Procrastination

قُل لَّآ أَمۡلِكُ لِنَفۡسِي ضَرࣰّ ا وَلَا نَفۡعًا إِلَّا مَا شَآءَ ٱللَّهُۗ لِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍ أَجَلٌۚ إِذَا جَآءَ أَجَلُهُمۡ فَلَا يَسۡتَـٔۡخِرُونَ سَاعَةࣰ وَلَا يَسۡتَقۡدِمُونَ

Say [Prophet], ‘I cannot control any harm or benefit that comes to me, except as God wills. There is an appointed term for every community, and when it is reached they can neither delay nor hasten it, even for a moment.’

وَمَا نُؤَخِّرُهُۥٓ إِلَّا لِأَجَلࣲ مَّعۡدُودࣲ‏

We are delaying it only for a specified period

وَلَقَدۡ جَآءَتۡ رُسُلُنَآ إِبۡرَٰهِيمَ بِٱلۡبُشۡرَىٰ قَالُواْ سَلَٰمࣰ اۖ قَالَ سَلَٰمࣱۖ فَمَا لَبِثَ أَن جَآءَ بِعِجۡلٍ حَنِيذࣲ‏

To Abraham Our messengers brought good news. They said, ‘Peace.’ He answered, ‘Peace,’ and without delay he brought in a roasted calf

وَإِن كَانَ ذُو عُسۡرَةࣲ فَنَظِرَةٌ إِلَىٰ مَيۡسَرَةࣲۚ وَأَن تَصَدَّقُواْ خَيۡرࣱ لَّكُمۡ إِن كُنتُمۡ تَعۡلَمُونَ

If the debtor is in difficulty, then delay things until matters become easier for him; still, if you were to write it off as an act of charity, that would be better for you, if only you knew

قَالُوٓاْ أَرۡجِهۡ وَأَخَاهُ وَأَرۡسِلۡ فِي ٱلۡمَدَآئِنِ حَٰشِرِينَ

They said, ‘Delay him and his brother for a while, and send messengers to all the cities

وَلِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍ أَجَلࣱۖ فَإِذَا جَآءَ أَجَلُهُمۡ لَا يَسۡتَأۡخِرُونَ سَاعَةࣰ وَلَا يَسۡتَقۡدِمُونَ

There is a time set for every people: they cannot hasten it, nor, when it comes, will they be able to delay it for a single moment

(And if the debtor is in straitened circumstances�) [2:280]. Said al-Kalbi: �The Banu �Amr ibn �Umayr said to Banu�l-Mughirah: �Give us our capitals and we will spare you the payment of the usury on them�. The Banu�l-Mughirah said: �We are now in straitened circumstances, please give us some respite until the time of the harvest�. Banu�l-Mughirah refused this request. Allah, exalted is He, then revealed (And if the debtor is in straitened circumstances�)�.

And if any man in debt should be in difficulties then let him have respite a postponement till things are easier read maysara or maysura meaning ‘a time of ease’; but that you should give tassaddaqū where the second tā’ of the softened form tatasaddaqū has been assimilated with the sād the one in difficulty a voluntary almsgiving by waiving his debt is better for you did you but know if you know that it is better for you then do it. In a hadīth it is said ‘Whoever gives respite to one in difficulty or waives his debt God will place him under His shade on a day when there shall be no shade except God’s’ as reported by Muslim.

They said ‘Put him and his brother off a while postpone any decision regarding their affair and send into the towns summoners gatherers

Every community has a term a finite period of time. When their term comes they shall not delay it a single hour nor bring it forward.

They said: "Put him and his brother off (for a time), and send callers to the cities to collect (111)"That they bring to you all well-versed sorcerers. (112) Ibn 'Abbas commented, أَرْجِهْ ("Put him off"), means, "delay him (for a time)." وَأَرْسِلْ فِي الْمَدَائِنِ ("and send to the cities"), areas and provinces of your kingdom – O Fir'awn, حَاشِرِينَ ("to collect") to gather magicians from various lands. At this time, magic was the trade of the day and it was widespread and popular. They had the idea that what Musa brought was a type of magic similar to the magic that the sorcerers of their time practiced. Because of this incorrect assumption, they brought all the magicians in order to defeat the miracles that he showed them. Allah said about Fir'awn, فَلَنَأْتِيَنَّكَ بِسِحْرٍ مِّثْلِهِ فَاجْعَلْ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَكَ مَوْعِدًا لَّا نُخْلِفُهُ نَحْنُ وَلَا أَنتَ مَكَانًا سُوًى

And every Ummah has its appointed term; when their term comes, neither can they delay it nor can they advance it an hour (or a moment)(34)O Children of Adam! If there come to you Messengers from among you, reciting to you My Ayat, then whosoever has Taqwa and becomes righteous, on them shall be no fear nor shall they grieve (35)But those who reject Our Ayat and treat them with arrogance, they are the dwellers of the Fire, they will abide therein forever (36) Allah said, وَلِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍ (And every Ummah has), meaning, each generation and nation, أَجَلٌ فَإِذَا جَاءَ أَجَلُهُمْ (its appointed term; when their term comes) which they were destined for, لَا يَسْتَأْخِرُونَ سَاعَةً وَلَا يَسْتَقْدِمُونَ (neither can they delay it nor can they advance it an hour (or a moment)). Allah then warned the Children of Adam that He sent to them Messengers who conveyed to them His Ayat. Allah

حَدَّثَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ عُفَيْرٍ، حَدَّثَنِي اللَّيْثُ، حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ خَالِدٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، وَسَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ، أَنَّ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ ‏ "‏ وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَوْلاَ أَنَّ رِجَالاً يَكْرَهُونَ أَنْ يَتَخَلَّفُوا بَعْدِي وَلاَ أَجِدُ مَا أَحْمِلُهُمْ مَا تَخَلَّفْتُ، لَوَدِدْتُ أَنِّي أُقْتَلُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، ثُمَّ أُحْيَا ثُمَّ أُقْتَلُ، ثُمَّ أُحْيَا ثُمَّ أُقْتَلُ، ثُمَّ أُحْيَا ثُمَّ أُقْتَلُ ‏"‏‏.‏

Narrated Abu Huraira:I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, "By Him in Whose Hands my life is! Were it not for some men who dislike to be left behind and for whom I do not have means of conveyance, I would not stay away (from any Holy Battle). I would love to be martyred in Allah's Cause and come to life and then get, martyred and then come to life and then get martyred and then get resurrected and then get martyred

حَدَّثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ، عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ، عَنْ هَمَّامٍ، سَمِعَ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏ "‏ لَوْ كَانَ عِنْدِي أُحُدٌ ذَهَبًا، لأَحْبَبْتُ أَنْ لاَ يَأْتِيَ ثَلاَثٌ وَعِنْدِي مِنْهُ دِينَارٌ، لَيْسَ شَىْءٌ أُرْصِدُهُ فِي دَيْنٍ عَلَىَّ أَجِدُ مَنْ يَقْبَلُهُ ‏"‏‏.‏

Narrated Abu Huraira:The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "If I had gold equal to the mountain of Uhud, I would love that, before three days had passed, not a single Dinar thereof remained with me if I found somebody to accept it excluding some amount that I would keep for the payment of my debts

حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُثَنَّى الْعَنَزِيُّ، وَإِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَرْعَرَةَ السَّامِيُّ، قَالاَ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ، - يَعْنِيَانِ الثَّقَفِيَّ - عَنْ جَعْفَرٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَابِرٍ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏.‏ بِمِثْلِهِ غَيْرَ أَنَّ فِي حَدِيثِ الثَّقَفِيِّ فَلَوْ كَانَ حَيًّا كَانَ هَذَا السَّكَكُ بِهِ عَيْبًا ‏.‏

Jabir reported Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) narrating a hadith like this with a slight variation of wording

حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ بْنِ قَعْنَبٍ، حَدَّثَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ، - يَعْنِي ابْنَ بِلاَلٍ - عَنْ جَعْفَرٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم مَرَّ بِالسُّوقِ دَاخِلاً مِنْ بَعْضِ الْعَالِيَةِ وَالنَّاسُ كَنَفَتَهُ فَمَرَّ بِجَدْىٍ أَسَكَّ مَيِّتٍ فَتَنَاوَلَهُ فَأَخَذَ بِأُذُنِهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ ‏"‏ أَيُّكُمْ يُحِبُّ أَنَّ هَذَا لَهُ بِدِرْهَمٍ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ فَقَالُوا مَا نُحِبُّ أَنَّهُ لَنَا بِشَىْءٍ وَمَا نَصْنَعُ بِهِ قَالَ ‏"‏ أَتُحِبُّونَ أَنَّهُ لَكُمْ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قَالُوا وَاللَّهِ لَوْ كَانَ حَيًّا كَانَ عَيْبًا فِيهِ لأَنَّهُ أَسَكُّ فَكَيْفَ وَهُوَ مَيِّتٌ فَقَالَ ‏"‏ فَوَاللَّهِ لَلدُّنْيَا أَهْوَنُ عَلَى اللَّهِ مِنْ هَذَا عَلَيْكُمْ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Jabir b. Abdullah reported that Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) happened to walk through the bazar coming from the side of 'Aliya and the people were on both his sides. There he found a dead lamb with very short ears. He took hold of his ear and said:Who amongst you would like to have this for a dirham? They said: We do not like to have it even for less than that as it is of no use to us. He said: Do you wish to have it (free of any cost)? They said: By Allah, even if it were alive (we would not have liked to possess that), for there is defect in it as its ear is very short; now it is dead also. Thereupon Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: By Allah, this world is more insignificant in the eye of Allah than it (this dead lamb) is in your eye

حَدَّثَنَا الْمَكِّيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ ـ هُوَ ابْنُ أَبِي هِنْدٍ ـ عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ـ رضى الله عنهما ـ قَالَ قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ نِعْمَتَانِ مَغْبُونٌ فِيهِمَا كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ، الصِّحَّةُ وَالْفَرَاغُ ‏"‏‏.‏ قَالَ عَبَّاسٌ الْعَنْبَرِيُّ حَدَّثَنَا صَفْوَانُ بْنُ عِيسَى، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي هِنْدٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، سَمِعْتُ ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم مِثْلَهُ‏.‏

Narrated Ibn `Abbas:The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "There are two blessings that many people are deceived into losing: health and free time

حَدَّثَنِي أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْمِقْدَامِ، حَدَّثَنَا الْفُضَيْلُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو حَازِمٍ، حَدَّثَنَا سَهْلُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ السَّاعِدِيُّ، كُنَّا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِي الْخَنْدَقِ وَهْوَ يَحْفِرُ وَنَحْنُ نَنْقُلُ التُّرَابَ وَيَمُرُّ بِنَا فَقَالَ ‏ "‏ اللَّهُمَّ لاَ عَيْشَ إِلاَّ عَيْشُ الآخِرَهْ، فَاغْفِرْ لِلأَنْصَارِ وَالْمُهَاجِرَهْ ‏"‏‏.‏ تَابَعَهُ سَهْلُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم مِثْلَهُ‏.‏

Narrated Sahl bin Sa`d As-Sa`idi:We were in the company of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) in (the battle of) Al-Khandaq, and he was digging the trench while we were carrying the earth away. He looked at us and said, "O Allah! There is no life worth living except the life of the Hereafter, so (please) forgive the Ansar and the Emigrants

قال الله تعالى : ففروا إلى الله الذاريات : 50 ] وحقيقة الفرار : الهرب من شيء إلى شيء وهو نوعان : فرار السعداء وفرار الأشقياء ففرار السعداء : الفرار إلى الله عز وجل وفرار الأشقياء : الفرار منه لا إليه وأما الفرار منه إليه : ففرار أوليائه قال ابن عباس في قوله تعالى : ففروا إلى الله الذاريات : 50 ] : فروا منه إليه واعملوا بطاعته وقال سهل بن عبدالله : فروا مما سوى الله إلى الله وقال آخرون : اهربوا من عذاب الله إلى ثوابه بالإيمان والطاعة وقال صاحب المنازل : هو الهرب مما لم يكن إلى من لم يزل وهو على ثلاث درجات : فرار العامة من الجهل إلى العلم عقدا وسعيا ومن الكسل إلى التشمير جدا وعزما ومن الضيق إلى السعة ثقة ورجاء يريد بما لم يكن الخلق وبما لم يزل الحق وقوله : فرار العامة : من الجهل إلى العلم عقدا وسعيا الجهل نوعان : عدم العلم بالحق النافع وعدم العمل بموجبه ومقتضاه فكلاهما جهل لغة وعرفا وشرعا وحقيقة قال موسى : أعوذ بالله أن أكون من الجاهلين البقره : 67 ] لما قال له قومه : أتتخذنا هزوا البقره :

والقضيب الرطب يقبل الانحناء فإذا جف وطال عليه الزمان لم يقبل ذلك فإذا كنت أيتها النفس لا تفهمين هذه الأمور الجلية وتركنين إلى التسويف فما بالك تدعين الحكمة وأية حماقة تزيد على هذه الحماقة

وإذا عرفت معنى سوء الخاتمة، فاحذر أسبابها، وأعد ما يصلح لها، وإياك والتسويف بالاستعداد، فان العمر قصير، كل نفس من أنفاسك بمنزلة خاتمتك، لأنه يمكن أن تخطف فيه روحك، والإنسان يموت على ما عاش عليه، ويحشر على ما مات عليه.

والمسوف المسكين لا يدرى أن الذي يدعوه إلى التسويف اليوم هو معه غدا وإنما يزداد بطول المدة قوة ورسوخا ويظن أنه يتصور أن يكون للخائض في الدنيا والحافظ لها فراغ قط وهيهات فما يفرغ منها إلا من طرحها فما قضى أحد منها لبانته % وما انتهى أرب إلا إلى أرب

قالوا وإنما تستقيم النفوس بذلك إذ طبعها الكسل والمهانة والإخلاد إلى الأرض فلا تستقيم إلا بركوب الأهوال وتحمل المشاق

واحسرتاه تقضى العمر وانصرمت % ساعاته بين ذل العجز والكسل

A randomised pilot trial for bedtime procrastination: Examining the efficacy and feasibility of the Reducing Evening Screen Time online intervention (REST-O).: Bedtime procrastination is associated with inadequate sleep and is a novel intervention target to improve sleep health. Formative work indicates that pre-sleep electronic device use, a ubiquitous bedtime procrastination behaviour, may be targeted using a behaviour change approach. This pilot study aimed to examine (1) the acceptability and feasibility of the Reducing Evening Screen Time online program (REST-O) in new career starters, and (2) the preliminary effect of the program on daily pre-sle

Using mental contrasting with implementation intentions to reduce bedtime procrastination: two randomised trials.: Objective: The importance of getting a good night sleep is critical, yet for many this remains elusive. Bedtime procrastination-the notion that people delay going to bed for no legitimate reason-is one area that has received little attention, despite its associations with worse sleep outcomes. In the present research, we investigated how to effectively self-regulate bedtime procrastination. Design: In two studies (N1 = 383, N2 = 221), undergraduate students participated either in an online self-

Beyond positive thinking: A randomized trial of mental contrasting with implementation intentions to curb academic procrastination.: Academic procrastination is a pervasive challenge in higher education, particularly within low-structure, digitally mediated learning environments. This study investigates the efficacy of Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII) as an intervention to reduce procrastination among undergraduate students in a private Chinese university. Grounded in the Temporal Decision Model, the study employed a randomized controlled design (N = 81) comparing MCII with a Positive Thinking Strategy

Narrative perspective matters: Designing chatbot interventions for academic procrastination through motivational framing.: This study examines how narrative perspective (first-, second-, or third-person framing) in chatbot dialogues influences academic procrastinators' task engagement, engagement trajectories over time, and motivational experience. Eighty-six university students participated in an eight-day chatbot-based intervention and were randomly assigned to one of three narrative perspective conditions. Results showed that narrative perspective did not significantly affect overall task engagement, but signific

Go to bed! A systematic review and meta-analysis of bedtime procrastination correlates and sleep outcomes.: Bedtime procrastination is defined as the volitional delay of going to bed, without any external circumstances causing the delay, and is associated with inadequate sleep. Alleviating bedtime procrastination is an important target for interventions promoting adequate sleep, yet the correlates of bedtime procrastination are poorly understood. This study examined (1) correlates of bedtime procrastination, and (2) strength and direction of the association between bedtime procrastination and sleep ou

A systematic review on the association between ADHD and procrastination.: Background: Procrastination is a maladaptive self-regulation behavior frequently observed in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet the consistency and underlying mechanisms of this association remain unclear. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Peer-reviewed quantitative studies examining the relationship between ADHD (diagnosis or symptoms) and procrastination using validate

Mindfulness is Associated with Better Sleep Quality in Young Adults by Reducing Boredom and Bedtime Procrastination.

Objective: Bedtime procrastination is a relatively new topic of research and has been found to compromise sleep. Researchers have studied the predictors, but only a few studies have focused on the ways to reduce bedtime procrastination. Mindfulness, a novel variable in this research area, may shed some light on how to decrease bedtime procrastination. This study examined a serial mediation model and hypothesized that the relationship between mindfulness and better sleep quality would be serially mediated by lower levels of boredom and bedtime procrastination. Methods: This study employed a correlational approach and recruited a sample of 220 participants aged between 17 and 30 (M = 20.34 years, SD = 2.86). In the Qualtrics online survey, participants completed a series of questionnaires measuring mindfulness, boredom, bedtime procrastination, and sleep quality. Results: The analyses prov…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), Sleep Quality (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text)

The effect of smartphone addiction on the relationship between psychological stress reaction and bedtime procrastination in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Previous studies on bedtime procrastination mainly focused on the influencing factors of stress and draw less attention on the role of family environment. Aim: This study aimed to explore the effect of psychological stress reaction on bedtime procrastination in young adults, with considering the mediating effect of smartphone addiction, and the moderating effect of family cohesion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A sample of 1217 young adults completed psychological stress reaction scale, Smartphone addiction tendency scale for young adults, bedtime procrastination scale and family cohesion scale. A moderated mediation model was conducted to clarify the effect of psychological stress reaction on bad bedtime procrastination in young adults. Results: The findings showed that: (1) The individual level of psychological stress reaction was positively associated with bedtime …

matched on Internet Addiction Disorder (mesh), Procrastination (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text)

Mobile phone dependency and sleep quality in college students during COVID-19 outbreak: the mediating role of bedtime procrastination and fear of missing out.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between mobile phone dependency, bedtime procrastination, FoMO, and sleep quality among college students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Specifically, we examined whether bedtime procrastination and FoMO mediate the relationship between mobile phone dependency and sleep quality. Methods: A total of 881 college students completed an online survey in May 2022 in Shanghai, China. Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire, Bedtime Procrastination Scale, Fear of Missing Out Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to assess mobile phone dependency, bedtime procrastination, fear of missing out, and sleep quality, respectively. Multiple linear regression and mediation analysis were conducted. Results: The correlation analyses indicated mobile phone dependency was positively associated with fear of missing out, bedtime…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), Sleep Quality (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text)

Association between Chronotype and Sleep Quality among Chinese College Students: The Role of Bedtime Procrastination and Sleep Hygiene Awareness.

Chronotype and sleep quality have been shown to play significant roles in influencing people's physical and mental health. The current study focuses on examining the relationship between chronotype and sleep quality among Chinese college students and exploring the mediating role of bedtime procrastination and the moderating role of sleep hygiene awareness. A sample of 2822 college students (female = 71.4%) aged between 17 and 29 years (M = 19.77, SD = 1.41) were included and completed the measures of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS) and Sleep Hygiene Awareness Scale (SHAS). The results showed that evening-type students reported the lowest sleep quality and highest levels of bedtime procrastination. In contrast, the highest sleep quality and lowest levels of bedtime procrastination were shown by mor…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), Sleep Quality (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text)

Bedtime procrastination predicts the prevalence and severity of poor sleep quality of Chinese undergraduate students.

ObjectiveBedtime procrastination is a type of unhealthy sleep behavior, but whether it affects sleep quality remains unknown. The current study aimed to examine the relationship between bedtime procrastination and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. Participants: A total of 1550 Chinese undergraduates participated and effectively completed the study. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected information on bedtime procrastination and self-reported sleep quality via the Bedtime Procrastination Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results: The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 39.42% among Chinese undergraduates. Age, education, and bedtime procrastination independently predicted the prevalence of poor sleep quality. Bedtime procrastination was a unique contributor to the severity of poor sleep quality. Conclusions: This study highlighted the independent asso…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), Sleep Quality (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text)

Mediating effects of rumination and bedtime procrastination on the relationship between Internet addiction and poor sleep quality.

Background and aims: Numerous studies have shown that people who have Internet addiction (IA) are more likely to experience poor sleep quality than people who do not. However, few studies have explored mechanisms underlying the relation between IA and poor sleep quality. As a first attempt to address this knowledge gap, a cross-sectional design was applied, and structural equation modeling was used to explore the direct relationship between IA and poor sleep quality, as well as the potential mediating roles of rumination and bedtime procrastination. Methods: A convenience sample, consisting of 1,104 Chinese University students (696 females or 63%), completed an online survey that included the following measures: Young's 8-item Internet Addiction Diagnosis Questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Ruminative Responses Scale, and the Bedtime Procrastination Scale. Results: Whi…

matched on Internet Addiction Disorder (mesh), Procrastination (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text)

The Mediator Role of Routines on the Relationship between General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination and Perceived Importance of Sleep and Bedtime Procrastination.

Background: Sleep plays a key role in our overall function, and sleep insufficiency has been highlighted as a major health issue. 'Bedtime procrastination'-i.e., needlessly delaying the time one goes to bed without external reasons-is one reason for sleep insufficiency. The present research aims to explore the interrelationships among Bedtime Procrastination, other domains of Procrastination, and routine-related variables. Methods: The mediating effects of Wake-up Time and Dinner Time on the relationship between Bedtime Procrastination and General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination, and Perceived Importance of Sleep were tested. Self-reported questionnaires were used, and the sample comprised of 446 university students. Results: A partial mediation model was found. General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination, and Perceived Importance of Sleep showed direct effects on Bedtime…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), academic procrastination (text), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text)

A Positive View of Excessive Smartphone Utilization and Its Relationship With Other Academic-Related Variables Within the Online Course Setting.

The continual use of smartphones is a global problem that requires scholars' attention. This study investigates the impact of excessive smartphone use, self-regulation, and procrastination on students' online academic performance. A total of n = 238 university students participated in the study. Mean comparisons unveiled clear discrepancy scores on procrastination, self-regulation, and daily hours spent on smartphones between the smartphone-addicted and non-addicted students. Structural Equation Modeling helps us to answer our hypothesis. Unusually, smartphone use had a significant and positive effect on online students' academic performance. Also, the study provides a better understanding of the procrastination factor that significantly impacts students' smartphone use and online academic performance. Results are discussed considering possible interventions at the academic level.

matched on Internet Addiction Disorder (mesh), Procrastination (mesh), procrastination (text), Self-Control (mesh)

Mobile Phone Addiction and Academic Procrastination in Adolescents: The Serial Mediating Roles of Self-Regulation and Psychological Resilience and the Moderating Role of the Parent-Child Relationship.

Background: Mobile phone addiction and academic procrastination are two common behavioral challenges among adolescents. While prior research has documented their association, the underlying mechanisms-particularly the mediating roles of self-regulation and psychological resilience and the moderating role of the parent-child relationship -remain insufficiently examined. Methods: This study involved 966 adolescents who completed the Mobile Phone Addiction Scale, Self-Regulation Scale, Brief Resilience Scale, Parent-Child Relationship Scale, and Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results: The results of the research showed that (1) mobile phone addiction had a significant positive effect on academic procrastination; (2) self-regulation mediated between mobile phone addiction and academic procrasti…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), academic procrastination (text), procrastination (text), Self-Control (mesh)

Student negotiated syllabus and students' engagement and academic procrastination: A mixed-method study.

Participatory approaches in education, such as syllabus negotiation, have been suggested to enhance student autonomy, engagement, and self-regulation. However, their impact on academic procrastination and engagement still needs to be explored. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of the negotiated syllabus on EAP learners' engagement and procrastination in a higher education context. It also aimed to explore the learners' perceptions of the effectiveness of the negotiated syllabus. A mixed-method research design was used. For the quantitative phase, six EAP classes were divided into an experimental group (n = 139), which used a negotiated syllabus, and a control group (n = 169), which followed a traditional syllabus. For the qualitative phase, 26 students from the experimental group were selected using theoretical sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed using M…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), academic procrastination (text), procrastination (text), Self-Control (mesh)

The detrimental effect of academic procrastination on subsequent grades: the mediating role of coping over and above past achievement and working memory capacity.

Background: Academic procrastination is common among university students and its effect on their achievement is worrisome. Although procrastination is often depicted as self-regulation failure, research still needs to examine the self-regulatory mechanisms involved in the relationship between procrastination and achievement. Objectives: In this prospective study, we sought to (a) unravel the unique effect of academic procrastination on university grades, (b) examine the mediating role of task-oriented and disengagement-oriented coping as a self-regulatory pathway toward achievement, (c) control for the potential confounding influence of past achievement and working memory capacity. Methods: A sample of 258 university students completed self-report measures of academic procrastination and coping, and performed tests of working memory. Their semester grade point average was collected at th…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), academic procrastination (text), procrastination (text), Self-Control (mesh)

"I'll stop procrastinating now!" Fostering specific processes of self-regulated learning to reduce academic procrastination.

Academic procrastination is considered to be a result of self-regulation failure having detrimental effects on students' well-being and academic performance. In the present study, we developed and evaluated a group training that aimed to reduce academic procrastination. We based the training on a cyclical process model of self-regulated learning, thus, focusing on improving deficient processes of self-regulated learning among academic procrastinators (e.g., time management, dealing with distractions). The training comprised five sessions and took place once a week for 90 min in groups of no more than 10 students. Overall, 106 students completed the training. We evaluated the training using a comprehensive control group design with repeated measures (three points of measurement); the control group was trained after the intervention group's training. The results showed that our training wa…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), academic procrastination (text), procrastination (text), Self-Control (mesh)

Self-control and limited willpower: Current status of ego depletion theory and research.

Ego depletion theory proposes that self-regulation depends on a limited energy resource (willpower). The simple initial theory has been refined to emphasize conservation rather than resource exhaustion, extended to encompass decision making, planning, and initiative, and linked to physical bodily energy (glucose). Recent challenges offered alternative explanations (which have largely failed) and questioned replicability (which has now been well established). Methods have improved, particularly with emphasis on longer, stronger manipulations to ensure fatigue. New work extends ego depletion into workplace settings and sports. Interpersonal conflict may be both a major cause and consequence. New questions include the possibility of chronic ego depletion (e.g., in burnout), protective factors and coping strategies, individual differences, and recovery processes.

matched on Self-Control (mesh), Self-Control (keyword)

The fable of state self-control.

Trait self-control is highly valued, often equated with moral righteousness and associated with numerous positive life outcomes. This paper challenges the conventional conflation of trait self-control and state self-control. We suggest that while trait self-control is consistently linked to success, state self-control is not the causal mechanism driving these benefits. Trait self-control, sometimes also referred to as conscientiousness, grit, and the ability to delay gratification, predicts better health, wealth, and academic achievement. Conventional wisdom has it that people high in trait self-control reap all these benefits because they engage in more state self-control, defined as the momentary act of resolving conflict between goals and fleeting desires. Despite its intuitive appeal, there are problems with extolling state self-control because of our love for trait self-control. Fir…

matched on Self-Control (mesh), Self-Control (keyword)

Self-Control and Academic Achievement.

Self-control refers to the alignment of thoughts, feelings, and actions with enduringly valued goals in the face of momentarily more alluring alternatives. In this review, we examine the role of self-control in academic achievement. We begin by defining self-control and distinguishing it from related constructs. Next, we summarize evidence that nearly all students experience conflict between academic goals that they value in the long run and nonacademic goals that they find more gratifying in the moment. We then turn to longitudinal evidence relating self-control to academic attainment, course grades, and performance on standardized achievement tests. We use the process model of self-control to illustrate how impulses are generated and regulated, emphasizing opportunities for students to deliberately strengthen impulses that are congruent with, and dampen impulses that are incongruent wi…

matched on Self-Control (mesh), Self-Control (keyword)

Self-control in crows, parrots and nonhuman primates.

Self-control is critical for both humans and nonhuman animals because it underlies complex cognitive abilities, such as decision-making and future planning, enabling goal-directed behavior. For instance, it is positively associated with social competence and life success measures in humans. We present the first review of delay of gratification as a measure of self-control in nonhuman primates, corvids (crow family) and psittacines (parrot order): disparate groups that show comparable advanced cognitive abilities and similar socio-ecological factors. We compare delay of gratification performance and identify key issues and outstanding areas for future research, including finding the best measures and drivers of delayed gratification. Our review therefore contributes to our understanding of both delayed gratification as a measure of self-control and of complex cognition in animals. This ar…

matched on Self-Control (mesh), Self-Control (keyword)

Annual Research Review: On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology.

Background: Self-regulation (SR) is central to developmental psychopathology, but progress has been impeded by varying terminology and meanings across fields and literatures. Methods: The present review attempts to move that discussion forward by noting key sources of prior confusion such as measurement-concept confounding, and then arguing the following major points. Results: First, the field needs a domain-general construct of SR that encompasses SR of action, emotion, and cognition and involves both top-down and bottom-up regulatory processes. This does not assume a shared core process across emotion, action, and cognition, but is intended to provide clarity on the extent of various claims about kinds of SR. Second, top-down aspects of SR need to be integrated. These include (a) basic processes that develop early and address immediate conflict signals, such as cognitive control and ef…

matched on Self-Control (mesh), Self-Control (keyword)

Time discounting and time preference in animals: A critical review.

Animals are an important model for studies of impulsivity and self-control. Many studies have made use of the intertemporal choice task, which pits small rewards available sooner against larger rewards available later (typically several seconds), repeated over many trials. Preference for the sooner reward is often taken to indicate impulsivity and/or a failure of self-control. This review shows that very little evidence supports this assumption; on the contrary, ostensible discounting behavior may reflect a boundedly rational but not necessarily impulsive reward-maximizing strategy. Specifically, animals may discount weakly, or even adopt a long-term rate-maximizing strategy, but fail to fully incorporate postreward delays into their choices. This failure may reflect learning biases. Consequently, tasks that measure animal discounting may greatly overestimate the true discounting and may…

matched on Self-Control (mesh), Self-Control (keyword)

Situational Strategies for Self-Control.

Exercising self-control is often difficult, whether declining a drink in order to drive home safely, passing on the chocolate cake to stay on a diet, or ignoring text messages to finish reading an important paper. But enacting self-control is not always difficult, particularly when it takes the form of proactively choosing or changing situations in ways that weaken undesirable impulses or potentiate desirable ones. Examples of situational self-control include the partygoer who chooses a seat far from where drinks are being poured, the dieter who asks the waiter not to bring around the dessert cart, and the student who goes to the library without a cell phone. Using the process model of self-control, we argue that the full range of self-control strategies can be organized by considering the timeline of the developing tempting impulse. Because impulses tend to grow stronger over time, situ…

matched on Self-Control (mesh), Self-Control (keyword)

On Integrating the Components of Self-Control.

As the science of self-control matures, the organization and integration of its key concepts becomes increasingly important. In response, we identified seven major components or "nodes" in current theories and research bearing on self-control: desire, higher order goal, desire-goal conflict, control motivation, control capacity, control effort, and enactment constraints. To unify these diverse and interdisciplinary areas of research, we formulated the interplay of these components in an integrative model of self-control. In this model, desire and an at least partly incompatible higher order goal generate desire-goal conflict, which activates control motivation. Control motivation and control capacity interactively determine potential control effort. The actual control effort invested is determined by several moderators, including desire strength, perceived skill, and competing goals. Act…

matched on Self-Control (mesh), Self-Control (keyword)

'It's satisfying but destructive': A qualitative study on the experience of bedtime procrastination in new career starters.

Background: Bedtime procrastination, the volitional delay of going to bed without any external circumstances causing the delay, is linked to multiple indicators of inadequate sleep. Intervening to reduce bedtime procrastination may be an important avenue to improve sleep outcomes, yet the phenomenon remains poorly understood in populations at risk for bedtime procrastination. New career starters, those who have graduated from tertiary education and started a new full-time job within the past 12 months, may be susceptible to problematic bedtime procrastination and are at an opportune time for a 'fresh start' to change behaviour. Aims: The objectives of this study were to understand how bedtime procrastination is experienced and perceived by new career starters, to identify the enablers and barriers to behaviour change in new career starters and to explore themes for future interventions. …

matched on Procrastination (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text), Self-Control (mesh)

Procrastination in the Intention-Behaviour gap: Exercise procrastination and the moderating role of emotion.

Health behaviour procrastination is closely associated with the intention-behaviour gap. However, research on health behaviour procrastination has tended to focus on bedtime procrastination, with relatively few studies on exercise procrastination. This research examined the relationship between exercise procrastination and the intention-behaviour gap through three studies. Additionally, based on the temporal-affective self-regulation resource model, the moderating role of emotion as a self-regulatory resource in exercise procrastination was explored. Study 1 validated the Chinese version of the newly developed Procrastination in Exercise Scale in two Chinese adult samples (N = 2376 and N = 393). Study 2 collected two waves of data from 447 Chinese adults (Mage = 31.19) and examined the mediating role of exercise procrastination in the intention-behaviour gap. Using a sample of 453 Chines…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text), Self-Control (mesh)

Boredom Proneness on Chinese College Students' Phubbing during the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Mediating Effects of Self-Control and Bedtime Procrastination.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between boredom proneness and phubbing among Chinese college students and examine how self-control and bedtime procrastination mediate this relationship during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: A total of 707 Chinese college students were voluntarily surveyed. They completed the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP), Short Boredom Proneness Scale (SBPS), Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), and Self-Control Scale (SCS). Results: (1) The results revealed that men scored higher on boredom than women. (2) The analysis revealed significant associations between each of the variables. Boredom proneness was positively correlated with bedtime procrastination (r = 0.318; P < 0.001) and phubbing (r = 0.418; P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with self-control (r = -0.518; P < 0.001). (3) Mediation analysis suggested that self-control and bedtime procrastination med…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text), Self-Control (mesh)

Future Time Perspective and Bedtime Procrastination: The Mediating Role of Dual-Mode Self-Control and Problematic Smartphone Use.

This study examined bedtime procrastination predictors and the development process concerning health behavior. Based on temporal self-regulation theory and the self-regulatory framework of time perspective, we examined the effects of future time perspective, dual-model of self-control, and problematic smartphone use on bedtime procrastination. Further, including the mediating role of dual-mode self-control and problematic smartphone use in the effects of future time perspective on bedtime procrastination among 3687 participants (38.73% male; Mage = 16.17 years, SD = 2.42, range = 11-23) Chinese students. The results showed that the future time perspective, dual-mode self-control, and problematic smartphone use had significant predictive effects on bedtime procrastination. Importantly, the negative effect of future time perspective on bedtime procrastination is mediated by the impulse sys…

matched on Procrastination (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text), Self-Control (mesh)

Life is short, stay awake: Death anxiety and bedtime procrastination.

In the present study, the relation between bedtime procrastination and death anxiety, and also the moderator roles of gender and purpose in life were investigated. Data were collected from 245 participants through an online survey. The results revealed that gender, but not purpose in life, moderated the relation between death anxiety and bedtime procrastination. The effect of death anxiety on bedtime procrastination was significant only for males. Further, this effect was still significant even after controlling circadian energy and self-control. The findings can be explained based on the Terror Management Theory. Bedtime procrastination can be considered risk-taking behavior, and it functions as a world view for males. Moreover, males might have regarded sleep as a waste of time, and therefore, delayed bedtime to increase their non-sleeping lifetime.

matched on Procrastination (mesh), procrastination (text), bedtime procrastination (text), Self-Control (mesh)