These words are in the last two surahs
Before anything else, note where these words live. Seeking refuge from harm, from the blowers on knots, and from an envier when he envies, is inside the last two surahs of the mushaf. This is not something people made up in a village. It is recited in every household.
Notice also what these passages are. They are refuge texts. They tell you what to say and who to turn to. They do not hand you a way of telling what is wrong with a particular person.
Qur’an and Sunnah
قُلۡ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ ٱلۡفَلَقِ
Say [Prophet], ‘I seek refuge with the Lord of daybreak
Qur’an 113:1
وَمِن شَرِّ ٱلنَّفَّٰثَٰتِ فِي ٱلۡعُقَدِ
the harm in witches when they blow on knots
Qur’an 113:4
وَمِن شَرِّ حَاسِدٍ إِذَا حَسَدَ
the harm in the envier when he envies.’
Qur’an 113:5
قُلۡ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ ٱلنَّاسِ
Say, ‘I seek refuge with the Lord of people
Qur’an 114:1
مِن شَرِّ ٱلۡوَسۡوَاسِ ٱلۡخَنَّاسِ
against the harm of the slinking whisperer––
Qur’an 114:4
مِنَ ٱلۡجِنَّةِ وَٱلنَّاسِ
whether they be jinn or people.’
Qur’an 114:6
Translation: M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, The Qur'an, Oxford University Press, 2004.