for 13 consecutive days. Each day, participants reported on their consumption of fruit, vegetables, sweets, and chips, as well as their eudaemonic well-being, curiosity, creativity, positive affect (PA), and negative affect. Between-person associations …
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Gianfredi V, Koster A, Odone A, Amerio A, Signorelli C, Schaper NC, Bosma H, Köhler S, Dagnelie PC, Stehouwer CDA, Schram MT, Dongen MCJMV, Eussen SJPM (2021)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usNutrients43 citations Associations of Dietary Patterns with Incident Depression: The Maastricht Study.
Our aim was to assess the association between a priori defined dietary patterns and incident depressive symptoms. We used data from The Maastricht Study, a population-based cohort study (n = 2646, mean (SD) age 59.9 (8.0) years, 49.5% women; 15,188 person-years of follow-up). Level of adherence to the Dutch Healthy Diet (DHD), Mediterranean Diet, and Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension (DASH) were derived from a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and annually over seven-year-follow-up (using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire). We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to assess the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms. One standard deviation (SD) higher adherence in the DHD and DASH was associated with a lower hazard ratio (HR) of depressive symptoms with HRs (95%CI) of 0.78 (0.69-0.89) and 0.…
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The Gut Microbiota as a Mediator Linking the MIND Diet to Alzheimer's Disease.
The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet has emerged as a promising dietary pattern associated with reduced Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, supported by growing evidence that both diet and the gut microbiota are modifiable contributors to disease development and progression. Observational studies have linked higher MIND diet adherence to lower AD incidence and slower cognitive decline, with certain comparative analyses reporting stronger associations with cognitive outcomes than those observed for the parent Mediterranean or DASH diets. Developed specifically to support cognitive health, the MIND diet emphasizes leafy green vegetables, berries, and olive oil while restricting butter, cheese, fried foods, sweets, and red meat. While these features suggest a biologically plausible basis for neuroprotection, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely def…
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[Influence of diet, exercise, and sleep on the health and well-being of children and adolescents].
Introduction: Child and adolescent health is determined by a variety of interconnected lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity and sleep. In recent years, the time devoted to physical activity and adherence to healthy dietary patterns have declined. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the influence of sleep, physical activity and diet on children's health. A healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, not only promotes better body composition and a lower risk of obesity but has also been linked to improved mental health and cognitive performance. Physical activity has been associated with benefits for cardiovascular health, emotional regulation and academic performance. In contrast, a sedentary lifestyle, particularly excessive screen time, has been associated with increased adiposity and impaired psychological well-being. Insufficient sleep has been shown to impair cognit…
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A Brief Review of the Mediterranean Diet's Role in Mediating Inflammation and in Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a dietary pattern for which the health benefits in prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and metabolic disorders have been well-substantiated. However, emerging clinical literature has shown its promise in reducing risk and disease activity in many autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on literature about components of the MD and their role in modulating inflammatory pathways implicated in autoimmune disease. This review also focuses on literature assessing the MD's associations with clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic autoimmune condition primarily affecting one's joints. The core components of the MD (such as whole grains, fish, olive oil, yogurt, cheese, and moderate red wine consumption) have been seen to reduce laboratory and clinical markers of inflammation through a number of mechanisms. Recent population-based cohor…
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Diet interventions for depression: Review and recommendations for practice.
Objective: this paper aims to present the evidence for the role of diet in the prevention and treatment of depression, review the potential underlying mechanisms and provide practice recommendations for mental health clinicians.
Methods: A literature review was conducted through searches of PubMed with the search terms 'depression', 'diet', 'prevention', 'treatment' and 'mechanisms' and combinations thereof. Additional articles were identified through hand searching.
Results: Greater adherence to several healthy dietary patterns, traditional diets such as the Mediterranean diet and other diets such as the DASH diet are associated with or can treat symptoms of depression. Several limitations of the research were noted, many of which relate to inherent challenges of studying diet. Mechanisms by which dietary intervention can influence mood include the gut microbiome, modulation of inflamma…
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Molecular Mechanisms of Healthy Aging: The Role of Caloric Restriction, Intermittent Fasting, Mediterranean Diet, and Ketogenic Diet-A Scoping Review.
As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging and the mechanisms by which specific nutrients and dietary patterns influence key pathways involved in cellular repair, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. Caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, the Mediterranean diet, as well as the ketogenic diet showed promising effects on promoting healthy aging, possibly by modulating mTORC1 AMPK, an insulin signaling pathway. By understanding the intricate interplay between diet and molecular pathways, we can develop personalized dietary strategies that not only prevent age-related diseases, but also promo…
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Dietary Implications of the Bidirectional Relationship between the Gut Microflora and Inflammatory Diseases with Special Emphasis on Irritable Bowel Disease: Current and Future Perspective.
The immune system is vital for safeguarding the human body against infections and inflammatory diseases. The role of diet and meal patterns in modulating immune function is complex, and highlighting this topic is crucial for identifying potential ways to improve immune health. In Europe, the Mediterranean diet and Western diet are the most common dietary patterns, and gaining an understanding of how they affect immune function is essential for public health. There are numerous inflammatory diseases that are observed in younger and older people. Some of the common diseases include polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), vasculitis, sarcopenia, cirrhosis, cancer, and fibromyalgia, but the main focus in this review article is on irritable bowel disease (IBD). In general, dietary choices can have an immense impact on the microbial flora of the gut in people with inflamma…
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Can dietary patterns prevent cognitive impairment and reduce Alzheimer's disease risk: Exploring the underlying mechanisms of effects.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the fastest growing cognitive decline-related neurological diseases. To date, effective curative strategies have remained elusive. A growing body of evidence indicates that dietary patterns have significant effects on cognitive function and the risk of developing AD. Previous studies on the association between diet and AD risk have mainly focused on individual food components and specific nutrients, and the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of dietary patterns on AD are not well understood. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet, Mediterranean-DASH diet intervention for neurological delay (MIND), ketogenic diet, caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, methionine restriction, and low-protein and hi…
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Cano A, Marshall S, Zolfaroli I, Bitzer J, Ceausu I, Chedraui P, Durmusoglu F, Erkkola R, Goulis DG, Hirschberg AL, Kiesel L, Lopes P, Pines A, van Trotsenburg M, Lambrinoudaki I, Rees M (2020)reviewMEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usMaturitas38 citations The Mediterranean diet and menopausal health: An EMAS position statement.
Introduction: Globally, 985 million women are aged 50 and over, leading to increasing concerns about chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, dementia, and cognitive decline, which can adversely affect quality of life and independent living.
Aim: To evaluate the evidence from observational studies and randomized trials on the effects of the Mediterranean diet on short- and long-term menopausal health: estrogen deficiency symptoms, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, cognitive and mental health, breast cancer, and all-cause mortality.
Materials and methods: Literature review and consensus of expert opinion.
Summary recommendations: The Mediterranean diet is a non-restrictive dietary pattern common in the olive-growing areas of the Mediterranean basin. It may improve vasomotor symptoms, cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol and blood gluc…
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Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease.
The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health and influences the development of chronic diseases ranging from metabolic disease to gastrointestinal disorders and colorectal cancer. Of increasing prevalence in Western societies, these conditions carry a high burden of care. Dietary patterns and environmental factors have a profound effect on shaping gut microbiota in real time. Diverse populations of intestinal bacteria mediate their beneficial effects through the fermentation of dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids, endogenous signals with important roles in lipid homeostasis and reducing inflammation. Recent progress shows that an individual's starting microbial profile is a key determinant in predicting their response to intervention with live probiotics. The gut microbiota is complex and challenging to characterize. Enterotypes have been proposed using metrics…
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Dietary Patterns and Components in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): What Key Messages Can Health Care Providers Offer?
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rising epidemic worldwide and will be the leading cause of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplant within the next decade. NAFLD is considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Behaviors, such as a sedentary lifestyle and consuming a Western diet, have led to substantial challenges in managing NAFLD patients. With no curative pharmaceutical therapies, lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes and exercise, that ultimately lead to weight loss remain the only effective therapy for NAFLD. Multiple diets, including low-carbohydrate, low-fat, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean (MD) diets, have been evaluated. NAFLD patients have shown better outcomes with a modified diet, such as the MD diet, where patients are encouraged to increase the consumption of fruits and vegetable…
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