Rest and napping القيلولة

وَمِنۡ ءَايَٰتِهِۦ مَنَامُكُم بِٱلَّيۡلِ وَٱلنَّهَارِ وَٱبۡتِغَآؤُكُم مِّن فَضۡلِهِۦٓۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَأٓيَٰتࣲ لِّقَوۡمࣲ يَسۡمَعُونَ

Among His signs are your sleep, by night and by day, and your seeking His bounty. There truly are signs in this for those who can hear

هُوَ ٱلَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ ٱلَّيۡلَ لِتَسۡكُنُواْ فِيهِ وَٱلنَّهَارَ مُبۡصِرًاۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَأٓيَٰتࣲ لِّقَوۡمࣲ يَسۡمَعُونَ

It is He who made the night so that you can rest in it and the daylight so that you can see- there truly are signs in this for those who hear

وَمِن رَّحۡمَتِهِۦ جَعَلَ لَكُمُ ٱلَّيۡلَ وَٱلنَّهَارَ لِتَسۡكُنُواْ فِيهِ وَلِتَبۡتَغُواْ مِن فَضۡلِهِۦ وَلَعَلَّكُمۡ تَشۡكُرُونَ

In His mercy He has given you night and day, so that you may rest and seek His bounty and be grateful.’

وَمِنۡ ءَايَٰتِهِۦٓ أَنۡ خَلَقَ لَكُم مِّنۡ أَنفُسِكُمۡ أَزۡوَٰجࣰ ا لِّتَسۡكُنُوٓاْ إِلَيۡهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيۡنَكُم مَّوَدَّةࣰ وَرَحۡمَةًۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَأٓيَٰتࣲ لِّقَوۡمࣲ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ

Another of His signs is that He created spouses from among yourselves for you to live with in tranquillity: He ordained love and kindness between you. There truly are signs in this for those who reflect

ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ ٱلَّيۡلَ لِتَسۡكُنُواْ فِيهِ وَٱلنَّهَارَ مُبۡصِرًاۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَذُو فَضۡلٍ عَلَى ٱلنَّاسِ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكۡثَرَ ٱلنَّاسِ لَا يَشۡكُرُونَ

It is God who has given you the night in which to rest and the day in which to see. God is truly bountiful to people, but most people do not give thanks

And of His signs is your sleep by night and day by His will as a repose for you and your seeking during the day of His bounty in other words your going about freely in order to seek a living is by His will. Surely in that there are signs for people who listen listening in a way so as to be prompted to reflect and take heed.

And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the difference of your languages and colors. Verily, in that are indeed signs for men of sound knowledge (22)And among His signs is your sleep by night and by day, and your seeking His bounty. Verily, in that are indeed signs for a people who listen.) Allah sai (23) وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ (And among His signs) indicating His magnificent power. خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ (is the creation of the heavens and the earth,) The heavens with their vast height and brightness and beauty of the stars and planets, and the earth with its density and its mountains, valleys, seas, plains, animals and trees. وَاخْتِلَافُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ (and the difference of your languages) So, we see that some speak Arabic, and the Tatars have their own language, as do the Georgians, Romans, Franks, Berbers, Tou Couleurs (of Sudan), Ethiopians,

He it is Who made for you the night that you should rest therein and the day to see the attribution of sight ibsār to ‘the day’ is figurative since one is able to see during it. Surely in that are signs indications of His Oneness exalted be He for a folk who are able to hear hearing in such a way so as to reflect and be admonished.

And of His mercy exalted be He He has made for you night and day that you may rest therein in the night and that you may seek in the day of His bounty to earn your livelihood that perhaps you might give thanks’ for the grace of God during both of these times.

Do not grieve over their speech, for all power and honor belong to Allah. He is the All-Hearer, the All-Knower (65)Behold! Verily, to Allah belongs whosoever is in the heavens and whosoever is in the earth. And those who worship and invoke others besides Allah, in fact they follow not the partners, they follow only a conjecture and they do nothing but lie (66)He it is Who has appointed for you the night that you may rest therein, and the day to make things visible (to you). Verily, in this are Ayat for a people who listen (those who think deeply)(67) All Might and Honor is for Allah - He Alone has Full Authority within the Universe Allah said to His Messenger , وَلَا يَحْزُنكَ (Do not greive) because of the remarks of these idolators, and depend on Allah and ask for His help. Put your trust in Him. إِنَّ الْعِزَّةَ لِلَّهِ جَمِيعًا (For all power and honor belong to Allah.) All mig

Say: "Tell me! If Allah made the night continuous for you till the Day of Resurrection, which god besides Allah could bring you light? Will you not then hear? (71)Say: "Tell me! If Allah made the day continuous for you till the Day of Resurrection, which god besides Allah could bring you night wherein you rest? Will you not then see? (72)It is out of His mercy that He has made for you the night and the day that you may rest therein and that you may seek of His bounty – and in order that you may be grateful (73) Night and Day are among the Blessings of Allah and are Signs of Tawhid Allah reminds His servants of His favors towards them by subjugating for them the night and day, without which they could not survive. He explains that if He made the night continuous, lasting until the Day of Resurrection, that would be harmful for them and would cause boredom and stress. So He says: مَنْ إ

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ، عَنِ الأَسْوَدِ، قَالَ سَمِعْتُ جُنْدَبًا، يَقُولُ اشْتَكَى النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَلَمْ يَقُمْ لَيْلَةً أَوْ لَيْلَتَيْنِ‏.‏

Narrated Jundab:The Prophet (ﷺ) became sick and did not get up (for Tahajjud prayer) for a night or two

حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ مُقَاتِلٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ، أَخْبَرَنَا مَعْمَرٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ هِنْدٍ بِنْتِ الْحَارِثِ، عَنْ أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ ـ رضى الله عنها ـ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم اسْتَيْقَظَ لَيْلَةً فَقَالَ ‏ "‏ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ مَاذَا أُنْزِلَ اللَّيْلَةَ مِنَ الْفِتْنَةِ، مَاذَا أُنْزِلَ مِنَ الْخَزَائِنِ مَنْ يُوقِظُ صَوَاحِبَ الْحُجُرَاتِ، يَا رُبَّ كَاسِيَةٍ فِي الدُّنْيَا عَارِيَةٍ فِي الآخِرَةِ ‏"‏‏.‏

Narrated Um Salama:One night the Prophet (ﷺ) got up and said, "Subhan Allah! How many afflictions Allah has revealed tonight and how many treasures have been sent down (disclosed). Go and wake the sleeping lady occupants of these dwellings up (for prayers), perhaps a well dressed in this world may be naked in the Hereafter

أَخْبَرَنَا الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَظِيمِ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَسْمَاءَ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا جُوَيْرِيَةُ بْنُ أَسْمَاءَ، عَنِ الْوَلِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي هِشَامٍ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ صَلُّوا فِي بُيُوتِكُمْ وَلاَ تَتَّخِذُوهَا قُبُورًا ‏"‏ ‏.‏

It was narrated from Nafi' that Abdullah bin Umar said:"Pray in your houses and do not make them like graves

أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا عَفَّانُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا وُهَيْبٌ، قَالَ سَمِعْتُ مُوسَى بْنَ عُقْبَةَ، قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا النَّضْرِ، يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ بُسْرِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم اتَّخَذَ حُجْرَةً فِي الْمَسْجِدِ مِنْ حَصِيرٍ فَصَلَّى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِيهَا لَيَالِيَ حَتَّى اجْتَمَعَ إِلَيْهِ النَّاسُ ثُمَّ فَقَدُوا صَوْتَهُ لَيْلَةً فَظَنُّوا أَنَّهُ نَائِمٌ فَجَعَلَ بَعْضُهُمْ يَتَنَحْنَحُ لِيَخْرُجَ إِلَيْهِمْ فَقَالَ ‏ "‏ مَا زَالَ بِكُمُ الَّذِي رَأَيْتُ مِنْ صُنْعِكُمْ حَتَّى خَشِيتُ أَنْ يُكْتَبَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَلَوْ كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمْ مَا قُمْتُمْ بِهِ فَصَلُّوا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ فِي بُيُوتِكُمْ فَإِنَّ أَفْضَلَ صَلاَةِ الْمَرْءِ فِي بَيْتِهِ إِلاَّ الصَّلاَةَ الْمَكْتُوبَةَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

It was narrated from Zaid bin Thabit that :The Prophet (ﷺ) used some palm fiber mats to section off a small area in the masjid. And the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prayed in it for several nights until the people gathered around him. Then, one night they did not hear his voice, and they thought that he was sleeping, so they cleared their throats to make him come out to them. He said: 'You kept doing that until I feared that it would be made obligatory for you, and if it were made obligatory, you would not be able to do it. O people, pray in your houses, for the best prayer a person offers is in his house, apart from the prescribed (obligatory) prayers

والثاني: القيلولة، فإنها مما تعين على قيام الليل، كما يعين السحور على صيام النهار، فإن نام فليجتهد في الانتباه قبل الزوال بقدر الاستعداد للصلاة قبل دخول الوقت.

ومنها: أن لا يترك القيلولة بالنهار، فإنها تعين على قيام الليل.

اعلم أن قيام الليل عسير على الخلق إلا على من وفق للقيام بشروطه الميسرة له ظاهرا وباطنا فأما الظاهرة فأربعة أمور الأول أن لا يكثر الأكل فيكثر الشرب فيغلبه النوم ويثقل عليه القيام كان بعض الشيوخ يقف على المائدة كل ليلة ويقول معاشر المريدين لا تأكلوا كثيرا فتشربوا كثيرا فترقدوا كثيرا فتتحسروا عند الموت كثيرا وهذا هو الأصل الكبير وهو تخفيف المعدة عن ثقل الطعام الثاني أن لا يتعب نفسه بالنهار في الاعمال التي تعيا بها الجوارح وتضعف بها الأعصاب فإن ذلك ايضا مجلبة للنوم الثالث أن لا يترك القيلولة بالنهار فإنها سنة للاستعانة على قيام الليل + حديث الاستعانة بقيلولة النهار على قيام الليل أخرجه ابن ماجه من حديث ابن عباس وقد تقدم + الرابع أن لا يحتقب الأوزار بالنهار فإن ذلك مما يقسى القلب ويحول بينه وبين أسباب الرحمة قال رجل للحسن يا أبا سعيد إني أبيت معافى وأحب قيام الليل وأعد طهوري فما بالي لا أقوم فقال ذنوبك قيدتك وكان الحسن رحمه الله إذا دخل السوق فسمع لغطهم ولغوهم يقول أظن أن ليل هؤلاء ليل سوء فإ

الورد الثالث من ضحوة النهار إلى الزوال ونعني بالضحوة المنتصف وما قبله بقليل وإن كان بعد كل ثلاث ساعات أمر بصلاة فإذا انقضى ثلاث ساعات بعد الطلوع فعندها وقبل مضيها صلاة الضحى فإذا مضت ثلاث ساعات أخرى فالظهر فإذا مضت ثلاث ساعات أخرى فالعصر فإذا مضت ثلاث أخرى فالمغرب ومنزلة الضحى بين الزوال والطلوع كمنزلة العصر بين الزوال والغروب إلا أن الضحى لم تفرض لأنه وقت انكباب الناس على أشغالهم فخفف عنهم الوظيفة الرابعة في هذا الوقت الأقسام الأربعة وزيد أمران أحدهما الاشتغال بالكسب وتدبير المعيشة وحضور السوق فإن كان تاجرا فينبغي أن يتجر بصدق وأمانة وإن كان صاحب صناعة فبنصح وشفقة ولا ينسى ذكر الله تعالى في جميع أشغاله ويقتصر من الكسب على قدر حاجته ليومه مهما قدر على أن يكتسب في كل يوم لقوته فإذا حصل كفاية يومه فليرجع إلى بيت ربه وليتزود لآخرته فإن الحاجة إلى زاد الآخرة أشد والتمتع به أدوم فاشتغاله بكسبه أهم من طلب الزيادة على حاجة الوقت فقد قيل لا يوجد المؤمن إلا في ثلاث مواطن مسجد يعمره أو بيت يستره أ

قال الله تعالى @QB@ ومن آياته منامكم بالليل والنهار @QE@

معينة على ما شرع الله سبحانه له من النكاح وملك اليمين من إعفاف الرجل نفسه وأهله فلا تطمح نفسه إلى سواها من الحرام ويعفها فلا تطمح نفسها إلى غيره وكلما كانت المحبة بين الزوجين أتم وأقوى كان هذا المقصود أتم وأكمل قال تعالى : @QB@ هو الذي خلقكم من @QE@ @QB@ نفس واحدة وجعل منها زوجها ليسكن إليها @QE@ وقال : @QB@ ومن آياته أن خلق لكم من أنفسكم أزواجا لتسكنوا إليها وجعل بينكم مودة ورحمة @QE@

Slow-wave sleep during a brief nap is related to reduced cognitive deficits during sleep deprivation.: Sleeping for a short period (i.e. napping) may help mitigate impairments in cognitive processing caused by sleep deprivation, but there is limited research on effects of brief naps in particular. Here, we tested the effect of a brief nap opportunity (30- or 60-min) during a period of sleep deprivation on two cognitive processes with broad scope, placekeeping and vigilant attention. In the evening, participants (N = 280) completed a placekeeping task (UNRAVEL) and a vigilant attention task (Psych

The effects of a mid-day nap on the neurocognitive performance of first-year medical residents: a controlled interventional pilot study.: Purpose: Despite shorter duty hours, fatigue remains a problem among medical residents. The authors tested the effect of a short, mid-day nap on the cognitive functioning and alertness of first-year internal medicine (IM) residents during normal duty hours. Method: This was a controlled, interventional study performed between July 2008 and April 2010. The authors recruited a nap group of 18 residents and a rest (control) group of 11 residents. Investigators connected all participants to an ambul

Night shifts in interns: Effects of daytime napping on autonomic activity and cognitive function.: Objective: Night shifts have adverse cognitive outcomes that might be attenuated by daytime napping. The neurovisceral integration model suggests that resting vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) is linked with cognitive function. This study investigated the relationship between resting vmHRV and cognitive function after different nap durations in interns after shift work. Methods: A total of 105 interns were randomly allocated to one of three groups (non-nap, n = 35; 15-min nap, n =

Optimising sleep and performance during night float: A systematic review of evidence and implications for graduate medical education trainees.: Graduate medical education (GME) training commonly requires residents and fellows to engage in night float shift work. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of interventions for trainees when preparing for, completing, and recovering from working night float shifts. We reviewed all available studies published prior to September 2019 using PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, the Cochrane library, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases. We included all original, primary research articles assessing eith

Effects of napping on sleepiness and sleep-related performance deficits in night-shift workers: a systematic review.: Night-shift workers are prone to sleep deprivation, misalignment of circadian rhythms, and subsequent sleepiness and sleep-related performance deficits. The purpose of this narrative systematic review is to critically review and synthesize the scientific literature regarding improvements in sleepiness and sleep-related performance deficits following planned naps taken during work-shift hours by night workers and to recommend directions for future research and practice. We conducted a literature

Is daytime napping an effective strategy to improve sport-related cognitive and physical performance and reduce fatigue? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.: Objective: To estimate the association between daytime napping and cognitive and physical sport performance and fatigue after normal sleep and partial sleep deprivation (less sleep duration than necessary). Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, SportDiscus and PsycINFO databases. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Randomised controlled trials on the effect of daytime napping on sport performance and fatigue avail

The effect of a gluteal activation protocol on sprint and drop jump performance.

Background: This study examined the acute effect of gluteal activation exercises on 10 m sprints and drop jumps (DJ)s performed on a force sledge apparatus. Methods: Twelve participants completed pre-tests of 10 sprints and 10 DJs with one minute recovery between sprints or jumps. For the 10 m sprints, contact, flight, 5 m and 10 m times were recorded using an Optojump Next system. For DJs, height jumped, contact and flight times, Reactive Strength Index and peak forces were recorded via a force-sledge system. In the post-tests, the participants completed a gluteal activation exercise protocol immediately before the sprint or DJ tests. Results were analyzed using an adapted typical error method and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The repeated measures ANOVA found significant performance related improvements in 5 m and 10 m sprint times, flight and contact times for each step and signif…

matched on Athletic Performance (mesh), Fatigue (mesh)

Triggering sleep slow waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation.

During much of sleep, cortical neurons undergo near-synchronous slow oscillation cycles in membrane potential, which give rise to the largest spontaneous waves observed in the normal electroencephalogram (EEG). Slow oscillations underlie characteristic features of the sleep EEG, such as slow waves and spindles. Here we show that, in sleeping subjects, slow waves and spindles can be triggered noninvasively and reliably by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). With appropriate stimulation parameters, each TMS pulse at <1 Hz evokes an individual, high-amplitude slow wave that originates under the coil and spreads over the cortex. TMS triggering of slow waves reveals intrinsic bistability in thalamocortical networks during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Moreover, evoked slow waves lead to a deepening of sleep and to an increase in EEG slow-wave activity (0.5-4.5 Hz), which is thought to pl…

matched on Wakefulness (mesh), Sleep (mesh)

The role of a short post-lunch nap in improving cognitive, motor, and sprint performance in participants with partial sleep deprivation.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a post-lunch nap on subjective alertness and performance following partial sleep loss. Ten healthy males (mean age 23.3 years, s = 3.4) either napped or sat quietly from 13:00 to 13:30 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 23:00-03:00 h only). Thirty minutes after the afternoon nap or control (no-nap) condition, alertness, short-term memory, intra-aural temperature, heart rate, choice reaction time, grip strength, and times for 2-m and 20-m sprints were recorded. The afternoon nap lowered heart rate and intra-aural temperature. Alertness, sleepiness, short-term memory, and accuracy at the 8-choice reaction time test were improved by napping (P < 0.05), but mean reaction times and grip strength were not affected (P > 0.05). Sprint times were improved. Mean time for the 2-m sprints fell from 1.060 s (s(x) = 0.018) to 1.019 s (s(x) =…

matched on Athletic Performance (mesh), Wakefulness (mesh), napping (text), nap (text), Fatigue (mesh), Sleep (mesh), Sleep Deprivation (mesh)

Efficacy of a stepped care approach to deliver cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in cancer patients: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial.

Study objectives: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the recommended first-line treatment for cancer-related insomnia, but its accessibility is very limited in routine care. A stepped care approach has been recommended as a cost-effective way to make CBT-I more widely accessible. However, no controlled study has yet been published about the efficacy of this approach. The goal of this noninferiority randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to compare the short and long-term efficacy of a stepped care CBT-I (StepCBT-I) to a standard face-to-face CBT-I (StanCBT-I). Methods: A total of 177 cancer patients were randomized to: (1) StanCBT-I (6 face-to-face CBT-I sessions; n = 59) or (2) StepCBT-I (n = 118). In the StepCBT-I group, patients with less severe insomnia first received a web-based CBT-I (n = 65), while those with more severe insomnia received 6 face-to-face CBT-I sess…

matched on Fatigue (mesh), Sleep (keyword)

A sleep intervention study comparing effects of sleep restriction and fragmentation on sleep and vigilance and the need for recovery.

Purpose: Sleep deprivation is present not only in sleep disorders but also in numerous high demanding jobs and negatively affects cognition, performance and health. We developed a study design to distinguish the effects and need for recovery of two short-term disturbances - intermittent sleep fragmentation and partial sleep restriction. Methods: The randomized within-subjects design contained two weeks each with a baseline night, an intervention night of either sleep deprivation (5 h) or sleep fragmentation (light on every hour) and two undisturbed recovery nights. Twenty healthy male participants (mean age: 39.9 ± 7.4 years, mean BMI: 25.5 ± 2.2 kg/m²) underwent polysomnography, a psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), and subjective questions on well-being and sleep efficiency. Results: Percentage-wise, the restriction night had significant less wake times, less light sleep (stage 1), less …

matched on Sleep Deprivation (mesh), Sleep Deprivation (keyword)

Does cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia reduce clinical levels of fatigue, anxiety and depression in cancer patients?

Objectives: This secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial explores associations between common symptom clusters and evaluates pre-treatment to post-treatment changes in clinical levels of these symptoms following cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Methods: Baseline data from 113 participants with insomnia were explored to establish rates of and associations between clinical levels of fatigue, anxiety and depression across the sample. Effects of CBT-I on this symptom cluster were also explored by examining changes in pre-treatment to post-treatment levels of fatigue, anxiety and depression. Results: At baseline, the most common symptom presentation was insomnia + fatigue, and 30% of the sample reported at least three co-morbid symptoms. Post-CBT, the number of those experiencing clinical insomnia and clinical fatigue decreased. There were no changes in …

matched on Fatigue (mesh), Sleep (keyword)

Electroacupuncture for fatigue, sleep, and psychological distress in breast cancer patients with aromatase inhibitor-related arthralgia: a randomized trial.

Background: Although fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, and anxiety are associated with pain in breast cancer patients, it is unknown whether acupuncture can decrease these comorbid symptoms in cancer patients with pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on fatigue, sleep, and psychological distress in breast cancer survivors who experience joint pain related to aromatase inhibitors (AIs). Methods: The authors performed a randomized controlled trial of an 8-week course of EA compared with a waitlist control (WLC) group and a sham acupuncture (SA) group in postmenopausal women with breast cancer who self-reported joint pain attributable to AIs. Fatigue, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression were measured using the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale…

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Sleep restriction worsens mood and emotion regulation in adolescents.

Background: The relationship between inadequate sleep and mood has been well-established in adults and is supported primarily by correlational data in younger populations. Given that adolescents often experience shortened sleep on school nights, we sought to better understand the effect of experimentally induced chronic sleep restriction on adolescents' mood and mood regulation. Methods: Fifty healthy adolescents, ages 14-17, completed a 3-week sleep manipulation protocol involving a baseline week, followed by a sleep restriction (SR) condition (6.5 hr in bed per night for five nights) and healthy sleep duration (HS) condition (10 hr in bed per night for five nights). The study used a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover experimental design. Participants' sleep was monitored at home via self-report and actigraphy. At the end of each condition, participants and their parents completed q…

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The impact of daytime napping on athletic performance - A narrative review.

Mid-day napping has been recommended as a countermeasure against sleep debt and an effective method for recovery, regardless of nocturnal sleep duration. Herein, we summarize the available evidence regarding the influence of napping on exercise and cognitive performance as well as the effects of napping on athletes' perceptual responses prior to or during exercise. The existing studies investigating the influence of napping on athletic performance have revealed equivocal results. Prevailing findings indicate that following a normal sleep night or after a night of sleep loss, a mid-day nap may enhance or restore several exercise and cognitive performance aspects, while concomitantly provide benefits on athletes' perceptual responses. Most, but not all, findings suggest that compared to short-term naps (20-30 min), long-term ones (>35-90 min) appear to provide superior benefits to the athl…

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The function of the sleep spindle: a physiological index of intelligence and a mechanism for sleep-dependent memory consolidation.

Until recently, the electrophysiological mechanisms involved in strengthening new memories into a more permanent form during sleep have been largely unknown. The sleep spindle is an event in the electroencephalogram (EEG) characterizing Stage 2 sleep. Sleep spindles may reflect, at the electrophysiological level, an ideal mechanism for inducing long-term synaptic changes in the neocortex. Recent evidence suggests the spindle is highly correlated with tests of intellectual ability (e.g.; IQ tests) and may serve as a physiological index of intelligence. Further, spindles increase in number and duration in sleep following new learning and are correlated with performance improvements. Spindle density and sigma (14-16Hz) spectral power have been found to be positively correlated with performance following a daytime nap, and animal studies suggest the spindle is involved in a hippocampal-neoco…

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The effects of napping on cognitive functioning.

Naps (brief sleeps) are a global and highly prevalent phenomenon, thus warranting consideration for their effects on cognitive functioning. Naps can reduce sleepiness and improve cognitive performance. The benefits of brief (5-15 min) naps are almost immediate after the nap and last a limited period (1-3h). Longer naps (> 30 min) can produce impairment from sleep inertia for a short period after waking but then produce improved cognitive performance for a longer period (up to many hours). Other factors that affect the benefits from the nap are the circadian timing of the nap with early afternoon being the most favourable time. Longer periods of prior wakefulness favour longer naps over brief naps. Those who regularly nap seem to show greater benefits than those who rarely nap. These conclusions, however, need to be accepted cautiously until more comprehensive research programmes are cond…

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Fatigue countermeasures in aviation.

Pilot fatigue is a significant problem in modern aviation operations, largely because of the unpredictable work hours, long duty periods, circadian disruptions, and insufficient sleep that are commonplace in both civilian and military flight operations. The full impact of fatigue is often underappreciated, but many of its deleterious effects have long been known. Compared to people who are well-rested, people who are sleep deprived think and move more slowly, make more mistakes, and have memory difficulties. These negative effects may and do lead to aviation errors and accidents. In the 1930s, flight time limitations, suggested layover durations, and aircrew sleep recommendations were developed in an attempt to mitigate aircrew fatigue. Unfortunately, there have been few changes to aircrew scheduling provisions and flight time limitations since the time they were first introduced, despit…

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Cognitive "insomnia" processes in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: Do they exist and are they responsive to chronobiological treatment?

Objective: To systematically investigate whether cognitive "insomnia" processes are implicated in adolescent Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD) and to examine whether these processes are responsive to chronobiological treatment. Method: Sixty-three adolescents (M = 15.8 ± 2.2 years, 63.5% f) diagnosed with DSWPD and 40 good sleeping adolescents (M = 15.9 ± 2.4 years, 75% f) completed baseline measures of sleep, daytime functioning and cognitive "insomnia" processes (i.e., repetitive negative thinking, physiological hyperarousal, distress, sleep-related attention and monitoring, sleep misperception). Sixty DSWPD adolescents (M = 15.9 ± 2.2 y, 63% f) entered a treatment trial and received 3 weeks of light therapy. Sleep, daytime functioning, and insomnia were measured again post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up. Results: Adolescents with DSWPD had significantly later sleep timing …

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Circadian misalignment increases cardiovascular disease risk factors in humans.

Shift work is a risk factor for hypertension, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. This increased risk cannot be fully explained by classic risk factors. One of the key features of shift workers is that their behavioral and environmental cycles are typically misaligned relative to their endogenous circadian system. However, there is little information on the impact of acute circadian misalignment on cardiovascular disease risk in humans. Here we show-by using two 8-d laboratory protocols-that short-term circadian misalignment (12-h inverted behavioral and environmental cycles for three days) adversely affects cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adults. Circadian misalignment increased 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 3.0 mmHg and 1.5 mmHg, respectively. These results were primarily explained by an increase in blood pressure during sleep opp…

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The effects of depleted self-control strength on skill-based task performance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of depleted self-control strength on skill-based sports task performance. Sixty-two participants completed the following: a baseline dart-tossing task (20 tosses), with measures of accuracy, reaction time, and myoelectrical activity of the arms taken throughout; a self-control depletion (experimental) or a nondepletion (control) manipulation; and a second round of dart tossing. As hypothesized, participants in the experimental condition had poorer mean accuracy at Round 2 than control condition participants, and a significant decline in accuracy from Round 1 to Round 2. Experimental condition participants also demonstrated poorer consistency in accuracy compared with control condition participants at Round 2 and a significant deterioration in consistency from Round 1 to Round 2. In addition, consistency in reaction time improved signif…

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Stress-related thinking predicts the cortisol awakening response and somatic symptoms in healthy adults.

Objective: Perseverative cognition (i.e., worry, stress-related thinking) may prolong stress-related physiological activation. However, its role within the context of the written emotional disclosure paradigm has not been examined. This study explored: (1) the effects of stress-related thinking on the cortisol awakening response and upper respiratory infection symptoms and; (2) the efficacy of two expressive writing interventions on these health outcomes. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to write about their most stressful life experience (using the Guided Disclosure Protocol; n=39) or positive life experiences (n=42) or plans for the day (n=41) for 20 min on 3 consecutive days. Participants reported the extent to which they thought about their assigned writing topic during the study and in the past (event-related thought). Cortisol was measured at 0, 15, 30 and 45 min after …

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Anxiety, ego depletion, and sports performance.

In the present article, we analyzed the role of self-control strength and state anxiety in sports performance. We tested the hypothesis that self-control strength and state anxiety interact in predicting sports performance on the basis of two studies, each using a different sports task (Study 1: performance in a basketball free throw task, N = 64; Study 2: performance in a dart task, N = 79). The patterns of results were as expected in both studies: Participants with depleted self-control strength performed worse in the specific tasks as their anxiety increased, whereas there was no significant relation for participants with fully available self-control strength. Furthermore, different degrees of available self-control strength did not predict performance in participants who were low in state anxiety, but did in participants who were high in state anxiety. Thus increasing self-control st…

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The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback on performance psychology of basketball players.

Coping with pressure and anxiety is an ineluctable demand of sports performance. Heart rate variability (HRV) Biofeedback (BFB) shall be used as a tool for self regulating physiological responses resulting in improved psycho physiological interactions. For further analysis, the present study has been designed to examine the relationship between anxiety and performance and also effectiveness of biofeedback protocol to create stress-eliciting situation in basketball players. Thirty basketball players of university level and above (both male and female) aged 18-28 years, who scored a minimum of 20 in state trait anxiety inventory, were randomly divided into three equal groups- Experimental (Biofeedback) group, Placebo group and Control (No Treatment) group. The BFB group received HRV BFB training for 10 consecutive days for 20 min that included breathing at individual's resonant frequency t…

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A phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of armodafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with jet lag disorder.

Objective: To assess the effect of armodafinil, the longer-lasting isomer of modafinil, on jet lag disorder. Participants and methods: This double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter study was conducted between September 18, 2008, and February 9, 2009. Adults with a history of jet lag symptoms on previous flights through multiple time zones flew from the United States to France (a 6-hour time zone change) for a 3-day laboratory-based study period. Participants received armodafinil (50 or 150 mg/d) or placebo each morning. Wakefulness was assessed by the coprimary outcomes, mean sleep latency on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) (average of all MSLT sessions across days 1 and 2) and Patient Global Impression of Severity in relation to jet lag symptoms (averaged across days 1 and 2). Results: A total of 427 participants received armodafinil at 50 mg/d (n=142), armodafinil a…

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Brief Behavioral Therapy and Bupropion for Sleep and Fatigue in Young Adults With Crohn's Disease: An Exploratory Open Trial Study.

Background/aims: Sleep disturbances and fatigue are common symptoms amongst patients with Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of this study was to test the feasibility and effects of a pragmatic, stepped-care intervention for the treatment of poor sleep quality and fatigue in adolescents and young adults with CD. Methods: This study is a two-phase open trial exploring interventions for sleep and fatigue. After the initial comprehensive assessment which included quantitative measures and an interview to evaluate sleep and physical and mental health, the 12-week intervention consisted of two sequential steps: 1) a brief behavioral therapy for sleep in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (BBTS-I; 4 weeks) and 2) adding the psychotropic medication, bupropion sustained release (BUP-SR; 8 weeks), for the subset of subjects continuing to experience fatigue. Results: 232 CD patients (median age=24, media…

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Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: protocol for the randomised, single-blinded, parallel-group Sleep-RA trial.

Background: More than half of patients with rheumatoid arthritis complain of insomnia, which is predominantly treated with hypnotic drugs. However, cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is recommended as the first-line treatment in international guidelines on sleep. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis suffer from debilitating symptoms, such as fatigue and pain, which can also be linked to sleep disturbance. It remains to be determined whether cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia can be effective in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of the Sleep-RA trial is to investigate the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on sleep and disease-related symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The primary objective is to compare the effect of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia relative to usual care on changes in sleep efficiency from baseline to we…

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Age effect on gray matter volume changes after sleep restriction.

Sleep deprivation disrupted functional and structural brain areas which are associated with cognition and emotion in healthy participants. However, the effect of age on the structural changes after sleep restriction remains unclear. In the current study, gray matter volume was calculated in 43 young adults and 37 old adults before and after sleep restriction. Two-way mixed analysis of variance (between-subject factor: deprivation; within-subject factor: age) was then employed to investigate differences in gray matter volume changes between young and old adults. Gaussian random field theory was applied for multiple comparison correction. Results revealed that sleep restriction decreases gray matter volume in the right thalamus, left precuneus, and postcentral gyrus. More importantly, we found a significant deprivation × age interaction effect mainly in the right dorsal/ventral anterior in…

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Light-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for sleep and fatigue: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial during chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Background: Women with breast cancer experience a significantly higher prevalence of sleep disturbance and insomnia than the general population. The experience of persistent sleep disturbance places these women at a higher risk of psychological and physical morbidity and a reduced quality of life. Treatment for sleep in this population is not part of routine care and is often managed inadequately. This randomised controlled trial will examine the combined effects of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and bright light therapy (BLT) on the symptoms of insomnia, fatigue and mental health. Method/design: Women diagnosed with breast cancer who receive intravenous chemotherapy treatment at a quaternary referral metropolitan cancer centre in Melbourne, Australia, will be recruited. Recruitment will occur after diagnosis and prior to completion of chemotherapy. Eligible women will be randomised…

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Napping: A public health issue. From epidemiological to laboratory studies.

Sleep specialists have proposed measures to counteract the negative short- and long-term consequences of sleep debt, and some have suggested the nap as a potential and powerful "public health tool". Here, we address this countermeasure aspect of napping viewed as an action against sleep deprivation rather than an action associated with poor health. We review the physiological functions that have been associated positively with napping in both public health and clinical settings (sleep-related accidents, work and school, and cardiovascular risk) and in laboratory-based studies with potential public health issues (cognitive performance, stress, immune function and pain sensitivity). We also discuss the circumstances in which napping-depending on several factors, including nap duration, frequency, and age-could be a potential public health tool and a countermeasure for sleep loss in terms o…

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Functional Connectivity Alterations During Sleep Deprivation: Investigating Key Brain Regions and Networks.

Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) has emerged as a significant public health concern because of its adverse effects on cognition and behavior. However, the influence of circadian rhythms on SD and brain activities has been less studied. This study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional connectivity density (FCD) metrics to investigate the interaction between sleep pressure and circadian rhythms during SD. Methods: Thirty-six volunteers with good sleep habits underwent a sleep deprivation trial. Sleepiness was assessed using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) at multiple time points, and fMRI scans were conducted to derive global and local FCD (gFCD and iFCD) values. This study focused on specific brain regions and networks, including the thalamus, the frontoparietal network (FPN), and the default mode network (DMN). Results: Analysis indicated significant …

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