Honey, black seed, olive, dates and cupping, as studied in the modern literature.
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526 to 550 of 588Evaluation of the In Vitro Wound-Healing Activity of Calabrian Honeys.
The healing of skin wounds and particularly chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers, is still a clinical emergency. Despite the many therapeutic tools that are available so far, none seems to be really effective and safe. In this context, we highlighted the renewed wound healing activity of honey, a viscous aromatic and sweet food, by way of in vitro wound-healing assays, using the HaCaT cell line. Specifically, we investigated five monofloral or multifloral honeys from different Calabrian provinces using them as such or extracted (by Amberlite® or n-hexane and ethyl acetate). The chemical composition of honeys was ascertained by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and by the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Amongst the five tested honeys, BL1 and BL5 honeys showed the most promising healing properties. Pinocembrin, which was revealed in BL1…
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Research on the Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Gallic Acid Against Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Sleep Deprivation.
Background: Gallic acid (GA) is a dietary polyphenol widely found in walnuts, tea leaves, and grapes, and it is recognized for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) is known to disrupt redox balance, promote neuroinflammation, and impair cognition, while effective nutritional strategies to mitigate these effects remain scarce. This study was designed to evaluate the protective potential of GA against CSD-induced cognitive deficits in mice and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Seventy-two male ICR mice were randomly allocated to six groups, including control, CSD model, Ginkgo biloba extract, and GA at three doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). After 28 days of treatment, cognitive performance was assessed using the open field test (OFT), novel object recognition (NOR), step-through passive avoidance (ST), and Morris water maze …
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Hepatotoxicity assessment of innovative nutritional supplements based on olive-oil formulations enriched with natural antioxidants.
Introduction: This study focuses on the assessment of extra virgin olive-oil and olive fruit-based formulations enriched with natural antioxidants as potential nutritional supplements for alleviating symptoms and long-term consequences of illnesses whose molecular pathophysiology is affected by oxidative stress and inflammation, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Methods: Besides evaluating cell viability and proliferation capacity of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells exposed to formulations in culture, hepatotoxicity was also considered as an additional safety measure using quantitative real-time PCR on RNA samples isolated from the cell cultures and applying approaches of targeted molecular analysis to uncover potential pathway effects through gene expression profiling. Furthermore, the formulations investigated in this work contrast the addition of natural extract with chemica…
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Masood F, Thebeau JM, Cloet A, Kozii IV, Zabrodski MW, Biganski S, Liang J, Marta Guarna M, Simko E, Ruzzini A, Wood SC (2022)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usScientific reports26 citations Evaluating approved and alternative treatments against an oxytetracycline-resistant bacterium responsible for European foulbrood disease in honey bees.
European foulbrood (EFB) is a disease of honey bee larvae caused by Melissococcus plutonius. In North America, oxytetracycline (OTC) is approved to combat EFB disease though tylosin (TYL) and lincomycin (LMC) are also registered for use against American foulbrood disease. Herein, we report and characterize an OTC-resistant M. plutonius isolate from British Columbia, Canada, providing an antimicrobial sensitivity to the three approved antibiotics and studying their abilities to alter larval survival in an in vitro infection model. Specifically, we investigated OTC, TYL, and LMC as potential treatment options for EFB disease using laboratory-reared larvae infected with M. plutonius. The utility of the three antibiotics were compared through an experimental design that either mimicked metaphylaxis or antimicrobial intervention. At varying concentrations, all three antibiotics prevented clin…
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LncRNA XIST mediates bovine mammary epithelial cell inflammatory response via NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
Objectives: The correlations between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and diverse mammal diseases have been clarified by many researches, but the cognition about bovine mastitis-related lncRNAs remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) in the inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells.
Materials and methods: Two inflammatory bovine mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) models were established by infecting the cells with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured, and the proliferation, viability and apoptosis of the inflammatory cells were evaluated after XIST was knocked down by an siRNA. The relationship among XIST, NF-κB pathway and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was investigated using an inhibitor of NF-κB…
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Elgendy M, Cirò M, Hosseini A, Weiszmann J, Mazzarella L, Ferrari E, Cazzoli R, Curigliano G, DeCensi A, Bonanni B, Budillon A, Pelicci PG, Janssens V, Ogris M, Baccarini M, Lanfrancone L, Weckwerth W, Foiani M, Minucci S (2019)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usCancer cell245 citations Combination of Hypoglycemia and Metformin Impairs Tumor Metabolic Plasticity and Growth by Modulating the PP2A-GSK3β-MCL-1 Axis.
Tumor cells may adapt to metabolic challenges by alternating between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). To target this metabolic plasticity, we combined intermittent fasting, a clinically feasible approach to reduce glucose availability, with the OXPHOS inhibitor metformin. In mice exposed to 24-h feeding/fasting cycles, metformin impaired tumor growth only when administered during fasting-induced hypoglycemia. Synergistic anti-neoplastic effects of the metformin/hypoglycemia combination were mediated by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activation downstream of PP2A, leading to a decline in the pro-survival protein MCL-1, and cell death. Mechanistically, specific activation of the PP2A-GSK3β axis was the sum of metformin-induced inhibition of CIP2A, a PP2A suppressor, and of upregulation of the PP2A regulatory subunit B56δ by low glucose, leading to an active PP2A-B56δ…
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Tohmé R, Izadmehr S, Gandhe S, Tabaro G, Vallabhaneni S, Thomas A, Vasireddi N, Dhawan NS, Ma'ayan A, Sharma N, Galsky MD, Ohlmeyer M, Sangodkar J, Narla G (2019)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJCI insight62 citations Direct activation of PP2A for the treatment of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant lung adenocarcinoma.
Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated significant efficacy in advanced lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients with pathogenic alterations in EGFR, most patients develop acquired resistance to these agents via mechanisms enabling the sustained activation of the PI3K and MAPK oncogenic pathways downstream of EGFR. The tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) acts as a negative regulator of these pathways. We hypothesize that activation of PP2A simultaneously inhibits the PI3K and MAPK pathways and represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of TKI-resistant LUAD. After establishing the efficacy of small molecule activators of PP2A (SMAPs) in a transgenic EGFRL858R model and TKI-sensitive cell lines, we evaluated their therapeutic potential in vitro and in vivo in TKI-resistant models. PP2A activation resulted in apoptosis, significant tumor growt…
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Chrysin attenuates progression of ovarian cancer cells by regulating signaling cascades and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Chrysin is mainly found in passion flowers, honey, and propolis acts as a potential therapeutic and preventive agent to inhibit proliferation and invasion of various human cancer cells. Although chrysin has anti-carcinogenic effects in several cancers, little is known about its functional roles in ovarian cancer which shows poor prognosis and chemoresistance to traditional therapeutic agents. In the present study, we investigated functional roles of chrysin in progression of ovarian cancer cells using ES2 and OV90 (clear cell and serous carcinoma, respectively) cell lines. Results of the current study demonstrated that chrysin inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation and induced cell death by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels as well as inducing loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Moreover, chrysin activated mitogen-activated p…
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Sirtuin 6 plays an oncogenic role and induces cell autophagy in esophageal cancer cells.
Sirtuin 6, a member of sirtuin family, is generally regarded as a tumor suppressor as it participates in suppressing hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and MYC transcription activity by deacetylating H3K9 (histone H3 lysine 9) and H3K56 (histone H3 lysine) at promoters of target genes, leading to the aerobic glycolysis inhibition and cell growth suppression. However, its expression has recently been reported to be highly elevated in a series of tumors, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer, indicating that sirtuin 6 plays dual roles in tumorigenicity in a cell/tumor type-specific manner. To our knowledge, the biological roles of sirtuin 6 in esophageal cancer cells have still been underestimated. In the study, data from quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-based assays and immunohistochemical assays revealed that sirtuin 6 was remarkabl…
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Predicting Drug Combination Index and Simulating the Network-Regulation Dynamics by Mathematical Modeling of Drug-Targeted EGFR-ERK Signaling Pathway.
Synergistic drug combinations enable enhanced therapeutics. Their discovery typically involves the measurement and assessment of drug combination index (CI), which can be facilitated by the development and applications of in-silico CI predictive tools. In this work, we developed and tested the ability of a mathematical model of drug-targeted EGFR-ERK pathway in predicting CIs and in analyzing multiple synergistic drug combinations against observations. Our mathematical model was validated against the literature reported signaling, drug response dynamics, and EGFR-MEK drug combination effect. The predicted CIs and combination therapeutic effects of the EGFR-BRaf, BRaf-MEK, FTI-MEK, and FTI-BRaf inhibitor combinations showed consistent synergism. Our results suggest that existing pathway models may be potentially extended for developing drug-targeted pathway models to predict drug combinat…
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Isoliquiritigenin reduces oxidative damage and alleviates mitochondrial impairment by SIRT1 activation in experimental diabetic neuropathy.
Sirtuin (SIRT1) inactivation underlies the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia-associated vascular complications, but its role in diabetic neuropathy (DN) has not been yet explored. We have evaluated hyperglycaemia-induced alteration of SIRT1 signalling and the effect of isoliquiritigenin (ILQ) on SIRT1-directed AMP kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) signalling in peripheral nerves of streptozotocin (STZ) (55 mg/kg, ip)-induced diabetic rats and in high glucose (30 mM)-exposed neuro2a (N2A) cells. Diabetic rats and high glucose-exposed N2A cells showed reduction in SIRT1 expression with consequent decline in mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy. ILQ (10 & 20 mg/kg, po) administration to diabetic rats for 2 weeks and exposure to glucose-insulted N2A cells resulted in significant SIRT1 activation with concurre…
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Areca nut contributes to oral malignancy through facilitating the conversion of cancer stem cells.
Oral cancer is one of the most frequent malignant diseases worldwide, and areca nut is a primary carcinogen causing this cancer in Southeast Asia. Previous studies to examine the effects of this carcinogen often used short-term and high-dose treatment of area nut extract as a research model, which do not recapitulate the conditions of patients with long-term and habitual use of this substance. To approach authentic mechanism of areca nut-induced oral carcinogenesis that occurs in human, we established four isogenic sublines of oral cells which were chronic exposed to areca nut extract. Without eliciting cytotoxicity or senescence, these four sublines cells exhibited significant increase in invasive ability, along with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These cells also showed resistance to chemotherapeutic drug and irradiation, accompanying with the augmentation of ABCG2 protein efflux a…
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Role of KIF2A in the progression and metastasis of human glioma.
KIF2A is a member of the kinesin-13 family and is involved in cell mitosis and spindle assembly. The abnormal expression and dysfunction of KIF2A are associated with tumorigenesis and the progression of certain human cancer types; however, little is known about the expression and roles of KIF2A in glioma. In the present study, the expression of KIF2A in 35 freshly isolated human glioma tissue samples was analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The association between the expression of KIF2A and clinicopathological parameters were assessed using the χ(2) test. The biological functions of KIF2A on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of glioma cells were investigated using an A172 cell line. RT-qPCR and IHC results demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expression levels of KIF2A were significantl…
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The potential role of melatonin on sleep deprivation-induced cognitive impairments: implication of FMRP on cognitive function.
While prolonged sleep deprivation (SD) could lead to profound negative health consequences, such as impairments in vital biological functions of immunity and cognition, melatonin possesses powerful ameliorating effects against those harmful insults. Melatonin has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that help to restore body's immune and cognitive functions. In this study, we investigated the possible role of melatonin in reversing cognitive dysfunction induced by SD in rats. Our experimental results revealed that sleep-deprived animals exhibited spatial memory impairment in the Morris water maze tasks compared with the control groups. Furthermore, there was an increased glial activation most prominent in the hippocampal region of the SD group compared to the normal control (NC) group. Additionally, markers of oxidative stress such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 7,8-dihydro-…
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miR-210 mediates vagus nerve stimulation-induced antioxidant stress and anti-apoptosis reactions following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and modulates redox status, potentially through the activity of miR-210, an important microRNA that is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor and Akt-dependent pathways. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms of VNS- and miR-210-mediated hypoxic tolerance. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were preconditioned with a miR-210 antagomir (A) or with an antagomir control (AC), followed by middle cerebral artery occlusion and VNS treatment. The animals were divided into eight groups: sham I/R, I/R, I/R+AC, I/R+A, sham I/R+VNS, I/R+VNS, I/R+VNS+AC, and I/R+VNS+A. Activation of the endogenous cholinergic a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (a7nAchR) pathway was identified using double immunofluorescence staining. miR-210 expression was measured by PCR. Behavioral outcomes, infarct…
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Combination of unsaturated fatty acids and ionizing radiation on human glioma cells: cellular, biochemical and gene expression analysis.
Background: Based on previous observations a potential resort in the therapy of the particularly radioresistant glioma would be its treatment with unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) combined with irradiation.
Methods: We evaluated the effect of different UFAs (arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and oleic acid (OA)) on human U87 MG glioma cell line by classical biochemical end-point assays, impedance-based, real-time cellular and holographic microscopic analysis. We further analyzed AA, DHA, and GLA at morphological, gene and miRNA expression level.
Results: Corresponding to LDH-, MTS assays and real-time cytoxicity profiles AA, DHA, and GLA enhanced the radio sensitivity of glioma cells. The collective application of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and irradiation significantly changed the expression of EGR1, TNF-α, …
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Determination of anti-inflammatory activities of standardised preparations of plant- and mushroom-based foods.
Purpose: Chronic inflammatory processes contribute to the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. In search of anti-inflammatory foods, we have systematically screened a variety of common dietary plants and mushrooms for their anti-inflammatory activity.
Methods: A selection of 115 samples was prepared by a generic food-compatible processing method involving heating. These products were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity in murine N11 microglia and RAW 264.7 macrophages, using nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as pro-inflammatory readouts.
Results: Ten food samples including lime zest, English breakfast tea, honey-brown mushroom, button mushroom, oyster mushroom, cinnamon and cloves inhibited NO production in N11 microglia, with IC50 values below 0.5 mg/ml. The most active samples were onion, oregano and red sweet potato, exhibiting IC50 values below 0.1 …
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Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia prevents cardiac dysfunction through enhancing antioxidation in fructose-fed rats.
High-fructose intake induces metabolic syndrome and cardiac dysfunction. Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) preserves cardiac function during ischemia. We hypothesized that CIHH restores the impaired cardiac function in fructose-fed rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly subject to treatment with fructose (10% fructose in drinking water for 6 weeks), CIHH (simulated 5000 m altitude, 6 h/day for 6 weeks in a hypobaric chamber), and CIHH plus fructose groups. In addition to an increase in blood pressure, fructose feeding caused elevated serum levels of glucose, fasting insulin and insulin C peptide, triglyceride, cholesterol, and mass ratio of heart to body. CIHH treatment decreased the arterial blood pressure, serum levels of biochemical markers, and cardiac hypertrophy in fructose-fed rats. Furthermore, CIHH treatment improved the recovery of left ventricular function after i…
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Nawrocki ST, Kelly KR, Smith PG, Espitia CM, Possemato A, Beausoleil SA, Milhollen M, Blakemore S, Thomas M, Berger A, Carew JS (2013)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usClinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research103 citations Disrupting protein NEDDylation with MLN4924 is a novel strategy to target cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer.
Purpose: Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate of all female reproductive malignancies. Drug resistance is a major cause of treatment failure and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. MLN4924 is a NEDDylation inhibitor currently under investigation in multiple phase I studies. We investigated its anticancer activity in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancer models.
Experimental design: Cellular sensitivity to MLN4924/cisplatin was determined by measuring viability, clonogenic survival, and apoptosis. The effects of drug treatment on global protein expression, DNA damage, and reactive oxygen species generation were determined. RNA interference established natural born killer/bcl-2-interacting killer (NBK/BIK) as a regulator of therapeutic sensitivity. The in vivo effects of MLN4924/cisplatin on tumor burden and key pharmacodynamics were assessed in cisplatin…
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Lima VL, Dias F, Nunes RD, Pereira LO, Santos TS, Chiarini LB, Ramos TD, Silva-Mendes BJ, Perales J, Valente RH, Oliveira PL (2012)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usPloS one56 citations The antioxidant role of xanthurenic acid in the Aedes aegypti midgut during digestion of a blood meal.
In the midgut of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, a vector of dengue and yellow fever, an intense release of heme and iron takes place during the digestion of a blood meal. Here, we demonstrated via chromatography, light absorption and mass spectrometry that xanthurenic acid (XA), a product of the oxidative metabolism of tryptophan, is produced in the digestive apparatus after the ingestion of a blood meal and reaches milimolar levels after 24 h, the period of maximal digestive activity. XA formation does not occur in the White Eye (WE) strain, which lacks kynurenine hydroxylase and accumulates kynurenic acid. The formation of XA can be diminished by feeding the insect with 3,4-dimethoxy-N-[4-(3-nitrophenyl)thiazol-2-yl] benzenesulfonamide (Ro-61-8048), an inhibitor of XA biosynthesis. Moreover, XA inhibits the phospholipid oxidation induced by heme or iron. A major fraction of this antioxida…
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Cree IA (2011)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usMethods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)4 citations Principles of cancer cell culture.
The basics of cell culture are now relatively common, though it was not always so. The pioneers of cell culture would envy our simple access to manufactured plastics, media and equipment for such studies. The prerequisites for cell culture are a well lit and suitably ventilated laboratory with a laminar flow hood (Class II), CO(2) incubator, benchtop centrifuge, microscope, plasticware (flasks and plates) and a supply of media with or without serum supplements. Not only can all of this be ordered easily over the internet, but large numbers of well-characterised cell lines are available from libraries maintained to a very high standard allowing the researcher to commence experiments rapidly and economically. Attention to safety and disposal is important, and maintenance of equipment remains essential. This chapter should enable researchers with little prior knowledge to set up a suitable …
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Molecular hydrogen alleviates nephrotoxicity induced by an anti-cancer drug cisplatin without compromising anti-tumor activity in mice.
Purpose: Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer drug in the treatment of a wide range of tumors; however, its application is limited by nephrotoxicity, which is affected by oxidative stress. We have reported that molecular hydrogen (H(2)) acts as an efficient antioxidant (Ohsawa et al. in Nat Med 13:688-694, 2007). Here we show that hydrogen efficiently mitigates the side effects of cisplatin by reducing oxidative stress.
Methods: Mice were administered cisplatin followed by inhaling hydrogen gas (1% H(2) in air). Furthermore, instead of inhaling hydrogen gas, we examined whether drinking water containing hydrogen (hydrogen water; 0.8 mM H(2) in water) is applicable by examining oxidative stress, mortality, and body-weight loss. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by morphological changes, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels.
Results: Inhalation of hydrogen gas improved mortali…
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A hypocaloric diet enriched in legumes specifically mitigates lipid peroxidation in obese subjects.
Legume intake could specifically protect against lipid peroxidation in addition to the effects associated to weight loss when included in hypocaloric diets. Thus, 30 obese subjects (age: 36 +/- 8 years and BMI: 32.0 +/- 5.3 kg/m(2)) were nutritionally treated by a 8-week energy restriction ( - 30% energy expenditure) with a legume enriched diet (4 days/week servings, [image omitted] ) or without legumes (control diet (CD), [image omitted] ). Body weight, circulating cholesterol, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), malondialdehyde (MDA) and urinary 8-isoprostane F(2alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2alpha)) were measured at baseline and at endpoint. After the nutritional intervention, all obese subjects lost weight, specially those individuals who followed the legumes-enriched diet as compared to the CD ( - 7.7 +/- 3 vs. - 5.3 +/- 2.7%; p = 0.023), which was accompanied by marked decreases in total cholesterol levels…
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Ali NT, Abdullah RS, Ahmed I, Mohammed O, Jamal A, Ahmed F, Dahan B, Adel A, Abdullah T, Saleh M, Hamid S, Mohammed N, Mohammed K, Khalid Y, Nabil S, Abdualkareem A (2026)MEDLINE-indexed journal, not yet read by usJournal of Taibah University Medical Sciences Lunar synchronization of hemostasis and immunity validates prophetic timing of hijama therapy: A multicenter study from Yemen.
Objective: This study investigated lunar-phase-dependent variations in hematological and immune parameters to empirically validate traditional Islamic recommendations for performing hijama (wet cupping) during specific mid-Hijri lunar days (17th-21st).
Methods: A total of 258 healthy adults (200 men and 58 women) from Ad'Dla Governorate underwent morning venipuncture (0700-0900, ≥8 h fasting) during the new moon (1st-5th) and full moon (17th-21st) phases. Complete blood counts and coagulation profiles were analyzed with automated systems. Hydration was standardized (500 ml water 1 h pre-sampling), and laboratory technicians were blinded to phase assignments. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests and ANOVA with α = 0.05.
Results: Platelets increased by 5.9% in men (276.67→292.88 × 109/L, p = 0.002) and 2.7% in women (304.79→313.10 × 109/L, p = 0.012) mid-month. Clotting time decrea…
matched on hijama (text)
Bullous pemphigoid induced by Hijama therapy (cupping).
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is described as a subepidermal blistering disorder, which is commonly reported among the elderly, particularly those older than 60 years of age. In this report, we present the case of a 41-year-old female patient with BP lesions that were initially detected at the site of Hijama therapy with a subsequent generalized spread. Punch biopsy from the lesions and perilesional direct immunofluorescence (DIF) demonstrated features of BP. The anti-BP180 level was 178 RU/mL, and the anti-BP230 level was negative. BP antigens at the site of Hijama caused an antibody response, which led to widespread blistering over the trunk due to epitope spreading. In a comprehensive review of the literature, a total of 22 BP patients with lesions due to physical trauma were studied, and clinical, immunological, and epidemiological information was gathered. This article is the first report…
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