Trust and betrayal

وَلَا تَقۡرَبُواْ مَالَ ٱلۡيَتِيمِ إِلَّا بِٱلَّتِي هِيَ أَحۡسَنُ حَتَّىٰ يَبۡلُغَ أَشُدَّهُۥۚ وَأَوۡفُواْ بِٱلۡعَهۡدِۖ إِنَّ ٱلۡعَهۡدَ كَانَ مَسۡـُٔولࣰ ا

Do not go near the orphan’s property, except with the best [intentions], until he reaches the age of maturity. Honour your pledges: you will be questioned about your pledges

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓاْ أَوۡفُواْ بِٱلۡعُقُودِۚ أُحِلَّتۡ لَكُم بَهِيمَةُ ٱلۡأَنۡعَٰمِ إِلَّا مَا يُتۡلَىٰ عَلَيۡكُمۡ غَيۡرَ مُحِلِّي ٱلصَّيۡدِ وَأَنتُمۡ حُرُمٌۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَحۡكُمُ مَا يُرِيدُ

You who believe, fulfil your obligations. Livestock animals are lawful as food for you, with the exception of what is about to be announced to you. You are forbidden to kill game while you are on pilgrimage––God commands what He will

إِنَّا عَرَضۡنَا ٱلۡأَمَانَةَ عَلَى ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلۡأَرۡضِ وَٱلۡجِبَالِ فَأَبَيۡنَ أَن يَحۡمِلۡنَهَا وَأَشۡفَقۡنَ مِنۡهَا وَحَمَلَهَا ٱلۡإِنسَٰنُۖ إِنَّهُۥ كَانَ ظَلُومࣰ ا جَهُولࣰ ا

We offered the Trust to the heavens, the earth, and the mountains, yet they refused to undertake it and were afraid of it; mankind undertook it- they have always been inept and foolish

فَرَجَعَ مُوسَىٰٓ إِلَىٰ قَوۡمِهِۦ غَضۡبَٰنَ أَسِفࣰ اۚ قَالَ يَٰقَوۡمِ أَلَمۡ يَعِدۡكُمۡ رَبُّكُمۡ وَعۡدًا حَسَنًاۚ أَفَطَالَ عَلَيۡكُمُ ٱلۡعَهۡدُ أَمۡ أَرَدتُّمۡ أَن يَحِلَّ عَلَيۡكُمۡ غَضَبࣱ مِّن رَّبِّكُمۡ فَأَخۡلَفۡتُم مَّوۡعِدِي

Moses returned to his people, angry and aggrieved. He said, ‘My people, did your Lord not make you a gracious promise? Was my absence too long for you? Did you want anger to fall on you from your Lord and so broke your word to me?’

ٱلَّذِينَ يَنقُضُونَ عَهۡدَ ٱللَّهِ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ مِيثَٰقِهِۦ وَيَقۡطَعُونَ مَآ أَمَرَ ٱللَّهُ بِهِۦٓ أَن يُوصَلَ وَيُفۡسِدُونَ فِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِۚ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلۡخَٰسِرُونَ

those who break their covenant with God after it has been confirmed, who sever the bonds that God has commanded to be joined, who spread corruption on the earth- these are the losers

وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ لِأَمَٰنَٰتِهِمۡ وَعَهۡدِهِمۡ رَٰعُونَ

who are faithful to their trusts and pledges

And do not come anywhere near an orphan’s property except in the fairest manner until he comes of age. And fulfil the covenant should you make a covenant with God or with people in general. Indeed the covenant will be enquired into.

And come not near to the orphan's property except to improve it, until he attains the age of full strength. And fulfill (every) covenant. Verily, the covenant will be questioned about (34)And give full measure when you measure, and weigh with a balance that is straight. That is good (advantageous) and better in the end (35) The Command to handle the Orphan's Wealth properly and to be Honest in Weights and Measures وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا مَالَ الْيَتِيمِ إِلَّا بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ أَشُدَّهُ (And come not near to the orphan's property except to improve it, until he attains the age of full strength.) meaning, do not dispose of the orphan's wealth except in a proper manner. وَلَا تَأْكُلُوهَا إِسْرَافًا وَبِدَارًا أَن يَكْبَرُوا ۚ وَمَن كَانَ غَنِيًّا فَلْيَسْتَعْفِفْ ۖ وَمَن كَانَ فَقِيرًا فَلْيَأْكُلْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ (but consume it [the orphan's property] not wastefully

O you who have faith! It is narrated that Jaʿfar ibn MuḤammad said that these words have four traits through which the Lord of the Worlds honored and caressed the community. One is that they are a call, second an intimation, third an allusion, and fourth a bearing witness. O is a call, you is an intimation, who is an allusion, and have faith is a bearing witness. The call is an honor, the intimation of mercy, the allusion to love, and the bearing witness to recognition. “He called them before He made them appear, and He named them before He saw them.” They were in the concealment of nonexistence when He called them to honor. They had not yet come into the circle of existence when He named them with a beautiful name: He named you sub- mitters from before [22:78]. He saw the faults and He approved of the faults. He saw the offenses, and He bought the offenses. He saw the pure ones of the h

O you who believe fulfil your bonds the covenants confirmed between you and God and between you and other people. Lawful to you is the beast of the flocks camels cattle and sheep and goats to eat after slaughtering them except that which is now being recited to you as forbidden in the verse below Forbidden to you are carrion…Q. 53; the exceptive clause here is a discontinuous one but may also be continuous; the forbidding concerns that which has succumbed to death and the like; game not being lawful to you when you are on pilgrimage hurum means muhrimūn; ghayra ‘not’ is in the accusative as it introduces a circumstantial qualifier referring to the subject of the pronoun lakum ‘to you’. Verily God decrees whatever He desires in the way of making things lawful or otherwise and there can be no objection thereto.

Surely We offered the Trust to the heavens and the earth and the mountains, but they refused to carry it and feared it, and man carried it. Surely he was a great wrongdoer, deeply ignorant. For a time Adam the Chosen-that first wayfarer, that wellspring of beginningless gentleness, that coffer of the wonders of omnipotence, that jewel-box of the gentleness of the Haqiqah, that shoot in the garden of generosity-was kept between Mecca and Taif in the cradle of the covenant of recognitions. The ill-fortuned, ill-eyed Iblis passed by. With the hand of envy he shook Adam's makeup and found it empty. He said, “This creature will not be self-possessed. He is empty, and nothing comes forth from something empty.” Beginningless good fortune replied on behalf of Adam: “Wait a few days until the falcon of his mystery takes flight! The first prey it hunts will be you.” The abandoned and accursed Ibli

Indeed We offered the Trust — the obligation to prayer and other matters which when performed result in reward and when neglected result in punishment — to the heavens and the earth and the mountains and created in them the power of comprehension and speech at the time of that offer but they refused to bear it and were apprehensive of it; but man Adam undertook it when it was offered to him. Truly he is a wrongdoer to his own soul because of what he undertook ignorant of the responsibility that comes with it —

حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ سَلاَمٍ، حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، عَنْ أَبِي سُهَيْلٍ، نَافِعِ بْنِ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَبِي عَامِرٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏ "‏ آيَةُ الْمُنَافِقِ ثَلاَثٌ إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ، وَإِذَا اؤْتُمِنَ خَانَ ‏"‏‏.‏

Narrated Abu Huraira:Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "The signs of a hypocrite are three: Whenever he speaks, he tells a lie; and whenever he promises, he breaks his promise; and whenever he is entrusted, he betrays (proves to be dishonest)

حَدَّثَنَا مُسَدَّدٌ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ ـ رضى الله عنهما ـ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏ "‏ الْغَادِرُ يُرْفَعُ لَهُ لِوَاءٌ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ، يُقَالُ هَذِهِ غَدْرَةُ فُلاَنِ بْنِ فُلاَنٍ ‏"‏‏.‏

Narrated Ibn `Umar:The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "For every betrayer (perfidious person), a flag will be raised on the Day of Resurrection, and it will be announced (publicly) 'This is the betrayal (perfidy) of so-and-so, the son of so-and-so

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ نُمَيْرٍ، ح وَحَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ نُمَيْرٍ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبِي، حَدَّثَنَا الأَعْمَشُ، ح وَحَدَّثَنِي زُهَيْرُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، حَدَّثَنَا وَكِيعٌ، حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ، عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مُرَّةَ، عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏"‏ أَرْبَعٌ مَنْ كُنَّ فِيهِ كَانَ مُنَافِقًا خَالِصًا وَمَنْ كَانَتْ فِيهِ خَلَّةٌ مِنْهُنَّ كَانَتْ فِيهِ خَلَّةٌ مِنْ نِفَاقٍ حَتَّى يَدَعَهَا إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ وَإِذَا عَاهَدَ غَدَرَ وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ وَإِذَا خَاصَمَ فَجَرَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ غَيْرَ أَنَّ فِي حَدِيثِ سُفْيَانَ ‏"‏ وَإِنْ كَانَتْ فِيهِ خَصْلَةٌ مِنْهُنَّ كَانَتْ فِيهِ خَصْلَةٌ مِنَ النِّفَاقِ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

It is narrated on the authority of Abdullah b. 'Amr that the Prophet observed:"There are four characteristics, whoever has them all is a pure hypocrite, and whoever has one of its characteristics, he has one of the characteristics of hypocrisy, until he gives it up: When he speaks he lies, when he makes a covenant he betrays it, when he makes a promise he breaks it, and when he disputes he resorts to obscene speech." In the narration of Sufyan (one of the narrators) it is: "And if he has one of them, he has one of the characteristics of hypocrisy

حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْعَلاَءِ، وَأَحْمَدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، قَالاَ حَدَّثَنَا طَلْقُ بْنُ غَنَّامٍ، عَنْ شَرِيكٍ، - قَالَ ابْنُ الْعَلاَءِ وَقَيْسٍ - عَنْ أَبِي حُصَيْنٍ، عَنْ أَبِي صَالِحٍ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ أَدِّ الأَمَانَةَ إِلَى مَنِ ائْتَمَنَكَ وَلاَ تَخُنْ مَنْ خَانَكَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Narrated AbuHurayrah: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: Pay the deposit to him who deposited it with you, and do not betray him who betrayed you

حَدَّثَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ أَبُو الرَّبِيعِ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا نَافِعُ بْنُ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَبِي عَامِرٍ أَبُو سُهَيْلٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏ "‏ آيَةُ الْمُنَافِقِ ثَلاَثٌ إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ، وَإِذَا اؤْتُمِنَ خَانَ ‏"‏‏.‏

Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "The signs of a hypocrite are three: 1. Whenever he speaks, he tells a lie. 2. Whenever he promises, he always breaks it (his promise ). 3. If you trust him, he proves to be dishonest. (If you keep something as a trust with him, he will not return it)

حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، عَنْ أَبِي سُهَيْلٍ، نَافِعِ بْنِ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَبِي عَامِرٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏ "‏ آيَةُ الْمُنَافِقِ ثَلاَثٌ إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإِذَا اؤْتُمِنَ خَانَ، وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخَلَفَ ‏"‏‏.‏

Narrated Abu Huraira:Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "The signs of a hypocrite are three: (1) whenever he speaks, he tells a lie, (2) whenever he is entrusted, he proves to be dishonest, (3) whenever he promises, he breaks his promise

وقال معاذ بن جبل قال لي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أوصيك بتقوى الله وصدق الحديث ووفاء العهد وأداء الأمانة وترك الخيانة وحفظ الجار ورحمة اليتيم ولين الكلام وبذل السلام وخفض الجناح + حديث معاذ أوصيك بتقوى الله وصدق الحديث أخرجه الخرائطي في مكارم الأخلاق و البيهقي في كتاب الزهد وأبو نعيم في الحلية ولم يقل البيهقي وخفض الجناح وإسناد ضعيف +

التبرر ونحوه الخامس الخيانة في الأمانة فإذا اؤتمن الرجل أمانة فالواجب عليه أن يردها كما قال تعالى إن الله يأمركم أن تؤدوا الأمانات إلى أهلها النساء وقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أد الأمانة إلى من ائتمنك وقال في خطبته في حجة الوداع من كانت عنده أمانة فليؤدها إلى من ائتمنه عليها قال الله عز وجل ياآيها الذين أمنوا لا تخونوا الله والرسول وتخونوا أماناتكم وأنتم تعلمون الأنفال فالخيانة في الأمانة من خصال النفاق وفي حديث ابن مسعود من قوله وروى مرفوعا القتل في سبيل الله يكفر كل ذنب إلا الأمانة يؤتي بصاحب الأمانة فيقال له أد أمانتك فيقول من أين يارب وقد ذهبت الدنيا فيقول اذهبوا به إلى الهاوية فيهوي حتى ينتهي إلى قعرها فيجدها هناك كهيئتها فيحملها فيضعها على عنقه فيصعد بها في نار جهنم حتى إذا رأي أنه قد خرج منها زلت فهوي فيهوي هو في أثرها أبد الآبدين قال والأمانة في الصلاة والأمانة في الصوم والأمانة في الحديث وأشد من ذلك الودائع وقد روى عن محمد بن كعب القرظي أنه استنبط ما في هذا الحديث أعني حديث آي

والزنى يجمع خلال الشر كلها من قلة الدين وذهاب الورع وفساد المروءة وقلة الغيرة فلا تجد زانيا معه ورع ولا وفاء بعهد ولا صدق في حديث ولا محافظة على صديق ولا غيرة تامة على أهله فالغدر والكذب والخيانة وقلة الحياء وعدم المراقبة وعدم الأنفة للحرم وذهاب الغيرة من القلب من شعبه وموجباته

فلم يدع نصيحة جميلة إلا وقد دعانا إليها وأمرنا بها ولم يدع غشا أو قال عيبا أو قال شينا إلا حذرناه ونهانا عنه + حديث أنس لم يدع صلى الله عليه وسلم نصيحة جميلة إلا وقد دعانا إليها وأمرنا بها له أقف له على إسناد وهو صحيح من حيث الواقع + ويكفي من ذلك كله هذه الآية @QB@ إن الله يأمر بالعدل والإحسان @QE@ الآية وقال معاذ أوصاني رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال يا معاذ أوصيك بإتقاء الله وصدق الحديث والوفاء بالعهد وأداء الأمانة وترك الخيانة وحفظ الجار ورحمة اليتيم ولين الكلام وبذل السلام وحسن العمل وقصر الأمل ولزوم الإيمان والتفقه في القرآن وحب الآخرة والجزع من الحساب وخفض الجناح وأنهاك أن تسب حكيما أو تكذب صادقا أو تطيع آثما أو تعصي إماما عادلا أو تفسد أرضا وأوصيك باتقاء الله عند كل حجر وشجر ومدر وأن تحدث لكل ذنب توبة السر بالسر والعلانية بالعلانية + حديث يا معاذ أوصيك باتقاء الله وصدق الحديث الحديث أخرجه أبو نعيم في الحلية والبيهقي في الزهد وقد تقدم في آداب الصحبة + فهكذا أدب عباد الله ودعاهم

وكان أبو عبد الرحمن الزاهد يقول إلهى عاملت الناس فيما بيني وبينهم بالأمانة وعاملتك فيما بيني وبينك بالخيانة ويبكى

قال الله تعالى إن الله يأمركم أن تؤدوا الأمانات إلى أهلها النساء وقال تعالى إنا عرضنا الأمانة على السموات والأرض والجبال فأبين أن يحملنها وأشفقن منها وحملها الإنسان إنه كان ظلوما جهولا الأحزاب

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Oxytocin makes females, but not males, less forgiving following betrayal of trust.: Although oxytocin has been shown to enhance trust behavior, to date no study has directly established whether oxytocin can modulate the effect of repair strategies on restoring damaged trust. In the current double-blind, between-subjects, placebo-controlled design study, two repair strategies were used to examine the effect of intranasal oxytocin administration on modulating trust restoration in a revised trust game. The results showed that although oxytocin had no overall effect on modulating t

Registered Replication Report: Study 1 From Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, & Hannon (2002).: Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, and Hannon (2002, Study 1) demonstrated a causal link between subjective commitment to a relationship and how people responded to hypothetical betrayals of that relationship. Participants primed to think about their commitment to their partner (high commitment) reacted to the betrayals with reduced exit and neglect responses relative to those primed to think about their independence from their partner (low commitment). The priming manipulation did not affect construct

Developing Behavioral Theory With the Systematic Integration of Community Social Capital Concepts.

Health behavior theories state that social environments influence health behaviors, but theories of how this occurs are relatively underdeveloped. This article systematically surveys community social capital concepts in health behavior literature and proposes a conceptual framework that integrates these concepts into existing behavioral theory. Fifty-three studies tested associations between community social capital concepts and physical activity (38 studies), smoking (19 studies), and diet (2 studies). Trustworthiness of community members was consistently associated with more health-promoting and less disease-promoting behaviors in 19 studies. Neighborly reciprocity showed mixed results in 10 studies. Reporting a good sense of community was associated with more physical activity in only 5 of 16 studies. Neighborhood collective efficacy, which includes social cohesion and informal social…

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Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment outcomes for events related to institutional betrayal.

Institutional betrayal can occur when an organization fails to prevent or respond appropriately to traumatic events perpetrated within its ranks. This experience of violated trust can exacerbate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and related sequelae. The primary aim of this quality assurance project was to preliminarily assess whether our standard treatment approach and treatment dosing (single-treatment protocol, 12-15 sessions) was sufficient for patients presenting with institutional betrayal. We compared outcomes for individuals presenting for care following institutional betrayal events (n = 57) with outcomes for a control group of randomly selected nonbetrayed patients (n = 57). Individuals who endorsed a history of sexual abuse were excluded to better isolate the impact of institutional betrayal versus interpersonal factors. Betrayed individuals were more likely to lea…

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Hierarchical Neural Prediction of Interpersonal Trust.

Exploring neural markers that predict trust behavior may help us to identify the cognitive process underlying trust decisions and to develop a new approach to promote interpersonal trust. It remains unknown how trust behavior may be predicted early in the decision process. We used electrophysiology to sample the brain activity while participants played the role of trustor in an iterative trust game. The results showed that during the trust generation stage, the trust condition led to higher frontocentral beta band activity related to cognitive inhibition compared to the distrust condition (item level). Moreover, individuals with higher frontocentral beta band activity were more likely to perform trust choices at the single-trial level (individual level). Furthermore, after receiving reciprocity feedback on trialn-1, compared to the betrayal feedback and the distrust choice, the frontocen…

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Bitten by the System that Cared for them: Towards a Trauma-Informed Understanding of Patients' Healthcare Engagement.

The BITTEN theoretical framework of trauma-informed healthcare proposes that each patient presents to a healthcare encounter with a baseline level of historical institutional Betrayal and trauma exposure that interacts with their Indicator for healthcare engagement to potentially Trigger trauma symptoms, impacting patients' Trust in healthcare providers and shaping their current and future Expectations of and Needs for healthcare. The current study sought to test and extend components of the BITTEN theoretical framework to better understand the link between trauma exposure (childhood trauma and institutional betrayal) and healthcare engagement. Results largely supported the propositions of the BITTEN theoretical framework: childhood trauma was directly related to healthcare avoidance behaviors. The relation between childhood trauma and healthcare avoidance was partially mediated by patie…

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A model exploring the relationship between betrayal trauma and health: The roles of mental health, attachment, trust in healthcare systems, and nonadherence to treatment.

Objective: Prior research suggests that there is a relationship between traumatic experiences and poor health. When considered through the lens of betrayal trauma (i.e., the perpetrator and the victim have a close interpersonal relationship), traumatic experiences predict greater posttraumatic difficulty and higher levels of depression. Betrayal trauma has been associated with poorer interpersonal relationships and less trust in individuals and systems that may be important for a person's wellbeing, such as health care systems. In turn, trauma survivors are less likely to adhere to medical treatment, which may ultimately affect their overall health. The current study examined the complex relationship between experiences of betrayal trauma and poor health, while accounting for demographics, mental health symptoms, trust in physicians and the medical system, attachment style, and nonadhere…

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Do Participants Detect Sexual Abuse Depicted in a Drawing? Investigating the Impact of Betrayal Trauma Exposure on State Dissociation and Betrayal Awareness.

An inability to identify betrayal may increase risk for victimization. Harm perpetrated by close others early in life may impair the ability to identify betrayal and develop trust. Dissociation may facilitate impaired betrayal awareness. The present study examined the impact of high betrayal trauma on state dissociation and betrayal awareness in a college sample (N = 216). Self-report measures were used to assess trauma history and state dissociation. Awareness for betrayal was measured using a drawing depicting an ambiguous interpersonal interaction between an adult and a child. We hypothesized that high betrayal trauma would be associated with both more state dissociation and lower awareness for betrayal. Participants with histories of high betrayal trauma reported high levels of state dissociation. Contrary to our second hypothesis, high betrayal trauma did not directly predict impair…

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Betray my trust, shame on me: Shame, dissociation, fear, and betrayal trauma.

Recent research suggests that betrayal is a fundamental dimension of trauma that may be a major factor contributing to posttraumatic distress (Freyd & Birrell, 2013). In the current study using a college student sample of female trauma survivors, (N = 124; 79% Caucasian; mean age = 20.40, SD = 3.60), we examined the contribution of high- and low-betrayal trauma history to shame, dissociation, and fear responses to threat. We hypothesized that (a) overall, shame and dissociation would be higher following interpersonal compared with noninterpersonal threat; (b) high- but not low-betrayal trauma history would predict increased shame and dissociation following interpersonal threat; and (c) low- but not high-betrayal trauma history would predict increased fear following noninterpersonal threat. Hypothesis 1 was not supported. There was no difference in overall shame and dissociation following…

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Partner preferences among survivors of betrayal trauma.

Betrayal trauma theory suggests that social and cognitive development may be affected by early trauma such that individuals develop survival strategies, particularly dissociation and lack of betrayal awareness, that may place them at risk for further victimization. Several experiences of victimization in the context of relationships predicated on trust and dependence may contribute to the development of relational schema whereby abuse is perceived as normal. The current exploratory study investigates interpersonal trauma as an early experience that might impact the traits that are desired in potential romantic partners. Participants in the current study were asked to rate the desirability of several characteristics in potential romantic partners. Although loyalty was desirable to most participants regardless of their trauma history, those who reported experiences of high betrayal trauma …

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The human amygdala is necessary for developing and expressing normal interpersonal trust.

The human amygdala is known to be involved in processing social, emotional, and reward-related information. Previous reports have indicated that the amygdala is involved in extracting trustworthiness information from faces. Interestingly, functional neuroimaging research using economic tasks that presumably require developing and/or expressing interpersonal trust, such as the Trust Game (TG), have not routinely identified involvement of the amygdala. The present study sought to explore the role of the amygdala in developing and expressing interpersonal trust, via a multi-round, multiplayer economic exchange, a version of the TG, in a large sample of participants with focal brain damage. Participants with unilateral damage to the amygdala displayed increased benevolent behavior in the TG, and specifically, they tended to increase trust in response to betrayals. On the other hand, neurolog…

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Emotion-focused couples therapy and the facilitation of forgiveness.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an emotion-focused couple therapy intervention for resolving emotional injuries. Twenty couples acting as their own waitlist controls were offered a 10-12-session treatment to help resolve unresolved anger and hurt from a betrayal, an abandonment, or an identity insult that they had been unable to resolve for at least 2 years. Treated couples fared significantly better on all outcome measures over the treatment period compared to the waitlist period. They showed a significant improvement in dyadic satisfaction, trust, and forgiveness as well as improvement on symptom and target complaint measures. Changes were maintained on all of the measures at 3-month follow-up except trust, on which the injured partners deteriorated. At the end of treatment, 11 couples were identified as having completely forgiven their partners and six had …

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Widening spheres of impact: the role of forgiveness in marital and family functioning.

This study examined relations between aspects of family functioning and positive and negative dimensions of forgiveness. Increased understanding of one's partner and decreased anger about betrayal characterize positive forgiveness, whereas experiences such as holding a grudge and desiring revenge indicate negative forgiveness. The sample included 87 wives and 74 husbands who reported experiencing a significant betrayal, their partners, and their adolescent children. Analyses of reported forgiveness revealed that more negative forgiveness was associated with lower marital satisfaction for husbands and wives; trust partially mediated this relationship for husbands and wives. Greater positive forgiveness reported by husbands and wives predicted their own reports of a stronger parenting alliance, whereas greater negative forgiveness reported by husbands and wives predicted their spouses' rep…

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Children Delay Gratification for Cooperative Ends.

To cooperate effectively, both in small-scale interactions and large-scale collective-action problems, people frequently have to delay gratification (i.e., resist short-term temptations in favor of joint long-term goals). Although delay-of-gratification skills are commonly considered critical in children's social-cognitive development, they have rarely been studied in the context of cooperative decision-making. In the current study, we therefore presented pairs of children (N = 207 individuals) with a modified version of the famous marshmallow test, in which children's outcomes were interdependently linked such that the children were rewarded only if both members of the pair delayed gratification. Children from two highly diverse cultures (Germany and Kenya) performed substantially better than they did on a standard version of the test, suggesting that children are more willing to delay …

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The construction of a model of the process of couples' forgiveness in emotion-focused therapy for couples.

This study explored how forgiveness unfolds in the context of emotion-focused couples therapy (EFT-C) in eight cases of women betrayed by their partners. Forgiveness was defined as a process involving the reduction in negative feelings and the giving out of undeserved compassion. This was measured by changes in the pre- and posttreatment scores on the Enright Forgiveness Inventory, the Unfinished Business Resolution Scale, and a single item directly asking respondents to indicate their degree of forgiveness. A task analysis was performed to rigorously track the steps leading to forgiveness using videotapes of therapy sessions for eight couples. The performance of the four couples who forgave were compared with each other and then contrasted with the performance of another four couples who did not reach forgiveness at the end of therapy. Based on these observations, a model of the process…

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An integrated model of financial socialization, technology, and financial capability in predicting financial well-being.

This study develops and empirically tests an integrated framework that explains how financial socialisation, technological factors, and financial capability jointly shape financial behaviour and in an emerging economy context. Using data from 306 Vietnamese adults, the study applies Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling to assess direct, mediating, and moderating effects. The results show that both family financial socialization and artificial intelligence significantly enhance financial behaviour and financial well-being, with financial behaviour mediating these relationships. Artificial intelligence exerts a stronger influence on financial behaviour than family financial socialisation, while its impact on financial well-being operates primarily through behavioural pathways. Financial literacy and digital trust significantly strengthen the effect of artificial intelligence…

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Exploring Trust in Research Among Black American Men at a Health Promotion Symposium in Rural North Carolina.

Despite efforts to diversify research and health programs, Black American men remain a "hard-to-reach" population while collectively suffering from some of the worst health outcomes in the United States. Faith- and community-based approaches have shown potential to engage Black Americans in health promotion and health research activities. The purpose of this article is to examine health research participation and trust in research among a sample of Black American men in rural North Carolina who attended a community-based health symposium, culturally tailored for Black American men (n = 112). A cross-sectional survey was administered among men to learn about health status, health concerns, and perception of health research. Among 106 men who completed the survey, most reported no prior participation in health research (68.87%), but almost a third of men reported interest in participating …

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"I Trust That Only God Can Protect Me, But …": The Religious Meaning Behind Mammogram Attitudes and Behaviors Among Immigrant Muslim Women.

Although breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women in the United States, women from ethnic minorities still underutilize mammogram screenings. Immigrant Muslim women (IMW) demonstrated low mammogram screening rates compared to the national target of 77.1% determined by Healthy People 2030. Although IMW comprise an understudied population in the health field, a limited number of studies have proposed that Islamic religious beliefs have an impact on their behaviors and practices in regard to mammogram use. This study aimed to understand the meanings IMW ascribe to their religious beliefs in relation to mammogram utilization. A qualitative thematic analysis study was conducted on a purposive sample. A total of 28 IMW were recruited for one-on-one interviews in either Arabic or English, and inductive thematic analysis as per Braun and Clarke (2008) informed data analysis…

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Training health workers and community influencers to be Vaccine Champions: a mixed-methods RE-AIM evaluation.

Introduction: Increasing trust and confidence in vaccines is a global priority, as countries have grappled with delivering COVID-19 vaccines, maintaining routine childhood vaccination rates and introducing new vaccines. Community-based vaccine promotion interventions are commonly implemented, but effectiveness evidence is limited. In 2022, supported by the Australian Government and in partnership with Fiji's Ministry of Health and UNICEF, we codesigned, delivered and comprehensively evaluated a vaccine education and communication training programme for health workers and community influencers to promote COVID-19 and routine immunisation. Methods: The Vaccine Champions programme included three phases: (1) codesign with Fiji stakeholders; (2) vaccine education and communication training for Vaccine Champions and (3) support for Champions to deliver community vaccine discussion sessions ove…

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Improving feeling of control and trust in interpreter-mediated mental health consultations.

Language barriers are among the most critical factors in health care disparities. Low language proficiency is consistently associated with a high prevalence and severity of mental health disorder symptoms. Despite the advantages of working with an interpreter, most practitioners report difficulties, especially with trust and the feeling of control. The main objective of this exploratory qualitative intervention research is to examine the impact of training when working with interpreters and their inclusion in follow-ups. This impact is evaluated in the changes in feelings of control and trust for the practitioners who received the training, for the trained interpreters included in follow-ups and for the patients of these follow-ups. Semistructured interviews were conducted with individuals involved in five follow-ups at four public mental health clinics in Paris, France. The project had …

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Trust in government regarding COVID-19 and its associations with preventive health behaviour and prosocial behaviour during the pandemic: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

Background: The effective implementation of government policies and measures for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires compliance from the public. This study aimed to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of trust in government regarding COVID-19 control with the adoption of recommended health behaviours and prosocial behaviours, and potential determinants of trust in government during the pandemic. Methods: This study analysed data from the PsyCorona Survey, an international project on COVID-19 that included 23 733 participants from 23 countries (representative in age and gender distributions by country) at baseline survey and 7785 participants who also completed follow-up surveys. Specification curve analysis was used to examine concurrent associations between trust in government and self-reported behaviours. We further used structural eq…

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Corrupt third parties undermine trust and prosocial behaviour between people.

Corruption is a pervasive phenomenon that affects the quality of institutions, undermines economic growth and exacerbates inequalities around the globe. Here we tested whether perceiving representatives of institutions as corrupt undermines trust and subsequent prosocial behaviour among strangers. We developed an experimental game paradigm modelling representatives as third-party punishers to manipulate or assess corruption and examine its relationship with trust and prosociality (trust behaviour, cooperation and generosity). In a sequential dyadic die-rolling task, the participants observed the dishonest behaviour of a target who would subsequently serve as a third-party punisher in a trust game (Study 1a, N = 540), in a prisoner's dilemma (Study 1b, N = 503) and in dictator games (Studies 2-4, N = 765, pre-registered). Across these five studies, perceiving a third party as corrupt unde…

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Financial incentives for vaccination do not have negative unintended consequences.

Financial incentives to encourage healthy and prosocial behaviours often trigger initial behavioural change1-11, but a large academic literature warns against using them12-16. Critics warn that financial incentives can crowd out prosocial motivations and reduce perceived safety and trust, thereby reducing healthy behaviours when no payments are offered and eroding morals more generally17-24. Here we report findings from a large-scale, pre-registered study in Sweden that causally measures the unintended consequences of offering financial incentives for taking the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. We use a unique combination of random exposure to financial incentives, population-wide administrative vaccination records and rich survey data. We find no negative consequences of financial incentives; we can reject even small negative impacts of offering financial incentives on future vaccinati…

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Partnering With Faith-Based Organizations to Offer Flu Vaccination and Other Preventive Services.

In 2019, just one-half of Americans received their influenza vaccine, despite it being safe, effective, and important in preventing serious infection, hospitalization, and death. Black children receive fewer influenza vaccines than their White counterparts. Vaccine hesitancy can hinder influenza vaccine uptake and is partially fueled by ongoing systemic racism and historical abuse leading to medical mistrust in communities of color. Building trust may enhance the transfer of reliable vaccine information and may move people along the spectrum of vaccine intention. We sought to partner with faith-based organizations through a community influenza vaccination event to increase vaccination rates. By leveraging the reach and expertise of trusted voices, such as church "first ladies" and local community leaders, we were able to administer 600 pediatric influenza vaccines between 2016 and 2019. …

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Do People Favor Artificial Intelligence Over Physicians? A Survey Among the General Population and Their View on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.

Objectives: To investigate the general population's view on artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine with specific emphasis on 3 areas that have experienced major progress in AI research in the past few years, namely radiology, robotic surgery, and dermatology. Methods: For this prospective study, the April 2020 Online Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences Panel Wave was used. Of the 3117 Longitudinal Internet Studies For The Social Sciences panel members contacted, 2411 completed the full questionnaire (77.4% response rate), after combining data from earlier waves, the final sample size was 1909. A total of 3 scales focusing on trust in the implementation of AI in radiology, robotic surgery, and dermatology were used. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance was used for comparison. Results: The overall means show that respondents have…

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Public Perceptions of Physician Attire and Professionalism in the US.

Importance: In recent years, casual physician attire (fleece jackets and softshell jackets) has become increasingly popular, but to our knowledge, public perceptions of these garments have not been studied. Furthermore, gender biases may result in differing expectations and perceptions of female and male physicians and may be associated with patient rapport and trust building. Objective: To characterize public perceptions of casual physician attire and implicit gender biases in public assessment of physicians' professional attire. Design, setting, and participants: This survey study used a population-based survey administered via Amazon Mechanical Turk from May to June 2020 among individuals aged 18 years or older who were US residents and for whom English was the primary language. Intervention: Survey featuring photographs of a male or female model wearing various types of physician att…

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Loneliness and the Social Brain: How Perceived Social Isolation Impairs Human Interactions.

Loneliness is a painful condition associated with increased risk for premature mortality. The formation of new, positive social relationships can alleviate feelings of loneliness, but requires rapid trustworthiness decisions during initial encounters and it is still unclear how loneliness hinders interpersonal trust. Here, a multimodal approach including behavioral, psychophysiological, hormonal, and neuroimaging measurements is used to probe a trust-based mechanism underlying impaired social interactions in loneliness. Pre-stratified healthy individuals with high loneliness scores (n = 42 out of a screened sample of 3678 adults) show reduced oxytocinergic and affective responsiveness to a positive conversation, report less interpersonal trust, and prefer larger social distances compared to controls (n = 40). Moreover, lonely individuals are rated as less trustworthy compared to controls…

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