Hygiene and washing الطهارة

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓاْ إِذَا قُمۡتُمۡ إِلَى ٱلصَّلَوٰةِ فَٱغۡسِلُواْ وُجُوهَكُمۡ وَأَيۡدِيَكُمۡ إِلَى ٱلۡمَرَافِقِ وَٱمۡسَحُواْ بِرُءُوسِكُمۡ وَأَرۡجُلَكُمۡ إِلَى ٱلۡكَعۡبَيۡنِۚ وَإِن كُنتُمۡ جُنُبࣰ ا فَٱطَّهَّرُواْۚ وَإِن كُنتُم مَّرۡضَىٰٓ أَوۡ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ أَوۡ جَآءَ أَحَدࣱ مِّنكُم مِّنَ ٱلۡغَآئِطِ أَوۡ لَٰمَسۡتُمُ ٱلنِّسَآءَ فَلَمۡ تَجِدُواْ مَآءࣰ فَتَيَمَّمُواْ صَعِيدࣰ ا طَيِّبࣰ ا فَٱمۡسَحُواْ بِوُجُوهِكُمۡ وَأَيۡدِيكُم مِّنۡهُۚ مَا يُرِيدُ ٱللَّهُ لِيَجۡعَلَ عَلَيۡكُم مِّنۡ حَرَجࣲ وَلَٰكِن يُرِيدُ لِيُطَهِّرَكُمۡ وَلِيُتِمَّ نِعۡمَتَهُۥ عَلَيۡكُمۡ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تَشۡكُرُونَ

You who believe, when you are about to pray, wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows, wipe your heads, wash your feet up to the ankles and, if required, wash your whole body. If any of you is sick or on a journey, or has just relieved himself, or had intimate contact with a woman, and can find no water, then take some clean sand and wipe your face and hands with it. God does not wish to place any burden on you: He only wishes to cleanse you and perfect His blessing on you, so that you may be thankful

۞فَمَا كَانَ جَوَابَ قَوۡمِهِۦٓ إِلَّآ أَن قَالُوٓاْ أَخۡرِجُوٓاْ ءَالَ لُوطࣲ مِّن قَرۡيَتِكُمۡۖ إِنَّهُمۡ أُنَاسࣱ يَتَطَهَّرُونَ

The only answer his people gave was to say, ‘Expel Lot’s followers from your town! These men mean to stay chaste!’

وَمَا كَانَ جَوَابَ قَوۡمِهِۦٓ إِلَّآ أَن قَالُوٓاْ أَخۡرِجُوهُم مِّن قَرۡيَتِكُمۡۖ إِنَّهُمۡ أُنَاسࣱ يَتَطَهَّرُونَ

The only response his people gave was to say [to one another], ‘Drive them out of your town! These men want to keep themselves chaste!’

وَإِذۡ جَعَلۡنَا ٱلۡبَيۡتَ مَثَابَةࣰ لِّلنَّاسِ وَأَمۡنࣰ ا وَٱتَّخِذُواْ مِن مَّقَامِ إِبۡرَٰهِـۧمَ مُصَلࣰّ ىۖ وَعَهِدۡنَآ إِلَىٰٓ إِبۡرَٰهِـۧمَ وَإِسۡمَٰعِيلَ أَن طَهِّرَا بَيۡتِيَ لِلطَّآئِفِينَ وَٱلۡعَٰكِفِينَ وَٱلرُّكَّعِ ٱلسُّجُودِ

We made the House a resort and a sanctuary for people, saying, ‘Take the spot where Abraham stood as your place of prayer.’ We commanded Abraham and Ishmael: ‘Purify My House for those who walk round it, those who stay there, and those who bow and prostrate themselves in worship.’

رَبَّنَا وَٱبۡعَثۡ فِيهِمۡ رَسُولࣰ ا مِّنۡهُمۡ يَتۡلُواْ عَلَيۡهِمۡ ءَايَٰتِكَ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ ٱلۡكِتَٰبَ وَٱلۡحِكۡمَةَ وَيُزَكِّيهِمۡۖ إِنَّكَ أَنتَ ٱلۡعَزِيزُ ٱلۡحَكِيمُ

Our Lord, make a messenger of their own rise up from among them, to recite Your revelations to them, teach them the Scripture and wisdom, and purify them: You are the Mighty, the Wise.’

كَمَآ أَرۡسَلۡنَا فِيكُمۡ رَسُولࣰ ا مِّنكُمۡ يَتۡلُواْ عَلَيۡكُمۡ ءَايَٰتِنَا وَيُزَكِّيكُمۡ وَيُعَلِّمُكُمُ ٱلۡكِتَٰبَ وَٱلۡحِكۡمَةَ وَيُعَلِّمُكُم مَّا لَمۡ تَكُونُواْ تَعۡلَمُونَ

just as Wehave sent among you a Messenger of your own to recite Our revelations to you, purify you and teach you the Scripture, wisdom, and [other] things you did not know

O you who have faith, when you stand for the prayer, wash your faces and your hands up to your elbows.... If you find no water, have recourse to goodly dust. Outward purity has three sections: First is purity after impurity. Second is purity after excretion and sexual activity. Third is purity from the sheddings of the body, such as nails, hair, dirt, and so on. Each of these three sections has an explanation and an explication, and these will be spoken of elsewhere, God willing. Inward purity has three duties: First, purity of the limbs from disobedience, such as back- biting, lying, eating the forbidden, betrayal, and looking at women illicitly. When this purity is gained, the servant is adorned with obedience and reverence. This is the degree of the faith of the pious. Its mark is that the remembrance of the Real is always on their tongue, the fruit of the prom- ise in their heart, th

O you who believe when you stand up that is when you intend to go to pray and you are in a state of ritual impurity wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows that is including them the elbows as is clarified in the Sunna; and wipe your heads the bā’ in bi-ru’ūsikum is for ‘adherence’ that is to say wipe over the head adhering the hand closely without excessive water pouring over; the noun ra’s ‘head’ is generic and so the minimum required to fulfil the stipulation is acceptable which is the wiping of some of the hair as al-Shāfi‘ī asserts; and your feet read wa-arjulakum in the accusative as a supplement to aydīyakum; or wa-arjulikum in the genitive because of its adjacency to the genitive bi-ru’ūsikum up to the ankles that is including them the ankles as is clarified in the Sunna and they are the two protruding bones at the juncture of the legs and the feet. The interposing of the

“Our Lord, and raise up amidst them a messenger from among them, who will recite Thy signs to them, teach them the Book and the Wisdom, and purify them. Surely Thou art the Exalted, the Wise.”

But the only response of his people was that they said ‘Expel Lot’s family from your town. They are indeed a folk who prefer to remain pure!’ from coming unto the rears of men.

And the response of his people was only that they said ‘Expel them that is Lūt and his followers from your city. Surely they are folk who would be pure!’ from the abomination of penetrating the rears of men.

And the answer of his people was only that they said: "Drive them out of your town, these are indeed men who want to be pure (from sins)! (82) So they answered Prophet Lut by trying to expel and banish him from their village, along with those who believed with him. Allah indeed removed Prophet Lut safely from among them, and He destroyed them in their land in disgrace and humiliation. They said (about Lut and the believers): إِنَّهُمْ أُنَاسٌ يَتَطَهَّرُونَ ("These are indeed men who want to be pure (from sins)!") Qatadah commented, "They shamed them (Lut and the believers) with what is not a shame at all." Mujahid commented, "(Lut's people said about Lut and the believers,) They are a people who want to be pure from men's anuses and women's anuses!" Similar was narrated from Ibn 'Abbas.

حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ قُدَامَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا جَرِيرٌ، ح وَحَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُثَنَّى، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، - جَمِيعًا - عَنْ مَنْصُورٍ، عَنْ سَالِمِ بْنِ أَبِي الْجَعْدِ، - قَالَ ابْنُ الْمُثَنَّى - عَنْ أَبِي الْمَلِيحِ، قَالَ دَخَلَ نِسْوَةٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ عَلَى عَائِشَةَ - رضى الله عنها - فَقَالَتْ مِمَّنْ أَنْتُنَّ قُلْنَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ ‏.‏ قَالَتْ لَعَلَّكُنَّ مِنَ الْكُورَةِ الَّتِي تَدْخُلُ نِسَاؤُهَا الْحَمَّامَاتِ قُلْنَ نَعَمْ ‏.‏ قَالَتْ أَمَا إِنِّي سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ ‏ "‏ مَا مِنِ امْرَأَةٍ تَخْلَعُ ثِيَابَهَا فِي غَيْرِ بَيْتِهَا إِلاَّ هَتَكَتْ مَا بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالَ أَبُو دَاوُدَ هَذَا حَدِيثُ جَرِيرٍ وَهُوَ أَتَمُّ وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ جَرِيرٌ أَبَا الْمَلِيحِ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏.‏

Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: AbulMalih said: Some women of Syria came to Aisha. She asked them: From whom are you? They replied: From the people of Syria. She said: Perhaps you belong to the place where women enter hot baths (for washing ). The said: Yes. She said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say: If a woman puts off her clothes in a place other than her house, she tears the veil between her and Allah, the Exalted. Abu Dawud said: This is the tradition narrated by Jarir, and it is more perfect. Jarir did not mention Abu al-Malih. He said (on the authority of 'A'ishah) that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said

حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ نُفَيْلٍ، حَدَّثَنَا زُهَيْرٌ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ أَبِي سُلَيْمَانَ الْعَرْزَمِيِّ، عَنْ عَطَاءٍ، عَنْ يَعْلَى، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم رَأَى رَجُلاً يَغْتَسِلُ بِالْبَرَازِ بِلاَ إِزَارٍ فَصَعِدَ الْمِنْبَرَ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ حَيِيٌّ سِتِّيرٌ يُحِبُّ الْحَيَاءَ وَالسَّتْرَ فَإِذَا اغْتَسَلَ أَحَدُكُمْ فَلْيَسْتَتِرْ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Narrated Ya'la: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) saw a man washing in a public place without a lower garment. So he mounted the pulpit, praised and extolled Allah and said: Allah is characterised by modesty and concealment. So when any of you washes, he should conceal himself

حَدَّثَنَا زَكَرِيَّاءُ بْنُ يَحْيَى، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ نُمَيْرٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا هِشَامُ بْنُ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، أَنَّهَا اسْتَعَارَتْ مِنْ أَسْمَاءَ قِلاَدَةً فَهَلَكَتْ، فَبَعَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم رَجُلاً، فَوَجَدَهَا فَأَدْرَكَتْهُمُ الصَّلاَةُ وَلَيْسَ مَعَهُمْ مَاءٌ فَصَلَّوْا، فَشَكَوْا ذَلِكَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ آيَةَ التَّيَمُّمِ‏.‏ فَقَالَ أُسَيْدُ بْنُ حُضَيْرٍ لِعَائِشَةَ جَزَاكِ اللَّهُ خَيْرًا، فَوَاللَّهِ مَا نَزَلَ بِكِ أَمْرٌ تَكْرَهِينَهُ إِلاَّ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ ذَلِكِ لَكِ وَلِلْمُسْلِمِينَ فِيهِ خَيْرًا‏.‏

Narrated `Urwa's father:Aisha said, "I borrowed a necklace from Asma' and it was lost. So Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) sent a man to search for it and he found it. Then the time of the prayer became due and there was no water. They prayed (without ablution) and informed Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) about it, so the verse of Tayammum was revealed." Usaid bin Hudair said to `Aisha, "May Allah reward you. By Allah, whenever anything happened which you did not like, Allah brought good for you and for the Muslims in that

حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سَلاَمٍ، قَالَ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُعَاوِيَةَ، عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ شَقِيقٍ، قَالَ كُنْتُ جَالِسًا مَعَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ وَأَبِي مُوسَى الأَشْعَرِيِّ فَقَالَ لَهُ أَبُو مُوسَى لَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلاً أَجْنَبَ، فَلَمْ يَجِدِ الْمَاءَ شَهْرًا، أَمَا كَانَ يَتَيَمَّمُ وَيُصَلِّي فَكَيْفَ تَصْنَعُونَ بِهَذِهِ الآيَةِ فِي سُورَةِ الْمَائِدَةِ ‏{‏فَلَمْ تَجِدُوا مَاءً فَتَيَمَّمُوا صَعِيدًا طَيِّبًا‏}‏ فَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ لَوْ رُخِّصَ لَهُمْ فِي هَذَا لأَوْشَكُوا إِذَا بَرَدَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْمَاءُ أَنْ يَتَيَمَّمُوا الصَّعِيدَ‏.‏ قُلْتُ وَإِنَّمَا كَرِهْتُمْ هَذَا لِذَا قَالَ نَعَمْ‏.‏ فَقَالَ أَبُو مُوسَى أَلَمْ تَسْمَعْ قَوْلَ عَمَّارٍ لِعُمَرَ بَعَثَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِي حَاجَةٍ فَأَجْنَبْتُ، فَلَمْ أَجِدِ الْمَاءَ، فَتَمَرَّغْتُ فِي الصَّعِيدِ كَمَا تَمَرَّغُ الدَّابَّةُ، فَذَكَرْتُ ذَلِكَ لِلنَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَقَالَ ‏"‏ إِنَّمَا كَانَ يَكْفِيكَ أَنْ تَصْنَعَ هَكَذَا ‏"‏‏.‏ فَضَرَبَ بِكَفِّهِ ضَرْبَةً عَلَى الأَرْضِ ثُمَّ نَفَضَهَا، ثُمَّ مَسَحَ بِهَا ظَهْرَ كَفِّهِ بِشِمَالِهِ، أَوْ ظَهْرَ شِمَالِهِ بِكَفِّهِ، ثُمَّ مَسَحَ بِهِمَا وَجْهَهُ فَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ أَفَلَمْ تَرَ عُمَرَ لَمْ يَقْنَعْ بِقَوْلِ عَمَّارٍ وَزَادَ يَعْلَى عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ عَنْ شَقِيقٍ كُنْتُ مَعَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ وَأَبِي مُوسَى فَقَالَ أَبُو مُوسَى أَلَمْ تَسْمَعْ قَوْلَ عَمَّارٍ لِعُمَرَ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم بَعَثَنِي أَنَا وَأَنْتَ فَأَجْنَبْتُ فَتَمَعَّكْتُ بِالصَّعِيدِ، فَأَتَيْنَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَأَخْبَرْنَاهُ فَقَالَ ‏"‏ إِنَّمَا كَانَ يَكْفِيكَ هَكَذَا ‏"‏‏.‏ وَمَسَحَ وَجْهَهُ وَكَفَّيْهِ وَاحِدَةً

Narrated Al-A`mash:Shaqiq said, "While I was sitting with `Abdullah and Abu Musa Al-Ash`ari, the latter asked the former, 'If a person becomes Junub and does not find water for one month, can he perform Tayammum and offer his prayer?' (He replied in the negative). Abu Musa said, 'What do you say about this verse from Sura "Al-Ma'ida": When you do not find water then perform Tayammum with clean earth? `Abdullah replied, 'If we allowed it then they would probably perform Tayammum with clean earth even if water were available but cold.' I said to Shaqiq, 'You then disliked to perform Tayammum because of this?' Shaqiq said, 'Yes.' (Shaqiq added), "Abu Musa said, 'Haven't you heard the statement of `Ammar to `Umar? He said: I was sent out by Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) for some job and I became Junub and could not find water so I rolled myself over the dust (clean earth) like an animal does, and when I told the Prophet (ﷺ) of that he said, 'Like this would have been sufficient.' The Prophet (ﷺ) (saying so) lightly stroked the earth with his hand once and blew it off, then passed his (left) hand over the back of his right hand or his (right) hand over the back of his left hand and then passed them over his face.' So `Abdullah said to Abu- Musa, 'Don't you know that `Umar was not satisfied with `Ammar's statement?' " Narrated Shaqiq: While I was with `Abdullah and Abu Musa, the latter said to the former, "Haven't you heard the statement of `Ammar to `Umar? He said, "Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) sent you and me out and I became Junub and rolled myself in the dust (clean earth) (for Tayammum). When we came to Allah's Apostle I told him about it and he said, 'This would have been sufficient,' passing his hands over his face and the backs of his hands once only

أَخْبَرَنَا سُوَيْدُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ، عَنْ سِمَاكٍ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ بَعْضَ، أَزْوَاجِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم اغْتَسَلَتْ مِنَ الْجَنَابَةِ فَتَوَضَّأَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم بِفَضْلِهَا فَذَكَرَتْ ذَلِكَ لَهُ فَقَالَ ‏ "‏ إِنَّ الْمَاءَ لاَ يُنَجِّسُهُ شَىْءٌ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

It was narrated from Ibn 'Abbas that one of the wives of the Prophet (ﷺ) performed Ghusl from Janabah, and the Prophet (ﷺ) performed Wudu' with her leftover water. She mentioned that to him and he said:"Water is not made impure by anything." [1] [1] See the following versions

أَخْبَرَنَا هَارُونُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو أُسَامَةَ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ كَثِيرٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ كَعْبٍ الْقُرَظِيُّ، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ رَافِعٍ، عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ، قَالَ قِيلَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَتَتَوَضَّأُ مِنْ بِئْرِ بُضَاعَةَ وَهِيَ بِئْرٌ يُطْرَحُ فِيهَا لُحُومُ الْكِلاَبِ وَالْحِيَضُ وَالنَّتَنُ فَقَالَ ‏ "‏ الْمَاءُ طَهُورٌ لاَ يُنَجِّسُهُ شَىْءٌ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

It was narrated that Abu Sa'eed Al-Khudri said:"It was said: 'O Messenger of Allah, you perform Wudu' from the well into which the bodies of dogs, menstrual rags and garbage are thrown?' He said: 'Water is pure and it is not made impure by anything

أما النظافة فبالسواك وحلق الشعر وقلم الظفر وقص الشارب وسائر ما سبق في كتاب الطهارة

برأسك وغسلت رجليك إلى الكعبين اغتسلت من عامة خطاياك فإن أنت وضعت وجهك لله خرجت من خطاياك كيوم ولدتك أمك رواه النسائي والأحاديث في هذا الباب كثيرة فاقتضت حكمة أحكم الحاكمين ورحمته أن شرع الوضوء على هذه الأعضاء التي هي أكثر الأعضاء مباشرة للمعاصي وهي الأعضاء الظاهرة البارزة للغبار والوسخ أيضا وهي أسهل الأعضاء غسلا فلا يشق تكرار غسلها في اليوم والليلة فكانت الحكمة الباهرة في شرع الوضوء عليها دون سائر الأعضاء وهذا يدل على أن المضمضة من آكد أعضاء الوضوء ولهذا كان النبي يداوم عليها ولم ينقل عنه بإسناد قط أنه أخل بها يوما واحدا وهذا يدل على أنها فرض لا يصح الوضوء بدونها كما هو الصحيح من مذهب أحمد وغيره من السلف فمن سوى بين هذه الأعضاء وغيرها وجعل تعيينها بمجرد الأمر الخالي عن الحكمة والمصلحة فقد ذهب مذهبا فاسدا فكيف إذا زعم مع ذلك أنه لا فرق في نفس الأمر بين التعبد بذلك وبين أن يتعبد بالنجاسة وأنواع الأقذار والأوساخ والأنتان والرائحة الكريهة ويجعل ذلك مكان الطهارة والوضوء وأن الأمرين سواء وإنما

الثاني : أنه قد كان قبل الوضوء محدثا وهو الأصل فيه فإذا شك في بقائه كان ذلك رجوعا إلى الأصل وليس الأصل فيه النجاسة حتى نقول : إذا شك في حصوله رجعنا إلى الأصل النجاسة فهنا يرجع إلى أصل الطهارة وهناك يرجع إلى أصل الحدث

كالوضوء والغسل والتيمم ولبس الثوب والنعل والخف والسراويل ودخول المسجد والسواك والاكتحال وتقليم الأظفار وقص الشارب ونتف الإبط وحلق الرأس والسلام من الصلاة والأكل والشرب والمصافحة واستلام الحجر الأسود والخروج من الخلاء والأخذ والعطاد وغير ذلك مما هو في معناه ويستحب تقديم اليسار في ضد ذلك كالامتخاط والبصاق عن اليسار ودخول الخلاء والخروج من المسجد وخلع الخف والنعل والسراويل والثوب والاستنجاء وفعل المستقذرات وأشباه ذلك وقال الله تعالى ^ فأما من أوتي كتابه بيمينه فيقول هاؤم اقرءوا كتابيه ^ الآيات الحاقة وقال تعالى فأصحاب الميمنة ما أصحاب الميمنة وأصحاب المشئمة ما أصحاب المشئمة الواقعة

باعتدال جلى الأسنان وقوى العمود وأطلق اللسان ومنع الحفر وطيب النكهة ونقى الدماغ وشهى الطعام وأجود ما استعمل مبلولا بماء الورد ومن أنفعه أصول الجوز قال صاحب التيسير زعموا أنه إذا استاك به المستاك كل خامس من الأيام نقى الرأس وصفى الحواس واحد الذهن وفي السواك عدة منافع يطيب الفم ويشد اللثة ويقطع البلغم ويجلوا البصر ويذهب بالحفر ويصح المعدة ويصفى الصوت ويعين على الهضم ويسهل مجارى الكلام وينشط للقراءة والذكر والصلاة ويطرد النوم ويرضى الرب ويعجب الملائكة ويكثر الحسنات ويستحب كل وقت ويتأكد عند الصلاة والوضوء والانتباه من النوم وتغير رائحة الفم ويستحب للمفطر والصائم في كل وقت لعموم الأحاديث فيه ولحاجة الصائم إليه ولأنه مرضاة للرب ومرضاته مطلوبة في الصوم أشد من طلبها في الفطر ولأنه مطهرة للفم والطهور للصائم من أفضل اعماله وفي السنن عن عمر بن ربيعة رضى الله عنه قال رأيت رسول الله ما أحصى يستاك وهو صائم وقال البخارى قال ابن عمر يستاك أول النهار وأخره واجمع الناس على ان الصائم يتمضمض وجوبا واستحبابا

إذا فرغ من الاستنجاء اشتغل بالوضوء فلم ير رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قط خارجا من الغائط إلا توضأ ويبتدىء بالسواك فقد قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إن أفواهكم طرق القرآن فطيبوها بالسواك + حديث إن أفواهكم طرق القرآن أخرجه أبو نعيم في الحلية من حديث علي ورواه ابن ماجه موقوفا على علي وكلاهما ضعيف + فينبغي أن ينوي عند السواك تطهير فمه لقراءة القرآن وذكر الله تعالى في الصلاة وقال صلى الله عليه وسلم صلاة على أثر سواك أفضل من خمس وسبعين صلاة بغير سواك @QB@ حديث @QE@ صلاة على أثر سواك أفضل من خمس وسبعين صلاة بغير سواك رواه أبو نعيم في كتاب السواك من حديث ابن عمر بإسناد ضعيف ورواه أبو داود والحاكم وصححه والبيهقي وضعفه من حديث عائشة وضعفه بلفظ من سبعين صلاة + وقال صلى الله عليه وسلم لولا أن أشق على أمتي لأمرتهم بالسواك عند كل صلاة + حديث لولا أن أشق على أمتي لأمرتهم بالسواك عند كل صلاة متفق عليه من حديث أبي هريرة + وقال صلى الله عليه وسلم ما لي أراكم تدخلون علي قلحا استاكوا + حديث ما لي أراكم

Managing oral hygiene as a risk factor for periodontal disease: a systematic review of psychological approaches to behaviour change for improved plaque control in periodontal management.: Background: Plaque control in patients with periodontal disease is critically dependent upon self-care through specific oral hygiene-related behaviours. Objectives: To determine the relationship between adherence to oral hygiene instructions in adult periodontal patients and psychological constructs. To determine the effect of interventions based on psychological constructs on oral health-related behaviour in adult periodontal patients. Data sources: The Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Regis

Impact of Sense of Coherence on Oral Health Behaviors: A Systematic Review.: Objectives: The aim of this review was to critically analyze the empirical evidence on the association between Sense of Coherence (SOC) and oral health behaviors through a systematic approach. Methods: A systematic search up to April 2015 was carried out using the following electronic bibliographic databases: PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE; ISI Web of Science; and Ovid PsychInfo. Studies were included if they evaluated the relationship between SOC and oral health behaviors including tooth cleaning, fluori

Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.: Objective: To review the evidence on the effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Biosis, Joanna Briggs, Global Health, and World Health Organization COVID-19 database (preprints). Eligibility criteria for study selection: Observational and interventional studies that assessed the effectiveness of public health measures in redu

The COACH prompting system to assist older adults with dementia through handwashing: an efficacy study.: Background: Many older adults with dementia require constant assistance from a caregiver when completing activities of daily living (ADL). This study examines the efficacy of a computerized device intended to assist people with dementia through ADL, while reducing caregiver burden. The device, called COACH, uses artificial intelligence to autonomously guide an older adult with dementia through the ADL using audio and/or audio-video prompts. Methods: Six older adults with moderate-to-severe demen

Psychosocial correlates of oral hygiene behaviour in people aged 9 to 19 - a systematic review with meta-analysis.: Objectives: This systematic and meta-analytic review aimed to quantify the association of psychosocial correlates with oral hygiene behaviour among 9- to 19-year olds. Methods: A systematic search up to August 2015 was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science. If necessary, authors of studies were contacted to obtain unpublished statistical information. A study was eligible for inclusion when it evaluated the association between the psychosoc

Applying psychological frameworks of behaviour change to improve healthcare worker hand hygiene: a systematic review.: Background: Despite the importance of hand hygiene in preventing transmission of healthcare-associated infections, compliance rates are suboptimal. Hand hygiene is a complex behaviour and psychological frameworks are promising tools to influence healthcare worker (HCW) behaviour. Aim: (i) To review the effectiveness of interventions based on psychological theories of behaviour change to improve HCW hand hygiene compliance; (ii) to determine which frameworks have been used to predict HCW hand hyg

Social capital: theory, evidence, and implications for oral health.

In the last two decades, there has been increasing application of the concept of social capital in various fields of public health, including oral health. However, social capital is a contested concept with debates on its definition, measurement, and application. This study provides an overview of the concept of social capital, highlights the various pathways linking social capital to health, and discusses the potential implication of this concept for health policy. An extensive and diverse international literature has examined the relationship between social capital and a range of general health outcomes across the life course. A more limited but expanding literature has also demonstrated the potential influence of social capital on oral health. Much of the evidence in relation to oral health is limited by methodological shortcomings mainly related to the measurement of social capital, …

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Determinants of children's oral-health-related quality of life over time.

Objective: To identify clinical and psychosocial predictors of oral-health-related quality of life (OHQoL) in Thai children over time. Methods: OHQoL data were collected from 510 students aged 10–14 years at baseline and 3, 6 and 9-month follow-up using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14), and sense of coherence (SOC), dental coping beliefs (DCB) and socioeconomic status (maternal educational attainment, paternal educational attainment and parental income), together with clinical variables (untreated caries, gingival health, malocclusion, dental opacities), were collected at baseline. The data were analysed with structural equation modelling (SEM) guided by the Wilson and Cleary model (J Am Med Assoc 1995;273:59). Results: Mean DMFT was 1.97 (SD=1.81). Most students had healthy gingivae (54.3%) and 68.9% scored IOTN 1–4. The SEM model fitted the data well [CMIN/DF=2.574, SRMR=…

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An empirical analysis of White privilege, social position and health.

Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that social position matters for health. Those with greater socioeconomic resources and greater perceived standing in the social hierarchy have better health than those with fewer resources and lower perceived standing. Race is another salient axis by which health is stratified in the U.S., but few studies have examined the benefit of White privilege. In this paper, we investigated how perceptions of inequality and subjective and objective social status affected the health and well-being of N = 630 White residents in three Boston neighborhoods lying on a social gradient differentiated by race, ethnicity, income and prestige. Outcomes were self-rated health, dental health, and happiness. Results suggested that: neighborhood residence was not associated with health after controlling for individual level factors (e.g., positive ratings of the neighborho…

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Oral health-related quality of life of older people from three South American cities.

Objective: To describe subjective oral health status and its association with overall health conditions and socioeconomic factors in the elderly (60 years and older) living in the capital cities with the oldest average populations in South America. Background: Oral diseases are a public health problem, frequently neglected in older adults. In recent years, the subjective assessment of psychological and social consequences of the problems related to oral health has been valued. One of the instruments used to estimate the Oral Health-Quality of Life is the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment (GOHAI). Material and methods: Representative samples from SABE study (1999-2000) of Santiago (n = 1301), Buenos Aires (n = 1043), and Montevideo (n = 1450) aged 60 and over community-dwelling people. We assessed OH-QoL (GOHAI), self-reported missing teeth, denture use, and self-rated-health, among other …

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[Tooth loss in Brazil: analysis of the 2010 Brazilian Oral Health Survey].

Objective: To estimate the mean number of missing teeth, lack of functional dentition and total tooth loss (edentulism) among adolescents, adults and the elderly in Brazil, comparing the results with those of 2003. Methods: Data from 5,445 adolescents aged 15-19, 9,779 adults aged 35-44 and 7,619 elderly individuals aged 65-74, participants in the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil) 2010, were analyzed. The mean missing teeth, proportion of lack of functional dentition (< 21 natural teeth) and proportion of edentulism (total tooth loss) were estimated for each age group, each state Capital and each macro region. Multivariable logistic regression (tooth loss) and Poisson (absence of functional dentition and edentulism) analyses were performed in order to identify socioeconomic factors and demographic characteristics associated with each outcome. Results: The prevalence of tooth loss a…

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Oral health-related quality of life, sense of coherence and dental anxiety: an epidemiological cross-sectional study of middle-aged women.

Background: Few publications report on the relationship between salutogenesis, as measured by the concept of sense of coherence, and oral health-related quality of life. Even less information is to be found when the behavioural aspect of dental anxiety is added. The aim of the present study was to evaluate how oral health-related quality of life is related to sense of coherence and dental anxiety. Method: The study had a cross-sectional design and included 500 randomly selected women in Gothenburg, Sweden, 38 and 50 years of age, from health examinations in 2004-05. The survey included questionnaires covering global questions concerning socio-economic status, oral health/function and dental care behaviour, and tests of oral health-related quality of life, sense of coherence, and dental anxiety. Results: High dental anxiety and low sense of coherence predicted low oral health-related qual…

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Social capital and self-rated oral health among young people.

Objectives: A few studies have revealed the impact of neighborhood social capital on oral health among young people. We sought to examine the associations of social capital in three settings (families, neighborhoods, and schools) with self-rated oral health among a sample of college students in Japan. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 967 students in Okayama University, aged 18 and 19 years, was carried out. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations of poor self-rated oral health with perceptions of social capital, adjusting for self-perceived household income category and oral health behaviors. Results: The prevalence of subjects with poor self-rated oral health was 22%. Adjusted for gender, self-perceived household income category, dental fear, toothbrush frequency, and dental floss use, poor self-rated oral health was significantly associated with lower level of neighb…

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Explaining racial/ethnic disparities in children's dental health: a decomposition analysis.

Objectives: We measured racial/ethnic inequalities in US children's dental health and quantified the contribution of conceptually relevant factors. Methods: Using data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health, we investigated racial/ethnic disparities in selected child dental health and preventive care outcomes. We employed a decomposition model to quantify demographic, socioeconomic, maternal health, health insurance, neighborhood, and geographic effects. Results: Hispanic children had the poorest dental health and lowest preventive dental care utilization, followed by Black then White children. The model explanatory variables accounted for 58% to 77% of the disparities in dental health and 89% to 100% of the disparities in preventive dental care. Socioeconomic status accounted for 71% of the gap in preventive dental care between Black children and White children and 55% of th…

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Sense of coherence and its relationship with oral health-related behaviour and knowledge of and attitudes towards oral health.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between sense of coherence (SOC), oral health-related behaviour, knowledge of and attitudes towards oral health in an adult Swedish population. Methods: A cross-sectional design with a stratified random sample of 910 individuals aged 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 years were invited to the study, from Jönköping, Sweden. The investigation used the Swedish short version of the SOC questionnaire comprising 13 items and self-reported questions about oral health habits and knowledge of and attitudes towards oral health. In addition, a self-report questionnaire to elicit demographic information was included. Results: A total of 525 individuals, 261 men and 264 women, answered all the 13-item SOC questions, which constituted the final number of the participants. After adjustment for all the sociodemographic factors included in the analysis, individuals …

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Income inequality, social capital and self-rated health and dental status in older Japanese.

The erosion of social capital in more unequal societies is one mechanism for the association between income inequality and health. However, there are relatively few multi-level studies on the relation between income inequality, social capital and health outcomes. Existing studies have not used different types of health outcomes, such as dental status, a life-course measure of dental disease reflecting physical function in older adults, and self-rated health, which reflects current health status. The objective of this study was to assess whether individual and community social capital attenuated the associations between income inequality and two disparate health outcomes, self-rated health and dental status in Japan. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to subjects in an ongoing Japanese prospective cohort study, the Aichi Gerontological Evaluation Study Project in 2003. Responses…

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A test of Berggren's model of dental fear and anxiety.

Berggren's (1984) model of dental fear and anxiety predicts that dentally anxious individuals postpone treatment, leading to a deteriorating dental state and subsequently to fear of negative evaluations in relation to their oral condition. The present study aimed to test one of the core assumptions of this model, namely that deterioration of dental health status would mediate the effects of avoidance of dental care on self-reported fear of negative evaluation. Participants were 73 patients (mean age 38.5 yr) meeting the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders - 4th edn - Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria of dental phobia. Variables in the theoretical model were operationalized with multiple measures. A series of Sobel tests indicated that mediation was present for the relationship between years of avoidance and fear of negative self-evaluation when dental health status was…

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A Latino advantage in oral health-related quality of life is modified by nativity status.

Explanations for the social gradient in health status are informed by the rare exceptions. This cross-sectional observational study examined one such exception, the "Latino paradox" by investigating the presence of a Latino advantage in oral health-related quality of life and the effect of nativity status on this relationship. A nationally representative sample of adults (n=4208) completed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. The impact of oral disorders on oral health-related quality of life was evaluated using the NHANES Oral Health Impact Profile. Exposures of interest were race, ethnicity and nativity status. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, self-rated health, access to dental care and number of teeth. Unconditional logistic regression models estimated odds of impaired oral health-related quality of life for rac…

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What psychosocial factors influence adolescents' oral health?

Few studies have examined, comprehensively and prospectively, determinants of oral-health-related quality of life. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between psychosocial factors and oral health status, health perceptions, and quality of life. Measures of symptom and functional status, health perceptions, quality of life, oral health beliefs, and psychological (sense of coherence, self-esteem, health locus of control) and social factors (parents' income and education) were collected from 439 12- and 13-year-olds at baseline and six-month follow-up, together with a clinical examination at baseline. Structural equation modeling indicated that increased levels of caries and more symptoms predicted more functional limitations, and, cross-sectionally, greater functional impact was associated with worse health perceptions, which were linked to lower quality of life. Sense o…

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Relationship between mothers' sense of coherence and oral health status of preschool children.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mothers' sense of coherence (SOC) and oral health status in a representative sample of 5-year-old preschool children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Belo Horizonte (Brazil) on a sample of 546 mothers and their 5-year-old children, randomly selected from preschools. Data were collected through questionnaires (mothers), the short version of Antonovsky's SOC scale (SOC-13) and clinical dental examinations (children). Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed on the data. The following 8 outcome variables were selected: dental caries, filled and missing teeth, dental pulp exposure due to caries, dental root fragment, visible plaque, gingivitis and supragingival calculus. The examination was carried out by 2 trained, calibrated examiners. Results: Mothers with a lower S…

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Oral status and its association with general quality of life in older independent-living south-Brazilians.

Background: There are few studies assessing the importance of oral status, particularly tooth loss, edentulism and satisfaction with mastication, on the perception of quality of life (qol) in general. The objective of this study was to evaluate if oral status was associated with lower ratings in the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire-Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) domains. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a random sample of 872 Southern-Brazilians aged 60 years or more was evaluated using a structured questionnaire to assess sociodemographic data, qol (WHOQOL-BREF), and depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale). Oral examinations assessing the number of teeth and saliva flow were performed. Additionally, participants were asked to rate their satisfaction with the ability to chew. Correlates of poorer qol (i.e. values of the WHOQOL-BREF < or = median) were assessed by means of m…

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Self-esteem and socioeconomic disparities in self-perceived oral health.

Objective: To determine if psychosocial factors explain the socioeconomic disparities in self-perceived oral health that persist after controlling for oral status variables. Methods: Data came from the participants in the Canadian Community Health Survey 2003 who were residents in the city of Toronto. Oral health variables included self-rated oral health, a 13-item oral health scale, denture wearing, and having a tooth extracted in the previous year. The last two measures were regarded as proxy indicators of tooth loss. Psychosocial variables included a self-esteem scale, a depression scale, and single items measuring life satisfaction, life stress, and sense of cohesion. Socioeconomic status was assessed using total annual household income. Results: Interviews were completed with 2,754 dentate persons aged 20 years and over. Bivariate analyses confirmed that there were income gradients …

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The different effects of vertical social capital and horizontal social capital on dental status: a multilevel analysis.

Few studies distinguish between the effects of different forms of social capital on health and of those that do none use physical indicators of health as an outcome variable. The objective of this study was to determine whether vertical and horizontal social capital had different associations with dental status of elderly Japanese. In this cross-sectional study, self-administered questionnaires were mailed to elderly individuals living in 25 Japanese communities in 2003. Data from 5560 respondents (49.9%, 72.9+/-6.0 years) included information on social capital, numbers of remaining teeth, health behaviors, physical and mental health, and socioeconomic status. Vertical social capital was defined as participating in groups which encouraged hierarchical relations and horizontal social capital as participating in groups of equals. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted to a…

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Update on disparities in oral health and access to dental care for America's children.

This contribution updates federal survey findings on children's oral health and dental care since release of Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General in 2000. Dental caries experience continued at high levels, impacting 40% of all children aged 2 to 11 years, with greater disease and untreated disease burden borne by poor and low-income children and racial/ethnic minorities. Caries rates increased for young children (to 28% of 2- to 5-year-olds in the period 1999-2004) and remained flat for most other ages. The total volume of caries and untreated caries increased as the numbers of children increased. The proportion of US children with a dental visit increased modestly (from 42% to 45% between 1996 and 2004), with the greatest increases occurring among children newly covered by the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Disparities in dental visits continued to…

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Neighbourhood deprivation and dental service use: a cross-sectional analysis of older people in England.

Background: Appropriate dental care is an important part of maintaining good oral health. We examined the relationship between socioeconomic status, neighbourhood deprivation levels and older people's dental service use. Methods: We used logistic regression analysis to assess the relationship between self-reported dental service use and neighbourhood deprivation, adjusting for individual socioeconomic and health factors, in individuals aged 65+ in the 2005 Health Survey for England (n = 4240). Results: Among dentulous respondents, 69.9% reported attending for regular check-ups, 6.2% occasional check-ups, 18.4% only saw a dentist when in trouble and 5.6% never went to a dentist. In our adjusted model age, sex, region, education level, occupational social class, self-reported health and smoking status, but not degree of urbanization, were associated with use of dental services. Following a…

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What do measures of 'oral health-related quality of life' measure?

The terms 'health-related quality of life' and 'quality of life' are now in common use to describe the outcomes of oral health conditions and therapy for those conditions. In addition, there has been a proliferation of measures designed to quantify those outcomes. These measures, which were initially designated as socio-dental indicators or subjective oral health indicators are now more usually referred to as measures of oral health-related quality of life (OH-QoL). This is based on the assumption that the functional and psychosocial impacts they document must, of necessity, affect the quality of life. While this assumption has been subject to critical scrutiny in medicine, this is not the case with dentistry. Consequently, exactly what is being measured by indexes of OH-QoL is somewhat unclear. Based on the debate between Gill and Feinstein and Guyatt and Cook, we outline a number of cr…

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Oral health in Veterans Affairs patients diagnosed with serious mental illness.

Objectives: We evaluated patient and medication treatment factors associated with self-reported oral health status in patients diagnosed with serious mental illness (SMI) in a large, national sample of patients in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health system. Methods: 4,769 patients (mean age = 55, 7.8 percent women) were included from the VA's 1999 National Psychosis Registry (NPR) for whom the oral health information gathered by the VA's Large Health Survey of Veterans was available. Current (1999) psychotropic medication data were ascertained from the NPR. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the patient factors (e.g., sociodemographic, enabling, and treatment factors) associated with poor or fair overall dental health, and with having tooth or mouth problems that made it difficult to eat. Results: While 61.0 percent of persons with SMI self-reported fair to po…

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Association between dental fear and dental attendance among adults in Finland.

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the association between dental attendance and dental fear while considering the simultaneous effects of perceived oral health and treatment need, satisfaction with oral health services, age, gender, marital status, and attained level of education. Material and methods: The two-stage stratified cluster sample (n=8028) represented Finnish adults aged 30 years and older. The response rate to this nationwide sample was 88%. Dental fear was measured with the question: "How afraid are you of visiting a dentist?" Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between dental fear and dental attendance, including the following independent variables: perceived oral health, perceived treatment need, satisfaction with oral health services, age, gender, marital status, and attained level of education. Results: Among all ages, except 30 …

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The shape of the socioeconomic-oral health gradient: implications for theoretical explanations.

Objectives: The nature of the relationship between status and health has theoretical and applied significance. To compare the shape of the socioeconomic -oral health relationship using a measure of relative social status (MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status) and a measure of absolute material resource (equivalised household income); to investigate the contribution of behaviour in attenuating the socioeconomic gradient in oral health status; and to comment on three hypothesised explanatory mechanisms for this relationship (material, psychosocial, behavioural). Methods: In 2003, cross-sectional self-report data were collected from 2,915 adults aged 43-57 years in Adelaide, Australia using a stratified cluster design. Oral conditions were (1) < 24 teeth, (2) 1+ impact/s reported fairly often or very often on the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile; (3) fair or poor self-rated oral he…

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Childhood circumstances, psychosocial factors and the social impact of adult oral health.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether childhood familial conditions are associated with the social impact of adult oral health and to investigate the role of psychosocial attributes as potential mechanisms by which risk might be conveyed from childhood to adulthood. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, self-report data were obtained from a representative sample of adults in Australia with a telephonic interview and a self-completed questionnaire. The dependent variable was the sum of impacts on the short-form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). Childhood familial conditions included socioeconomic position assessed by paternal occupation group, family structure and quality of rearing. Current adult sense of control, perceived stress and satisfaction with life were assessed with standard scales and social support was evaluated with four items. Results: Data were …

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